Dairy Nutrition

The aim of the present investigation was to optimize the age at first use (AAFU) of semen of Murrah breeding bulls, which will help in early selection of bulls under progeny testing program for improving the reproductive performance in the herd. : The data on AAFU, conception rate based on first A.I. (CRFAI), overall conception rate (OCR), and birth weight (B.WT) of 57 Murrah bulls during 1993-2014 at NDRI center pertaining to 14 sets of Network Project on Buffalo Improvement at

This study aimed to develop a functional turmeric-enriched Burfi by incorporating turmeric powder in the range of 0.25-0.75% on the basis of milk, during the boiling stage to reduce its inherent bitterness, and enriching with 0.01% saffron to enhance flavour and mask residual off-notes. A central composite rotatable design using response surface methodology was employed to optimize turmeric and sugar (5-7%) levels, based on sensory attributes (colour & appearance, flavour, sweetness, body & texture, overall acceptability) and instrumental hardness. Developed quadratic models exhibited strong predictability (R² = 0.90-0.97, adequate precision = 6.6-21.3). Results revealed that sugar significantly enhanced sweetness and texture, while turmeric negatively affected flavour and acceptability at higher concentration levels; saffron and boiling of turmeric effectively mitigated the bitter astringent note of turmeric powder. Instrumental hardness decreased with increasing sugar and turmeric concentrations. The optimized formulation achieved high sensory scores, and enhanced antioxidant activity (~81% DPPH inhibition), and appealing texture. Thys turmeric Burfi represents a novel health-focused adaptation of a traditional sweet, offering both functional benefits and consumer appeal.

Background and Aim: Dairy cows in the transition period are highly vulnerable to oxidative stress and immune suppression, which increases the risk of metabolic and infectious diseases. Vitamin E (VE) and selenium (Se) are essential antioxidants known to mitigate these challenges, but their combined effects remain underexplored in transition cows. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of VE and Se supplementation–individually and in combination–on oxidative stress biomarkers, immune function, disease incidence, reproductive performance, and economic outcomes in transition dairy cows.

Materials and Methods: Forty Holstein cows with similar baseline characteristics were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 each): Control (basal diet), VE (3,000 IU/head injected on days 7 and 14 postpartum), Se (1.5 mg/kg body weight orally from calving), and VE + Se (both interventions). Blood samples were collected on calving day and at 7, 14, and 21 days postpartum. Parameters assessed included non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, haptoglobin (HP), milk yield, disease incidence, and economic performance. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves assessed VE and Se’s predictive value for disease.

Results: Combined VE + Se supplementation significantly increased plasma VE and Se levels and improved antioxidant capacity (↑T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px; ↓MDA) and immune markers (↓IL-1β, IL-6, HP). NEFA and BHB were reduced without affecting AST. The VE + Se group showed significantly lower incidences of mastitis, metritis, and ketosis (p < 0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated high predictive value of plasma VE and Se for disease risk (area under the curve up to 0.973). Economic analysis showed the highest net profit (¥111.91/day) in the VE + Se group.

Conclusion: Combined VE and Se supplementation during the transition period enhances antioxidant and immune function, reduces metabolic disease incidence, and improves productivity and profitability in dairy cows. These findings support integrated micronutrient strategies for periparturient health management. Larger-scale and long-term studies are recommended to confirm these outcomes and explore underlying mechanisms.


Keywords: dairy cows, disease prediction, economic benefit, milk yield, oxidative stress, selenium, transition period, Vitamin E.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding a milk powder effervescent tablet to whole milk on the performance and health of neonatal Holstein dairy calves. Individually housed calves (30 males and 30 females) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments from 0 to 56 d pre-weaning: 1) whole milk, 2) whole milk with 3% milk replacer, and 3) whole milk containing 3% milk powder effervescent tablet. From 56 to 70 d post-weaning, the calves were kept in the experiment until 70 d with the same starter feed. Calves enrolled in the study were fed 6 L/d of pasteurized whole milk in buckets twice daily at 0600 and 1600 from d 0 to 50, followed by morning feeding (2 L/d) from d 51 to 56 of age. Calves were weaned at d 56. Starter consumption, ambient temperature, and the fecal score were recorded daily. Calves were weighed every two weeks from birth until the end of the experiment. Rectal body temperature and frame development were measured on birth, weaning, and the final day of the experiment. The blood sample was taken at 56, and 70 d. Increasing the concentration of liquid feed by milk replacer powder and milk powder effervescent tablet improved body weight, average daily gain, heart girth, withers, and hip height without compromising any negative effects on average blood metabolites, rectal body temperature, average fecal score, and diarrhea duration. Also, increment of milk solids had no significant effects on starter intake during pre- and post-weaning. In conclusion, the condensation of whole milk with milk powder effervescent tablets up to 15.5% could be recommended as it facilitates a more practical concentration of milk for dairy calves. In summary, we strongly recommend using effervescent tablets formulated with milk powder to achieve a concentrated whole milk solution of 15.5%. This method not only enhances the practicality of milk concentration but also benefits the nutritional needs of dairy calves.

This study explored the effects of different caffeine doses on nutrient digestion and fermentation in a simulated rumen environment. The main goal was to improve our understanding of how caffeine might influence these important metabolic processes in the rumen when a lactating cow diet is used. Here, we report that a dose of caffeine (50 ppm) improved the digestibility of dry/organic matter and starch while reducing the protozoa numbers and ammonia concentration, which are related to ruminal protein metabolism. However, higher caffeine doses (above 50 ppm) began to negatively impact these parameters. Our observations suggest that caffeine, a naturally occurring compound in several plants such as coffee, cacao, and tea, could potentially be used to enhance digestion and fermentation in ruminants. This research is valuable to our understanding of anaerobic fermentation in the rumen as it demonstrates the use of this plant secondary metabolite to enhance nutrient utilization and milk production and other benefits to management and the environment.

Including dietary fat can increase the energy density of diets fed to ruminants, reducing dry matter intake (DMI). Effects of different fat sources on nutrient digestion and fermentation can vary depending on dietary fat concentration and the forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C). Therefore, this study's objective was to screen the effects of fat sources supplemented at different concentrations to high-and low-forage diets on in vitro digestibility and fermentation. Treatments included either low forage (LF; 35%) or high forage (HF; 70%) with two fat levels (6 or 9% DM) using six different fat sources, plus control. The control diet (CON) had a basal level of fat in the diet (3% fat; 0% fat inclusion), and fat sources were added to attain 6% or 9% dietary fat and consisted of the following: Coconut oil, CO; Poultry fat, PF; Palm oil, PO; Palm kernel oil, PKO; Soybean oil, SOY; and Ca Salts, MEG. In vitro Gas Production (GP) modules were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 × 7 factorial design and were incubated for four 24 h runs. The CO-fed module had the highest dry matter (DM) apparent digestibility (AD) (p < 0.01), followed by SOY and PF. The true DM digestibility (TDMD) and organic matter (OM) AD were the highest in CO (p < 0.01) than the other fat types. The AD for DM, OM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher in LF (p < 0.01). The 6% fat inclusion had a higher GP (109 vs. 103 mL ± 2.09; p < 0.03). Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was lower in different fat types than the CON and the acetate molar proportion (p > 0.01). The propionate was the lowest for the CON, which increased the acetate to propionate (A:P) ratio (p < 0.01). These results suggest that LF diets with high fat concentrations can be utilized, and different fat sources may improve DM and fiber digestibility.

Background: The profitability in swine production is mostly associated to the superior growth performance. The information pertaining to the genetic and non-genetic factors influencing growth traits is significant to enable animal breeders to adopt better selection and managemental methods. Methods: Data from 50% LW Y-Desi genetic group and 75% LWY-Desi genetic group that were maintained at the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Pigs, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati were used to understand the effect of genetic and non-genetic parameters on production traits. Result: The genetic group, period of birth, season, parity and sex have significant influence on post weaning body weights in most of the ages. Certain age groups showed significant effect on post-weaning average daily gain; but no specific trend was observed for age groups between the two genetic groups. The heritability estimates for post weaning body weights and ADG were medium to high in both the genetic groups. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among post-weaning body weight were inconsistent in direction. Overall, the 75% LW Y-Desi genetic group performed better than 50% LW Y-Desi genetic group, presumably due to the higher exotic inheritance and genetic superiority.

HIS STUDY was designed to find out the influence of reproductive status, body condition, and localities on hormonal profile, antioxidant status, trace elements, blood biochemical, and metabolites in Egyptian buffaloes. Three experiments were conducted, in experiment 1; buffalo were divided into two groups according to localities (Fayoum & Behira). In experiment 2, 97 buffalo were divided into cyclic (n= 29), early pregnant (n=43), inactive ovaries (n= 12), and endometritis (n= 13). In experiment 3, according to body condition score, buffaloes were divided into three groups (Low, medium, and high). Blood samples were collected from all animals for analyzing progesterone (P 4 ), estrogen (E 2 ), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glucose, Zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). Results indicated that P 4 , E 2 , antioxidant, TP, Alb, Glob, A/G ratio, glucose, Zn and Cu levels significantly increased (P<0.05) for buffaloes raised at Behira (Delta) compared to Fayoum (Upper Egypt). In pregnant and cyclic buffalo, P 4 , E 2 , antioxidant, TP, Glob, A/G ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, SOD, Zn and Cu increased (P<0.05) in comparison to those with inactive ovaries or endometritis. Moreover, buffaloes with high and medium body conditions had higher (P < 0.05) levels of P 4 , E 2 , TP, Alb, glob, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and Cu than those having low body condition score. MDA and LDL levels were high (P<0.05) in animals with low body condition score. In conclusion, blood serum concentrations of P 4 , E 2 , total protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, Zn, and Cu were the most sensitive biochemical markers to represent the reproductive status of the animals. The body condition score and locality have impacted the fertility of dairy buffalo.

This work was carried out to study some hormonal, biochemical and antioxidant activities in relation to the reproductive status in buffalo during the hot and cold seasons. Genitalia of mature female buffaloes were collected during hot, (n=130) and cold season (n=190). Genitalia were classified according to their reproductive status into; cyclic, early pregnant and non-cyclic with smooth inactive ovaries. Samples of blood were collected and serum was isolated and stored at −20oC for hormonal and biochemical analysis. Progesterone and cortisol levels were determined using ELISA. Total protein, albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and LDH were measured spectrophotometrically. Results indicated that malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) and cortisol concentrations were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in smooth inactive ovaries than in pregnant or cyclic buffalo. Whereas, superoxide dismutase (SOD...

Production and reproduction performance of Jersey cattle at Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, Harichand, Charsadda, NWFP during 1993 to 2003 was investigated. Effect of season and year of calving on milk yield and reproduction were studied. Average age at puberty was 748.71 ± 22.5 days and a coefficient of variation of 21.87%. Average lactation yield was 1663.15 ± 70.25 liters and a coefficient of variation of 29.23%. The average lactation daily milk yield was 5.3 ± 0.117 liters, with a coefficient of variation of 15.28%. Number of services per conception was 1.5 ± 0.152 and a coefficient of variation of 73.02%. Recording system at the farm needs to be improved and if possible, the data should be electronically managed.

Fermented dietary products have been found to increase anti-carcinogenic activity and modulate immunological and physiological functions. This study assessed the preventive effect of fermented cow and soy milk supplemented with water-soluble curcumin against Ehrlich ascites tumor. Both types of milk were prepared in the presence of Lactobacillus plantarum EMCC 1027. Ninety-ve grams of basal diet mixed with 5g of either fermented cow or soy milk and supplemented with 150 mg of soluble curcumin. Induction of Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice synergized with the feeding of a prepared special diet for 20 days. Both fermented cow and soy milk increased the survival rate to 117% while the supplementation with curcumin improved the survival rate to 150% combined with soy milk. The decreased concentration of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in Ehrlich tumor-bearing was markedly increased after feeding by any kind of a special diet. In Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice, fermented soy milk plus curcumin showed the highest reduction levels of the augmented levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin-6. The relative gene expression TNF-α was signi cantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in all treated Ehrlich tumorbearing while fermented soy milk plus curcumin demonstrated the highest reduced levels. Fermented cow and soy milk with or without curcumin signi cantly (P < 0.05) caused a rise in the viable count of lactobacilli and bi dobacteria. Collectively, the dietary feeding with fermented cow or soy milk displayed bene cially protective effects, and the best results were recorded in combination with soluble curcumin.

Recombinant Bovine somatotropin (rbST) is one of the hormones potentially used as growth promoters in feedlot animals; however, limited data is available regarding its effects on blood biochemistry of Kundhi buffalo calves (KBC). Therefore, the current study was conducted to analyze the effects of rbST on blood biochemistry of KBC. For this purpose, selected calves were randomly distributed into three groups (A, B and C) with four calves per group. Group A was kept as control, while group B and C were treated with rbST @ 0.5 mgand 1.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) fortnightly, respectively. After eleven weeks of treatment, blood samples were analyzed for blood metabolites i.e. glucose, protein and lipids, which are major metabolic substrates in the blood required for the growth and fattening of calves and used as fattening indicators. Our data revealed that blood glucose was increased significantly in group C (74.45 ± 0.71 mg/dl) and B (70.50 ± 0.28 mg/dl) as compared to control group A (6...

The objective of this study was to investigate yeast characteristics obtained from commercial grain kefir from Indonesian. Isolation based on macroscopic morphology and microscopic morphology. The first method of research is activation of kefir grain using 10% reconstitution milk, yeast growth on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA-Agar) medium, yeast coloration by using Lactophenol cotton blue. Then, yeast identification was done by macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Macroscopic morphological observations are observations of colony morphology at the time of isolation and purification, including size, shape, texture, color, surface, elevation, and edges. Microscopic morphological observations include cell shape, budding (budding) which first make preparations with yeast coloring then observed with Zeiss Asio Imager A2 Microscope using Zeiss Axiocam HRC camera. Macroscopic observation of yeast size description colony very small, small, medium, large, colony form is round, the margin is ra...

This study aimed to investigate the effect of oral supplementation of rumen-protected L-arginine on semen quality, testes, and accessory genital glands biometry in rams. Ten apparently healthy and fertile rams were randomly divided into two equal groups; control, and rumen-protected L-arginine (20 mg/Kg body weight for 30 days) treated group. In all rams, ultrasonographic measurements of the testes and the accessory genital glands and blood sampling were performed at day (D)10, D20, and D30 (D0 is the start of supplementation). Semen ejaculates were collected twice/week and semen quantity, and quality was examined. Our results showed that, in the L-arginine treated group, there were significant increase in the ultrasound biometric measurement of right seminal vesicle (RSV) and right Cowper&#39;s gland (RCG) at D10, both testes, tail of the epididymis (TE), SV, and CG of both sides at D20, and of both testes, RTE, RSV, RCG, and LSV at D30. Semen quality and quantity parameters were s...

Pathogenic organisms in dairy products like yoghurt have for several years been a matter of public health concern. An investigation on the microbiological quality of 12 commercial samples of yoghurt gotten from four different brands designated A, B, C and D respectively were analysed using the poor plate method to determine their respective microbial qualities. Samples were randomly obtained from different locations in Bamenda and data were analysed using ANOVA. Results of the microbial enumeration showed that all samples recorded 0.0x10 1 cfu/ml,E coli counts. The total viable bacteria counts (TVC) of the samples were 0.17x10 5 cfu/ml, 5.5x10 5 cfu/ml, 6.0x10 5 cfu/ml, 6.3x10 5 cfu/ml for A, B, C and D respectively. There was no significant variation (p>0.05) in TVC among B, C and D. Meanwhile A and B both recorded 0.0x10 5 cfu/ml coliforms and C and D recorded 1.1x10 2 cfu/ml and 2.3x10 2 cfu/ml respectively. There was a significant variation (p<0.05) in coliform counts between C and D. D recorded the highest yeast and mould counts121.66x10 4 cfu/ml while A recorded the least 6.66x10 4 cfu/ml. The results of this study showed that three (B, C and D) out of four yoghurt brands sold in Bamenda at the time of this research were hygienically poor and hence not fit for consumption. In order to prevent public health issues, it is necessary for the right government bodies to pay close attention as to how commercialised yoghurt products are prepared, processed, stored, and distributed.

En la ganadería moderna, cada preñez cuenta. Con márgenes de rentabilidad cada vez más reducidos y una demanda creciente por eficiencia reproductiva, entender lo que realmente necesita un embrión para prosperar ya no es una opción: es una ventaja competitiva. Este material reúne evidencia científica actualizada y la traduce en acciones claras, prácticas y aplicables en campo, con un enfoque especial en el uso estratégico de ácidos grasos esenciales protegidos como herramienta clave para mejorar los resultados reproductivos. Si busca reducir pérdidas tempranas, mejorar tasas de implantación y potenciar la calidad embrionaria desde el inicio, lo que leerá a continuación puede representar un punto de inflexión en el éxito reproductivo de su finca ganadera.

Durante décadas, el estudio de los lípidos en la nutrición animal estuvo dominado por una perspectiva calórica. Las grasas eran vistas como potenciadores energéticos, útiles para mejorar la eficiencia productiva. Sin embargo, la ciencia actual ha revelado un panorama mucho más complejo y fascinante: los ácidos grasos esenciales (principalmente los omega 3, omega 6 y, en menor medida, los saturados como el palmítico) poseen funciones bioactivas que inciden profundamente en la programación del desarrollo fetal. Esta nota técnica integra evidencia científica reciente en rumiantes, destacando los mecanismos fisiológicos implicados, su relevancia epigenética, sus efectos diferenciales según sexo y entorno, y sus aplicaciones prácticas en sistemas productivos.

Repeat breeding (RP) is a one of the most significant problem in dairy cattle because it increased production cost of insemination, treatment, feed, labor and management and also increased calving interval with decreased milk production. This study was conducted at the different Bathan areas of Shahjadpur Upazila under Sirajgonj district. The total of 30 repeat breeder cows was selected randomly to determine their reproductive hormonal profile before and after synchronization at the selected areas and repeat breeder cows were marked by ear tag and collected breeding history of each individual cow. All experimental RP were synchronized by the administration of GnRH (day-0), PGF2α (day-7) and Artificial Insemination (AI) with GnRH (day-9). Blood samples were collected before and after synchronization during standing heat period of estrous cycle of each cow. The total experiment was done and analyzed in the laboratory by using endocrine detection kits (Mono Lelac R USA). This present study revealed that the level of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P4) were significantly differed between repeat breeder cows and synchronized repeat breeder cows. These findings clearly indicated that reproductive hormonal aberrations might be one of the major causes of repeat breeding in Baghabari milk shed areas.

Facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaires, Femmes, Education, Emploi, ISOR Résumé Introduction -Les maladies cardiovasculaires qui sont liées aux changements apparus dans le mode de vie, constituent la première cause de mortalité dans le monde. En parallèle, il apparait que ces maladies sont associées à des déterminants socioculturels et qu'il existe des gradients de risque en fonction du niveau socio-économique. D'autre part, le risque est inégal dans les deux sexes. L'objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer la santé cardiovasculaire des femmes oranaises. Matériels et méthodes -Une étude transversale a été menée entre 2007 et 2009, sur un échantillon de 787 sujets, dont 409 femmes, âgés de 30 à 64 ans. Les sujets, tirés au sort au hasard dans la liste des assurés résidant dans la ville d'Oran, ont participé à une enquête clinique, anthropométrique et biologique. La santé cardiovasculaire a été évaluée sur les facteurs de risque suivants : obésité corporelle et abdominale, diabète, hypertension artérielle, augmentation des graisses du sang et syndrome métabolique défini selon le critère NCEP-ATPIII. Résultats -Il apparait que 44% des femmes n'ont pas de niveau d'éducation ou sont de niveau primaire, et que 62% d'entre elles n'exercent pas d'activité professionnelle. Au total, 79% d'entre elles ont une activité physique quotidienne faible voire nulle, 32,5% sont obèses, 19,6% sont hypertendues et 9,7% sont diabétiques. Il apparait finalement que 25,9% des femmes présentent un risque de maladies cardio-vasculaires. Ce risque est multiplié par 2 chez les femmes sans emploi. Les femmes ayant un niveau d'éducation élevé (universitaire ou professionnel) sont mieux protégées.

Goat is a small ruminant found across the globe. However, each and every type of goat has some unique characteristics and is popular for specific reasons in specific area. Black Bengal goat is the only recognized goat breed in Bangladesh and is famous for its high fertility, prolificacy, superior skin and meat quality, early sexual maturity, disease resistance and short kidding interval. In this book chapter, we focused on available goat genetic resource in Bangladesh, breed characteristics, morphometric characterization, husbandry practices, feed and nutrition used for goat production, productive and reproductive performances under subsistence farming system, disease and health management, biotechnological approach for conservation like estrus synchronization, semen quality analysis, cryopreservation of semen, AI, IVP of embryos and MOET. Moreover, contribution of goat production in poverty alleviation and women empowerment in Bangladesh were also highlighted. Thereafter, constrain...

The present research work was carried out to evaluate efficacy luteotropic hormones with special refence to metabolic, biochemical profile and cervical mucus properties in non-infectious repeat breeding Murrah buffaloes. The research was conducted at Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai and Murrah buffalo dairy farms of Aarey Colony, Goregaon, Mumbai. Out of 60 repeat breeding Murrah buffaloes of 6 to 8 years old, thirty two pluriparous Murrah buffaloes of non-infectious origin were selected on the basis of white side test for the present study. The incidence of infectious and non-infectious repeat breeding buffaloes was 44.66% and 53.33%, respectively in 60 repeat breeding buffaloes of Aarey colony. The cervical mucus properties, serum metabolic and biochemical profile was performed in 32 Murrah buffaloes. The overall mean serum phosphorus, glucose, BUN concentration was 4.29±0.13 mg/dL, 45.51±0.91 mg/dL, 13.37±0.46 mg/dL ...

The present study was aimed to develop a most effective extender for long term storage of Beetal buck semen at 4℃. Tris-citric acid-fructose was supplemented with egg yolk (TEY), egg yolk plasma (TEYP), @ 5, 10, 15 and 20; 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent, respectively. Extended semen was stored at 4℃ and analyzed for sperm attributes. Values for motility, viability and plasma membrane integrity and acrosomal integrity remained significantly (p<0.05) higher in 15% TEY, 15% TEYP from 0 hr to 72 hrs of storage. It indicated superiority of 15% TEY, 15% TEYP, over other concentrations for storage of beetal buck semen at 4℃. A significant (p < 0.05) decline in motility, viability and membrane integrity was observed during 0-72 hrs but sperm attributes were still >50% at 72 hrs of preservation. Though, both types of extenders at 15% level of concentration were able to sustain sperm attributes to>60% level at 72 hrs of preservation. Percent decline in sperm attributes was recorded comparatively less at 15 % concentration in both type of extenders. Values for acrosome integrity also differed significantly (p<0.05) among different concentrations of both types of extenders. In conclusion, both 15% TEY and 15% TEYP were better than other concentrations.

New laboratory and animal sampling methods and data have been generated over the last 10 yr that had the potential to improve the predictions for energy, protein, and AA supply and requirements in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). The objectives of this study were to describe updates to the CNCPS and evaluate model performance against both literature and on-farm data. The changes to the feed library were significant and are reported in a separate manuscript. Degradation rates of protein and carbohydrate fractions were adjusted according to new fractionation schemes, and corresponding changes to equations used to calculate rumen outflows and postrumen digestion were presented. In response to the feed-library changes and an increased supply of essential AA because of updated contents of AA, a combined efficiency of use was adopted in place of separate calculations for maintenance and lactation to better represent the biology of the cow. Four different data sets ...

Animal simulation models are sets of equations used to describe biological processes. A nonsteady state simulation model of cattle digestion is presented in order to represent nutrient availability as a response to feed intake pattern and the kinetics of particle size reduction. Variables representing the particle size reduction and discontinuous voluntary feed intake were included in a mechanistic model created to optimize the supplementation of sugarcane based diets. In general the predicted values were very close to observed values for fibre and nitrogen flows. The model has not shown consistent bias in relation to the behavior of the observed data of duodenal flow of neutral detergent fiber and non-ammonia nitrogen. Milk production simulations were quite close to actual values. Predictions were improved by the non steady-state model, taking into account variable intake rate in relation to the previous steady-state model. The model can be used to select strategies for supplementation of cattle fed sugarcane based diets.

In seasonal calving systems where heifers first calved at a young age, age at 1st insemination may be delayed for those born at the end of the calving period. A possible alternative is to increase growth intensity during the 1st year of rearing, and then, to reduce age at 1st calving (21 mo of age or less). Puberty should then occur at an early age for optimal fertility. A long-term experiment aiming at studying the effect of controlled growth intensity throughout feeding procedure is being conducted since 2009 including 60 to 70 Holstein heifers / year. In 2012, the effect of rearing intensity on puberty attainment was closely studied on 65 heifers born between August 26 and December 27, 2011. Animals born before December 1 were either fed a standard (SD) or an intensive (ID) diet from 0 to 6 mo of age, to reach 190 to 200 kg or 220 to 230 kg at 6 mo of age, respectively. Animals born after received ID until artificial insemination (AI). From 5.5 mo of age, blood samples were obtai...

Background: The study was planned to determine the effect of oral supplementation of vitamin E and Selenium on productive and reproductive performance in 40 Jersey cows and consequent effect on the growth of their progeny (calves). Methods: The experimental animals were divided into two homogenous groups (A and B). Animals in group A were given Vitamin E (200 mg) and Selenium (10 mg) daily orally; 250 days onwards prepartum for 21 days. The cows belonging to the group B were not provided these supplements and served as untreated control group. Result: Group A animals took significantly (P<0.01) less (2/3) time than those included in Group B for expulsion of the placenta. Additionally, lesser number of cows in Group A than those in Group B suffered from retention of placenta (ROP) indicating improvement of reproductive performance in the group with no significant effect on growth of calves and milk yield in the two groups. Therefore, from the experiment, it was concluded that supplementation of Vitamin E and Selenium to dairy cows during last month of pregnancy decreases time of placenta expulsion with no significant effect on the growth of their progeny (calves). The present study also concludes that higher number of animals may be taken for the experiment for a good dairy managemental programme.

A study was conducted to find out scale of production, compositional, physico-chemical and sensorial qualities of rasmalai in Hisar city, Haryana. The results revealed that 70% respondent procured milk from vendors, used buffalo milk for sweetened condensed milk (SCM) and cow milk for chhana patties making. Survey further revealed variation in the quality evaluation, milk used per batch, source of heating method and shelf life of the product. The composition of market samples for fat, protein, total carbohydrates, total solids and ash varied between 9.2 to 10.

The study was conducted to evaluate the influence of season on cauda epididymal spermatozoa isolated from bucks. Materials and methods: Testes of 30 mature bucks were collected from local slaughter house, and were processed for the retrieval of cauda epididymal spermatozoa for evaluation. Testes were collected in three seasons (winter, summer and rainy), and each season was having 10 pairs of testicles. Recovered spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis were processed immediately for evaluation of semen attributes (Spermatozoa motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal status and DNA integrity). Results: Physiological effect of season was observed on progressive motility, percent of live spermatozoa, spermatozoal membrane integrity (HOST), acrosomal integrity, capacitation status and DNA integrity. Progressive motility, percent live spermatozoa, HOST positive spermatozoa, were found significantly (P<0.05) high in summer season, whereas, significantly (P<0.05) lower comet positive spermatozoa were found in summer season as compared to rainy and winter. Compromised acrosomal status was seen in winter and rainy seasons as compared to summer. Conclusion: Compromised acrosome along with plasma membrane and higher percentage of spermatozoa with damaged DNA in cauda spermatozoa were observed during winter and rainy seasons as compared to summer season. Summer season was found to be the most suitable season for collection of cauda epididymal spermatozoa and can effectively be used for assisted reproduction with further investigations of associated mechanisms.

L ivestock is an indispensable sector of the economy of Bangladesh that plays a vital role in sustaining rural economic growth. Approximately 1.90% of gross domestic product (GDP) is derived from livestock industry (BBS, 2022). Among the various livestock species, buffalo is one of the most important and is widely distributed throughout the country . The whole buffalo inhabitants in Bangladesh are 1.471 million, which

How to cite this manuscript: Tiwari S, Singh Y, Sirohi R, Mamta, Kumar A, Singh DN, Yadav BK and Kushwaha R (2024). Determining the right time of insemination based on physiological, endocrine and biochemical fluctuations in Sahiwal cows. Ruminant Science 13(1):185-189.


Abstract
The present study was conducted on healthy, cyclic recently calved Sahiwal cows maintained at DDD farm of Livestock Farm Complex of the institute. Various physiological, blood-biochemical, and plasma endocrine profiles were investigated to discriminate the various stages of estrus. The stages of estrus i.e. onset of estrus, standing and end of standing heat or non-estrus have revealed a significant (P<0.01) effect on rectal temperature and respiration rate. The difference in mean plasma concentration of estrogen and cortisol in experimental Sahiwal cows during their different stages of estrus was not found to be significant. No significant change in plasma concentration of glucose, total cholesterol, total protein, urea and total immunoglobulin, were observed during different stages of estrus in experimental Sahiwal cows of the present study, all the values were within the normal range. However, mean values for alkaline phosphatase were found to be significantly higher during standing heat conditions followed by the onset of estrus and non-estrus stages of estrus in these cows.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of the addition of cottonseed hulls (CSH) to the starter and the supplementation of live yeast product (YST) or mannanoligosaccharide product (MOS) to milk, on growth, intake, rumen development, and health parameters in young calves. Holstein (n = 116) and Jersey (n = 46) bull (n = 74) and heifer (n = 88) calves were assigned randomly within sex at birth to treatments. All calves were fed 3.8 L of colostrum daily for the first 2 d. Holstein calves were fed 3.8 L of whole milk, and Jersey calves were fed 2.8 L of whole milk through weaning at 42 d. Calves continued on trial through 63 d. Six treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial. Calves received either a corn-soybean meal-based starter (21% crude protein and 6% acid detergent fiber; -CSH) or a blend of 85% corn-soybean meal-based starter and 15% CSH (18% crude protein and 14% acid detergent fiber; +CSH) ad libitum. In addition, calves received whole milk with either...

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of giving Asifit, Vitamin E and their combination on the quality of PE goat's milk. This research used the Latin Square Design (RBSL) experimental method with 4 treatments and 4 replications, namely treatment consisting of (PO) basal feed without the addition of Asifit and Vitamin E, (P1)-basal feed with the addition of Asifit, (P2) basal feed with the addition of Vitamin E and (P3) Basal feed with a combination of Asifit + Vitamin E. Meanwhile, the variables observed in this study were milk quality consisting of (Dry Ingredients, Protein and Fat Content), Milk pH, and supporting factors such as temperature and humidity. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results of the study showed that the administration of Asifti and Vitamin E or their combination had no significant effect (P>0.

The ability of bulls to reproduce is crucial for the success of dairy animal production. In order to maintain the breeding programme and to produce healthy, superior offspring, bull fertility is essential. It is vital to improve the sustainability and efficiency of animal food production, considering growing human population. Herd bulls play a significant role in many facets of dairy operations, particularly in terms of profitability. Bull selection may be the most effective approach of herd genetic improvement because herd bulls provide more than half of the genetic value to all the calves. The utilisation of sub-fertile bulls may lead to reduced conception rates, longer calving intervals and decreased productivity, all of which may have a substantial negative impact on the financial viability of cattle operations. The selection of high fertility bulls and their proper management protocols must be a top priority for dairy farmers. The accomplishment of dairy artificial insemination programs is mostly dependent on the utilization of high-quality semen. Improved conception rates are reached when only high fertility bulls are used, which reduces expenses of reproductive programs. Bull fertility is 2023 31(11 ) 3 predicted using in vitro fertilization tests based on sperm-oocyte interactions. Most recent breakthroughs in the field of Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Sperm epigenomics are intensely used to understand important regulatory pathways controlling bull fertility.

Background: This study was taken up to assess the effect of time of sowing and number of irrigations on the yield of maize cultivar J-1006 and to see their impact on the nutritive value of fresh and ensiled fodder. M ethods: Maize cultivar J-1006 was sown at 50 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant spacing at 10 days interval in quintuplicate. The crop was harvested after 80-85 days of sowing. The J-1006 on the first date of sowing (B1) was given one irrigation and rest of the sowings (B2-B5) received two irrigations till harvest. The nutritive value (NV) of fresh and ensiled maize fodder was assessed by in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. Result: Highest biological, DM and protein yield was recorded in B2 maize fodder while the lowest was recorded in B5. The cell wall constituents were the highest (P<0.01) in B1 and the lowest in B5 fodder resulting in highest (P<0.01) microbial biomass production (MBP) and the NV in B5 maize fodder. Irrespective of time of sowing, OM, NDF and hemicellulose contents were reduced (P<0.01) in ensiled maize fodder. The net gas production (NGP; P<0.01) and ME (P<0.05) were depressed and the total and individual VFAs and MBP were improved (P<0.01) in the ensiled maize. Irrespective of processing, the maize given two irrigations resulted in higher (P<0.01) MBP and NV as comparison to that given single irrigation. It was concluded that B5 maize fodder with the lowest yield given two irrigations had the best nutritive value.

Background and Aim: Pasundan cattle, a native Indonesian breed with valuable reproductive traits, face population decline due to limited conservation efforts. Estrus synchronization using prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is a viable strategy to support genetic improvement and sustainable breeding. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological, cytological, and hormonal responses associated with estrus synchronization in Pasundan heifers following a double-injection protocol of PGF2α.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen healthy Pasundan heifers (2.0–2.5 years old; body condition score 3) received two intramuscular PGF2α injections 11 days apart. Estrus signs were assessed through vulva morphology, cervical mucus viscosity, and vaginal electrical resistance (VER) on days 0, 4, 5, 11–15. Vaginal cytology was conducted to classify epithelial cells, and blood samples were analyzed for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, and estradiol through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05).

Results: The peak estrus response occurred on day 14 post-initial injection, marked by maximal vulvar swelling (7.27 ± 1.15 cm), highest mucus viscosity (14.9 ± 3.00 mm), and lowest VER (198.67 ± 29.61 Ohms). Cytologically, superficial and keratinized epithelial cells dominated (64.22%), indicating estrus. Hormonal assays revealed elevated FSH (5.08 mIU/mL) and estradiol (0.214 pg/mL), alongside a nadir in progesterone (0.162 ng/mL). Estrus was observed in 88.89% of heifers on day 14.

Conclusion: Double-injection PGF2α effectively synchronized estrus in Pasundan heifers, with day 14 being optimal for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). The synchronization protocol demonstrated clear correlations between physical, cytological, and hormonal parameters. This protocol provides a reliable basis for reproductive management in Pasundan cattle, facilitating conservation and productivity. Future studies should assess conception outcomes post-FTAI to validate long-term reproductive efficiency.


Keywords: estrus synchronization, fixed-time artificial insemination, Pasundan cattle, prostaglandin F2α, reproductive hormones, vaginal cytology.

An investigation was undertaken during the breeding season on 80 graded Murrah buffalo heifers aged 4 -5 years. The plasma levels of macro (Ca and P) and micro (Cu) minerals were estimated and all the animals under study were fed with cooked horse gram. All the heifers under study were given non-hormonal (utero-ovarian massage and mineral supplementation) and hormonal (Buserelin acetate) treatments. The treatments adopted in this study brought the heifers into estrus with acceptable conception rates.

L ivestock is an indispensable sector of the economy of Bangladesh that plays a vital role in sustaining rural economic growth. Approximately 1.90% of gross domestic product (GDP) is derived from livestock industry (BBS, 2022). Among the various livestock species, buffalo is one of the most important and is widely distributed throughout the country (Rahman et al., 2018). The whole buffalo inhabitants in Bangladesh are 1.471 million, which

The study aimed to determine the effect of intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with
a modified penis-like device (mPLD) or artificial penis and clitoral massage subsequent
to artificial insemination (AI) to increase the pregnancy rate of water buffaloes. The AI
was performed on 160 buffalo cows after observing their estrus sign. The buffalo cows
were divided into four experimental groups (group A: only AI was conducted; group B:
intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a mPLD following AI; group C: massage of the clitoris
after AI; group D: both the mPLD and the clitoral massage were used following AI). Each
group consisted of 40 animals. Age, parity, body weight, reproductive health status, history
of previous calving difficulties, and estrus detection method were recorded. The overall
pregnancy rate was found to be 41.3%. The pregnancy rate in groups A, B, C, and D
were 32.5, 42.2, 37.5 and 52.5%, respectively. It was determined that both the application
of intra-vaginal bio-stimulation with a mPLD and massage of the clitoris following AI
(group D) showed a significant effect on pregnancy rate than the control group (group A).
It is concluded that the application of a mPLD in conjugation with massage of the clitoris
enhances the pregnancy rate of buffalo cows in the coastal region of Bangladesh.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of season and lactation stage on physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of milk from Abergelle goat breed. From a total of 40 households (two dairy goats were taken per household), 240 milk samples were collected early in the morning. Samples were taken from lactating goat based on lactation stage. The physico-chemical properties were analyzed using milk analyzer Lactoscan (SA, Milcotronic, Bulgaria). The microbiological analysis was done based on a standard microbiological methodology. The data were analyzed using ANOVA. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was also done. Both season and lactation stage did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. The overall mean of fat, protein, solid-not-fat (SNF), lactose, total solids, density and electrical conductivity (EC) were 5.87 ± 0.17%, 3.46 ± 0.07%, 9.18 ± 0.12%, 5.06 ± 0.10%, 15.05 ± 0.21%, 1029.25 ± 0.32 kg/m 3 and 5.68 ± 0.10 mS/cm, respectively. Somatic cell count (SCC) in the raw milk was 286.69 ± 26.5 × 10 3 cells/mL). Of the total milk samples, 10.3% and 6.9% had S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Both season and lactation stage were not significantly (p > 0.05) correlated with physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. However, total solids showed significant (p < 0.001) and strong positive correlation with fat (r = 0.837) and SNF (r = 0.632). Lactose showed significant (p < 0.05) but weak negative (r =-0.344) correlation with density. More attention must be given to the husbandry and hygienic practices of the goat milk to reduce the microbial load thereby enhance the quality and safety of the milk.

This study examines how environmentally friendly advertising influences consumer willingness to purchase plant-based meat products. As plant-based foods gain popularity amid growing environmental concerns, brands are increasingly using sustainability-focused packaging to attract consumers. To explore the effectiveness of this strategy, an online survey was conducted in which participants rated five different plant-based meat product images on perceived environmental focus and purchase likelihood. Each image varied in visual design and messaging to simulate real-world branding scenarios. The study aimed to assess whether environmentally focused packaging cues influence consumer decision-making and whether these effects differ across demographic groups such as age, gender, or dietary habits. By analyzing consumer perceptions through regression models, the study seeks to contribute to a broader understanding of sustainability marketing in the context of ethical consumption. The findings have implications for food marketers, brand designers, and researchers interested in how visual communication can shape consumer behavior in the growing plant-based sector.

Background and Aim: Nanotechnology offers innovative strategies to enhance livestock productivity and sustainability. Silicon-containing ultrafine particles (UFPs) have shown potential benefits in animal nutrition, yet their effects on gastrointestinal microbial composition and ruminal digestion in cattle remain poorly understood. This study was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation with silicon-containing UFPs on ruminal digestibility, bacterial taxonomic structure, and predicted metabolic functions in the gastrointestinal microbiota of cattle.

Materials and Methods: A 42-day controlled feeding experiment was conducted on 20 Kazakh white-headed bulls (12 months old, 305 ± 10.4 kg), divided into control and experimental groups (n = 10 each). The experimental group received a diet supplemented with SiO₂ UFPs (2 mg/kg feed). Digestibility coefficients were measured using standard methods, and ruminal fluid samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes -based functional profiling.

Results: UFP supplementation significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter (3.5%), crude fiber (3.5%), crude protein (5.2%), and organic matter (8.11%) compared to the control group. The experimental group exhibited elevated relative abundances of Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and genera Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Selenomonas. Functional prediction analysis revealed higher proportions of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., starch, galactose, and amino sugar pathways), lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and the biosynthesis of key vitamins and cofactors. Microbial diversity metrics (Chao1, Shannon) indicated significant changes in alpha diversity, with moderate shifts in beta diversity.

Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of silicon-containing UFPs enhances nutrient digestibility and induces favorable modifications in the ruminal microbiota, including functional pathways linked to energy and macronutrient metabolism. These findings support the integration of nanotechnology-based feed additives in cattle nutrition to improve feed efficiency, productivity, and potentially reduce environmental impacts such as methane emissions.


Keywords: cattle, digestibility, feed efficiency, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, metabolic pathways, nanotechnology, Prevotella, rumen microbiota, silicon dioxide, ultrafine particles.

In the present study, the microbiological and chemical quality of cokelek, a traditional dairy product produced in Elazığ and consumption of which plays an important role in nutrition of people of the region, were determined. A total of forty cokelek samples were collected from the ...

Mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cattle across the globe including India and cause huge economic losses to dairy farmers. Mastitis is also the most common reason for antibiotic usage in dairy animals, which is an important reason for antimicrobial resistance development in human and veterinary important pathogen. Optimization of nutrition and improvement of immunity of lactating cows are important strategies to reduce the susceptibility to mastitis and thereby reduction of antibiotic use. Copper, Zinc and Manganese are important trace minerals for maintaining udder health and immunity but, their contents and bioavailability is affected by several factors. Citrate, the precursor for milk synthesis is an important determinant of udder health but, the role of citrate in udder health is not clear as milk citrate level is affected by various factors. This review discusses about the role of trisodium citrate and various forms of trace minerals in mastitis management in dairy animals.

Background: Salvia hispanica also referred to as Chia seeds is an annual herb belonging to Lamiaceae family. The chia plant yields either black or white seeds and is light sensitive. The seeds contain dietary fibre, higher-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals, vital source of bioactive and polyphenolic compounds along with high concentration of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to lower cholesterol, prevent inflammation, and enhance cognitive performance. Aim: Food product development, Nutrient profile and Sensory evaluation of chia seeds incorporated recipes for all age group Methods and Materials: In a study 4 variants of Brownie and Spreader with incorporation of chia seeds were developed and their nutritive value was calculated. The base material used for Brownie were chia seeds, ragi, banana, walnuts, jaggery, dark chocolate, cocoa powder and baking powder While for Spreader the ingredients used were chia seeds powder, ragi, cocoa powder, dark chocolate and milk. The sensory evaluation of the developed recipes was conducted. Results: Spreader incorporated with 5 grams of Chia seeds powder was selected in sensory evaluation by the 30 panellists and its nutrient analysis was performed which showed the result as 320 kcal energy, 18gm protein, 43gm carbohydrate, 6.0 gm fibre, 30 gm sodium, 3 gm calcium, 5 gm fat and 2.8 gm iron per 100g of the sample in cost of 88 rupees. Conclusion: Sensory evaluation of the developed recipes along with their 4 variants (5 gm, 10 gm 15 gm) was carried out by the 30 panellists with the help of hedonic and composite scale. The selected recipe i.e. spreader incorporated with 5% chia seeds was nutritionally analysed. Due to various essential nutrient content the recipes are consider providing several health benefits with respect to various health conditions like diabetes, constipation, weight loss, inflammation reduction and many more in population belonging to all age group.