Data Compilation

for the valuable time they took to share and educate me, and extra help from my dear friend Akay Izat, June Rinker, Matt Gangi, and Martin Rodriguez for the valued roof information. I would like to thank the Architecture Program Office for giving me a place to work and great friendships. In addition, my appreciation goes to Karen Houston and Mercedes Saghini for their help from the first time I stepped on Georgia Tech's campus, and my superb editor, Lisa Borello, for putting up with me and guiding me through the writing process. Special thanks are also extended to the Royal Thai Government, Faculty of Architecture, Silpakorn University, and the OEA Staff in Washington, D.C. for their financial support and v understanding when extra time is needed. I cannot thank my best friends Derek Botha, John Sammis, Steve Kern and Teerapol Temudom enough for great friendships and unconditional support, and my dearest friend Terry Fischer who makes my experience in the U.S. unforgettable. They teach me what a true friend is. As always, I owe half of my success to my family, for their love, patience, and support throughout this entire process. There are not enough ways to say thank you to them. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF EQUATIONS xvi

CERN has been archiving data on tapes in its Computer Center for decades and its archive system is now holding more than 135 PB of HEP data in its premises on high density tapes. For the last 20 years, tape areal bit density has been doubling every 30 months, closely following HEP data growth trends. During this period, bits on the tape magnetic substrate have been shrinking exponentially; today's bits are now smaller than most airborne dust particles or even bacteria. Therefore tape media is now more sensitive to contamination from airborne dust particles that can land on the rollers, reels or heads. These can cause scratches on the tape media as it is being mounted or wound on the tape drive resulting in the loss of significant amounts of data. To mitigate this threat, CERN has prototyped and built custom environmental sensors that are hosted in the production tape libraries, sampling the same airflow as the surrounding drives. This paper will expose the problems and challenges we are facing and the solutions we developed in production to better monitor CERN Computer Center environment in tape libraries and to limit the impact of airborne particles on the LHC data.

Electron-capture and-loss cross sections have been measured for highly charged (q =13+) sulfur ions with energies 2.5-200 MeV colliding with helium. Electron capture varies by nearly six orders of magnitude over the energy range investigated, while electron loss varies by only about a factor of 2. The capture cross sections are in reasonable agreement with classical and empirical scaling rules, while the loss cross sections agree well with the plane-wave Born approximation.

In the decade since the first pan-European testate amoeba-based transfer function for peatland palaeohydrological reconstruction was published, a vast amount of additional data collection has been undertaken by the research community. Here, we expand the pan-European dataset from 128 to 1799 samples, spanning 35 of latitude and 55 of longitude. After the development of a new taxonomic scheme to permit compilation of data from a wide range of contributors and the removal of samples with high pH values, we developed ecological transfer functions using a range of model types and a dataset of 1300 samples. We rigorously tested the efficacy of these models using both statistical validation and independent test sets with associated instrumental data. Model performance measured by statistical indicators was comparable to other published models. Comparison to test sets showed that taxonomic resolution did not impair model performance and that the new pan-European model can therefore be used as an effective tool for palaeohydrological reconstruction. Our results question the efficacy of relying on statistical validation of transfer functions alone and support a multi-faceted approach to the assessment of new models. We substantiated recent advice that model outputs should be standardised and presented as residual values in order to focus interpretation on secure directional shifts, avoiding potentially inaccurate conclusions relating to specific water-table depths. The extent and diversity of the dataset highlighted that, at the taxonomic resolution applied, a majority of taxa had broad geographic distributions, though some morphotypes appeared to have restricted ranges.

From our work done under contracts with JAERI, I talk about the following topics: (1) functional forms useful for fits to atomic collision (including charge transfer) cross sections, and (2) a method to optimize adjustable parameters. As for the first topic, we have found that modified Green–McNeal formulas are useful to express various atomic collision cross sections as a function of energy. Concerning the second topic, the ALESQ code we developed has helped us to optimize adjustable parameters in analytic expressions for atomic collision cross sections, while some skills have been necessary for masterly use of it. [Note added: The full account of this talk was published as T. Tabata et al. "Formulating Analytic Expressions for Atomic Collision Cross Sections," Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Report No. JAERI-Research 2003-015.]

In the decade since the first pan-European testate amoeba-based transfer function for peatland palaeohydrological reconstruction was published, a vast amount of additional data collection has been undertaken by the research community. Here, we expand the pan-European dataset from 128 to 1799 samples, spanning 35 of latitude and 55 of longitude. After the development of a new taxonomic scheme to permit compilation of data from a wide range of contributors and the removal of samples with high pH values, we developed ecological transfer functions using a range of model types and a dataset of 1300 samples. We rigorously tested the efficacy of these models using both statistical validation and independent test sets with associated instrumental data. Model performance measured by statistical indicators was comparable to other published models. Comparison to test sets showed that taxonomic resolution did not impair model performance and that the new pan-European model can therefore be used as an effective tool for palaeohydrological reconstruction. Our results question the efficacy of relying on statistical validation of transfer functions alone and support a multi-faceted approach to the assessment of new models. We substantiated recent advice that model outputs should be standardised and presented as residual values in order to focus interpretation on secure directional shifts, avoiding potentially inaccurate conclusions relating to specific water-table depths. The extent and diversity of the dataset highlighted that, at the taxonomic resolution applied, a majority of taxa had broad geographic distributions, though some morphotypes appeared to have restricted ranges.

Analytic expressions fitted to Barnett's recommended data are given for the reaction cross sections of H, H2 and He atoms and ions colliding with atoms and molecules. The reactions treated are dissociative collisions and particle interchange reactions. The analytic expressions use the semiempirical functional forms proposed by Green and McNeal and some modified forms to make it possible not only to interpolate but also to extrapolate the recommended data.

Correlations and clustering are of great importance in the study of the Nuclear Equation of State. Information on these items/aspects can be obtained using heavy-ion reactions which are described by dynamical theories. We propose a dataset that will be useful for improving the description of light cluster production in transport model approaches. The dataset combines published and new data and is presented in a form that allows direct comparison of the experiment with theoretical predictions. The dataset is ranging in bombarding energy from 32 to 1930 A MeV. In constructing this dataset, we put in evidence the existence of a change in the light cluster production mechanism that corresponds to a peak in deuteron production.

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An experimental study has been carried out on the reactions of state selected O + (4 S, 2 D, 2 P) ions with methane with the aims of characterizing the effects of both the parent ion internal energy and collision energy on the reaction dynamics and determining the fate of oxygen species in complex media, in particular the Titan ionosphere. Absolute cross sections and product velocity distributions have been determined for the reactions of 16 O + or 18 O + ions with CH 4 or CD 4 from thermal to 5 eV collision energies by using the guided ion beam (GIB) technique. Dissociative photoionization of O 2 with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation delivered by the DESIRS beamline at the SOLEIL storage ring and the threshold photoion photoelectron coincidence (TPEPICO) technique are used for the preparation of purely state-selected O + (4 S, 2 D, 2 P) ions. A complete inversion of the product branching ratio between CH 4 + and CH 3 + ions in favour of the latter is observed for excitation of O + ions from the 4 S ground state to either the 2 D

The ratio between the cross sections for single-electron capture by highly charged ions colliding with atomic and molecular hydrogen has been investigated within the framework of the Bohr-Lindhard theory. It is shown that cr(H2)/a (H) can be represented as a universal function of the inherent scaling parameter over a wide range of ion energy and charge states. Generally, the ratio is different from the often-assumed value of 2.

Absolute cross sections for electron-impact single ionization, dissociative excitation and dissociative ionization of the ethynyl radical ion (C2D +) have been measured for electron energies ranging from the corresponding reaction thresholds to 2.5 keV. The animated crossed electron-ion beam experiment is used and results have been obtained for the production of C2D 2+ , C 2+ , C + 2 , CD + , C + and D +. The maximum of the cross section for single ionization is found to be (2.01 ± 0.02) × 10 −17 cm 2 , at the incident electron energy of 105 eV. Absolute total cross sections for the various singly charged fragments production are observed to decrease by a factor of almost three, from the largest cross-section measured for C + , over C + 2 and CD + down to that of D +. The maxima of the cross sections are obtained to be (14.5 ± 0.5) × 10 −17 cm 2 for C + 2 , (12.1 ± 0.1) × 10 −17 cm 2 for CD + , (27.7 ± 0.2) × 10 −17 cm 2 for C + and (11.1 ± 0.8) × 10 −17 cm 2 for D +. The smallest cross section is measured to be (1.50 ± 0.04) × 10 −18 cm 2 for the production of the doubly charged ion C 2+. Individual contributions for dissociative excitation and dissociative ionization are determined for each singly-charged product. The cross sections are presented in closed analytic forms convenient for implementation in plasma simulation codes. Kinetic energy release distributions of dissociation fragments are seen to extend from 0 to 6 eV for the heaviest fragment C + 2 , up to 11.0 eV for CD + , 14.2 eV for C + and 11.2 eV for D + products.

Absolute cross sections for electron-impact single ionization, dissociative excitation and dissociative ionization of the ethynyl radical ion (C2D +) have been measured for electron energies ranging from the corresponding reaction thresholds to 2.5 keV. The animated crossed electron-ion beam experiment is used and results have been obtained for the production of C2D 2+ , C 2+ , C + 2 , CD + , C + and D +. The maximum of the cross section for single ionization is found to be (2.01 ± 0.02) × 10 −17 cm 2 , at the incident electron energy of 105 eV. Absolute total cross sections for the various singly charged fragments production are observed to decrease by a factor of almost three, from the largest cross-section measured for C + , over C + 2 and CD + down to that of D +. The maxima of the cross sections are obtained to be (14.5 ± 0.5) × 10 −17 cm 2 for C + 2 , (12.1 ± 0.1) × 10 −17 cm 2 for CD + , (27.7 ± 0.2) × 10 −17 cm 2 for C + and (11.1 ± 0.8) × 10 −17 cm 2 for D +. The smallest cross section is measured to be (1.50 ± 0.04) × 10 −18 cm 2 for the production of the doubly charged ion C 2+. Individual contributions for dissociative excitation and dissociative ionization are determined for each singly-charged product. The cross sections are presented in closed analytic forms convenient for implementation in plasma simulation codes. Kinetic energy release distributions of dissociation fragments are seen to extend from 0 to 6 eV for the heaviest fragment C + 2 , up to 11.0 eV for CD + , 14.2 eV for C + and 11.2 eV for D + products.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse if citizens’ searches on the internet coincide with the services that municipal websites offer. In addition, the authors examine municipal webpage rankings in search engines and the factors explaining them.

Design/methodology/approach
The empirical study, conducted through a sample of Spanish city councils, contrasted if the information that can be found on a municipal website fits with citizens’ demands. This has been done by comparing the most-searched keywords with the contents of municipal websites.

Findings
A positive relationship between the supply and demand of municipal information on the internet has been found, but much can still be improved. Analysed administrations rank the basic data of the organisation, as well as some of the fundamental competences thereof, at the top in search engines, but the results are not entirely effective with some keywords still highly demanded by citizens, such as those related to employment or tourism. Factors explaining internet ranking include the number of pages of the municipal website, its presence in social networks and an indicator designed to measure the difficulty of ranking the municipal place-name.

Originality/value
The results obtained from this study provide valuable information for municipal managers. Municipal websites should not only include information in which citizens are interested, but achieve accessibility standards, have a responsive web design, and follow the rules of web usability. Additionally, they should be findable, which also requires improvement in terms of the design of the municipal website thinking in search engines, particularly in terms of certain technical characteristics that improve findability. A municipal website that wants to have a good positioning should increase its contents and attain the maximum degree possible of visibility in social networks.

Absolute cross sections are reported for electron-impact ionization and dissociation of CN + ions. Simple ionization to CN 2+ ions and formation of singly charged C + and N + and doubly charged C 2+ and N 2+ fragments have been investigated. The animated electron-ion crossed-beam method has been applied in the energy range from the respective reaction thresholds up to 2.5 keV. The maximum of the simple ionization cross section is found to be (5.37 ± 0.14) × 10 −18 cm 2 at 115 eV. The maximum total cross sections for N + and C + fragment production are found to be (22.2 ± 2.7) × 10 −17 and (18.9 ± 1.2) × 10 −17 cm 2 at 85 eV, respectively. By performing careful magnetic field scans of the collected ions, contributions of dissociative excitation and dissociative ionization to the C + and N + fragment production are determined separately. The cross sections for asymmetric dissociative ionization to C 2+ and N 2+ are found to be more than one order of magnitude smaller. The kinetic energy release distributions are determined for all dissociation processes at selected electron energies. These distributions, together with the energy thresholds, provide additional information about the ground and excited states of the molecular ion.

Atomic rates relevant to fusion plasma modelling are calculated from a simplified collisional radiative model, using recommended atomic data. The rates calculated are the radiative loss and the electron cooling rates for individual ionisation stages of hydrogen, helium, carbon, and oxygen. The results are presented graphically as a function of the temperature, for various electron densities. They are also approximated by analytic fits convenient to use in computer simulation models.

A high-charge-state plasma neutralizer for a beam of energetic H-ions offers the potential of high optimum neutralization efficiency (-85%) relative to a gas target (50-60%), and considerably reduced target thickness. We have calculated cross sections for charge-changing interactions of fast Hand HO in collision with highly charged ions using a semiclassical model for Hand nd the ClaSSical-Trajectory Monte Carlo method plus Born calculations, to obtain correct asymptotic cross sections in the high-energy limit. Charge-state fractions as a function of plasma line density, and fW ax , the maximum HO fraction, are calculated using these cross sections; we find that fW ax = 85% for ion charge states in the range 1+ to 10+, and that target ion line density for fW ax decreases approximately as the square of the plasma ion charge state. The maximum neutral fraction is also high for a partially ionized plasma. We have built a small multicusp plasma generator to use as a plasma neutralizer; preliminary results show that the plasma contains argon ions with an average charge state between 2+ and 3+ for a steady-state discharge.

Total electron-capture cross-section measurements are reported for C~+ (3 & q & 6) and Q~+ (2&q &6) ions colliding with hydrogen atoms and molecules in the energy range (0.01 &E & 10) keV/amu. The cross sections range from (0.5-7) &10 " cm, and neither obey simple charge-scaling rules, nor exhibit uniform dependences-on collision velocity in this energy range. For a given charge q, cross sections for the less-highly-stripped oxygen ions exceed those for carbon ions at energies below a few-hundred eV/amu. Comparison is made between these measurements and theoretical calculations which have heretofore remained untested at low collision energies. In general, the agreement is good for those systems where detailed perturbed-stationary-state theory is available, but is best with those calculations in which the collision dynamics as well as the molecular couplings are treated quantum mechanically. Generalized theories which work well for collision systems containing many bound electrons, do not give accurate representations of these few-electron systems at low energies.

The present volume of Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion includes critical reviews and results of original experimental and theoretical studies on inelastic collision processes among the basic and dominant impurity constituents of fusion plasmas. The processes considered in the present volume include: electron impact excitation of excited helium atoms, electron impact excitation and ionization of plasma impurity ions and atoms, electron-impurity-ion recombination and excitation, ionization and electron capture in collisions of plasma protons and impurity ions with the main fusion plasma neutral components H, He and H 2 (the latter being always present in the plasma edge or introduced into the plasma by neutral beam injection for heating, fuelling or diagnostic purposes). The majority of the contributions included in the present volume are the result of a three year Coordinated Research Programme on "Atomic Data for Medium-and High-Z Impurities in Fusion Plasmas", conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency in the period 1991-1994. However, the content of the volume has been significantly expanded by the contributions of many other experts from the atomic physics community who have kindly agreed to perform supplementary cross-section measurements, calculations or critical data assessments for the above mentioned processes of fusion relevant collision systems. The International Atomic Energy Agency expresses its appreciation to all the contributors to this volume for their dedicated effort and cooperation .

The present volume of Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion includes critical reviews and results of original experimental and theoretical studies on inelastic collision processes among the basic and dominant impurity constituents of fusion plasmas. The processes considered in the present volume include: electron impact excitation of excited helium atoms, electron impact excitation and ionization of plasma impurity ions and atoms, electron-impurity-ion recombination and excitation, ionization and electron capture in collisions of plasma protons and impurity ions with the main fusion plasma neutral components H, He and H 2 (the latter being always present in the plasma edge or introduced into the plasma by neutral beam injection for heating, fuelling or diagnostic purposes). The majority of the contributions included in the present volume are the result of a three year Coordinated Research Programme on "Atomic Data for Medium-and High-Z Impurities in Fusion Plasmas", conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency in the period 1991-1994. However, the content of the volume has been significantly expanded by the contributions of many other experts from the atomic physics community who have kindly agreed to perform supplementary cross-section measurements, calculations or critical data assessments for the above mentioned processes of fusion relevant collision systems. The International Atomic Energy Agency expresses its appreciation to all the contributors to this volume for their dedicated effort and cooperation .

The present volume contains two papers, published by Tatsuo Tabata and his coworkers in 2002 and 2006, in the form of the post-print re-edited by the use of LATEX. The studies described were made at Osaka Prefecture University and Institute for Data Evaluation and Analysis under the joint research program of data compilation at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI; presently Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JAEA), and belong to the category of atomic and molecular collision cross sections. A “Commentary” section written by the present editor is attached to the end of each paper. When minor errors in the published version are mentioned in the “Commentary” section, those are corrected in this volume.

The present volume contains two papers, published by Tatsuo Tabata and his coworkers in 2000 and 2001, in the form of the post-print re-edited by the use of LATEX. The studies described were made at Osaka Prefecture University and Institute for Data Evaluation and Analysis under the joint research program of data compilation at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI; presently Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JAEA), and belong to the category of atomic and molecular collision cross sections. A “Commentary” section written by the present editor is attached to the end of each paper. When minor errors in the published version are mentioned in the “Commentary” section, those are corrected in this volume.

The present volume contains four papers, published by Tatsuo Tabata and his coworkers from 1987 to 1992, in the form of the post-print re-edited by the use of LATEX. The studies described were made at the Radiation Center of Osaka Prefecture1 under the joint research program of data compilation at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI; presently Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JAEA), and belong to the category of atomic and molecular collision cross sections. Each paper, except for paper 55, includes the “Commentary” section written by the present editor at its end. Minor errors found in the published versions are mentioned in the commentary sections and are corrected in this volume.

​Recent results are briefly described of the joint work made at the Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya University, to compile the data on the backscattering coefficients of ions and to develop empirical formulas for these coefficients. Computer-simulation data on light-ion backscattering at low energies and both experimental and computer-simulation data on heavy-ion backscattering have been added to the compilation. The computer-simulation data for heavy ions have been found to show deviations from a universal curve on to which experimental data are well scaled.

Cross sections for 74 processes in collisions of electrons with nitrogen molecules (N2) and singly ionized nitrogen molecules (N2+) have been collected. The literature has been surveyed through the middle of 2004. The data sets collected are presented in separate graphs for each process. Recommended cross sections are expressed by analytic expressions.

Refers to: Analytic cross sections for electron impact collisions with nitrogen molecules, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, Volume 92, Issue 3, May 2006, Pages 375-406, Tatsuo Tabata, Toshizo Shirai, Masao Sataka, Hirotaka Kubo Eq. (7) on page 379 should read

Due to the present interest in modeling and diagnosing the edge and divertor plasma regions in magnetically confined fusion devices, we have sought to provide new calculations regarding the elastic, excitation, ionization, and charge transfer cross sections in collisions among relevant ions, neutrals, and isotopes in the lowto intermediate-energy regime. We summarize here some of our recent work.

Due to the present interest in modeling and diagnosing the edge and divertor plasma regions in magnetically confined fusion devices, we have sought to provide new calculations regarding the elastic, excitation, ionization, and charge transfer cross sections in collisions among relevant ions, neutrals, and isotopes in the lowto intermediate-energy regime. We summarize here some of our recent work.