Cultural Ecology

Article écrit par Tara Chapron, doctorante de Sorbonne Université à la chaire d’Histoire de l’art et archéologie des mondes celtes (Centre Chastel UMR 8150). Doctorat sous la direction du professeur Nathalie Ginoux, “Contribution à l’Histoire de l’esthétique vestimentaire des élites de l’âge du Bonze en Europe”.

The accelerating environmental crisis has forced literature into a position of cultural witness, where narratives are no longer mere reflections of human struggles but active mediations of ecological survival. Contemporary American fiction increasingly grapples with climate change, species extinction, and environmental injustice, demonstrating that ecological devastation cannot be separated from social inequalities of race, class, and gender. This paper explores how four novels-Richard Powers' The Overstory, Jesmyn Ward's Salvage the Bones, Barbara Kingsolver's Flight Behavior, and Louise Erdrich's Future Home of the Living God-represent eco-justice and climate consciousness as interconnected struggles. Drawing from ecocriticism, posthumanism, and the environmental humanities, the discussion demonstrates that these texts reveal the ethical obligation of storytelling in an era of climate emergency. Fiction emerges not only as cultural record but also as ecological witness, urging collective responsibility and reimagining sustainable futures.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. syn. Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone) is the most widely cultivated millet in the world. It is a major source of food and fodder in Africa and South Asia, where it has been grown since prehistoric times. Genetic studies trace the domestication of this important crop to the western Sahel in Africa by 2800 BCE, although the earliest evidence of domestication traits have been dated to c. 2500 BCE in pottery temper. In South Asia, securely dated finds appear around 1900 BCE. Here, we report two absolute dates of pearl millet caryopses to 2578-2358 and 2576-2356 cal BCE from Bhando Qubo, an archaeological site in the lower Indus Valley (Sindh, Pakistan). These caryopses have proven to be contemporary to the oldest evidence of domesticated pearl millet in Africa and represent the earliest Pennisetum glaucum grains directly dated by 14 C AMS worldwide. This discovery indicates that pearl millet expanded into South Asia at least five centuries earlier than previously thought and highlights the Indus Valley as a crucial corridor for prehistoric crop diffusion.

1. It is crucial that biodiversity conservation initiatives in agriculture take into account how farmers understand and value their relationships with nature. However, while highly relevant for pan-European conservation work, insight into differences and commonalities in farmers' views across socio-ecologically differ

This preliminary essay introduces the Spanish translation of “The Caribbean as a Socio-cultural Area”, a major article by Sidney W. Mintz published a half-century ago. In “The Caribbean…”, Mintz questions the usual emphasis on the cultural (linguistic, political, racial and religious) diversity of the Caribbean. He conceptualizes culture itself as a historical process and the Caribbean as a distinct societal or sociocultural area with a history of its own vis a vis the continental Americas. An important dimension of the Caribbean is its trajectory as an old colonial region that is also an integral part of the history of the West, and which underwent an early modernity that resulted in historic backwardness. Mintz concludes that the Caribbean has been a cornerstone of the very configuration of the West, a key to the rise of global capitalism, and a hothouse of modernity. “The Caribbean ...” is not as well-known as it should be, in contrast with the importance that many scholars attac...

“Doğaya Saygılı Yaşayanlar: Bogomillerden Bugüne”, tarih boyunca farklı coğrafyalarda yaşamış üç özgün öğretiyi —Bogomiller, Tengriciler ve Bektaşiler— günümüz dünyasının kentleşme, tüketim kültürü ve ekolojik krizleriyle ilişkilendirerek yeniden anlamlandırıyor. Bu yazı, yalnızca geçmişin mistik ve halkçı geleneklerine nostaljik bir bakış sunmakla kalmıyor; aynı zamanda çağımız insanına yön arayan derinlikli bir ekolojik ve felsefi çağrı niteliği taşıyor.

Yalın yaşam arayışıyla mağaralara çekilen Bogomiller, gökyüzüyle konuşan Tengriciler ve paylaşımın kutsal halkasını kuran Bektaşiler üzerinden, doğayla kurulan bağın bireysel ve toplumsal özgürlükle nasıl iç içe geçtiğini gösteriyor. Modern yaşamın beton duvarları arasında kaybolan ruhsal yönümüzü, göğe, toprağa ve sofraya dönerek yeniden bulabileceğimizi hatırlatıyor. Bu metin, kadim bilgeliği çağdaş direnişe dönüştüren bir “ekolojik vicdan” çağrısıdır.

Protein dynamics is shaped by interactions between thermal fluctuations, external forces, and molecular structures. Thermal fluctuations have high frequencies and are hence very challenging to quantify. We were able to record femtosecond X-ray diffraction snapshots and determine atomic displacements of crystalline bovine trypsin atoms either in the native steady state or in a transient state initiated by a short THz pulse, the results of which were interpreted with numerical simulations. In the absence of THz pulses, specific distal atoms exhibited correlated movements. Under the influence of THz fields, numerical simulations demonstrated a slight enhancement of displacement correlations. The experimental results revealed a contrasting response to short THz pulses, where the measured displacements were not solely determined by the atom position, but also influenced by the

The research of pastures influenced by Carpathian sheep milk farming as a typical archetype was conducted in study areas of the mountain even subalpine landscape in the forest zone of the Western Carpathians in the Slovak Republic. We have chosen 28 areas that have been effected by mountain sheep farming since the period of the Wallachian colonization. The research works were under way from 1998 to 2016. The pastures of observation were from 615 to 1 421 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) in the areas of 1 398 ha in total that was of various exposition and inclination, from flat surface to steep hillsides with 28° slope. The studied pastures ranged from the species-rich to species-poor, from Festuca-Agrostis grasslands through Nardo-Agrostion tenuis alliance to Nardion. The number of plant species (from 18 to 48, average 33 at 1 m 2 ) shows a rather varied composition of grasslands. There were only two study sites with higher dominance of Festuca rubra (51 % and 64 %) recorded. The quality of grassland depends on the floristic composition (cover in %) and forage value of the particular species. Evaluation of the grassland quality (E GQ ) reached the average value 57.5 in the scale from 0 to 100. Value varied from least valuable grasslands with 40.1 points in two study plots to valuable grasslands with 69.4 points. Relations between selected environmental factors were analysed by means of redundancy analysis (RDA). Among the significant factors of environment, the impact on data set variability was the strongest by altitude (18.1 %), then by total precipitation in the vegetation period (5.6 %) and grassland quality E GQ (5.2 %).

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Temizlik, dünyanın bütün kültüründe önemsenen konulardan biri olmuştur. Türk kültür tarihinde de temizliğe önem verilmiş temizlikle ilgili zengin bir kültür oluşmuştur. Temizlik kültürü, halk biliminin konu kadrosu içerisinde yer alan çalışma alanlarından biridir. Temizlikle ilgili araç ve gereçler, temizlik yöntemleri, temizlik zamanı, temizlikle ilgili sözlü edebiyat, temizlikle ilgili geleneksel meslekler, doğumdan ölüme giden süreçte gerçekleştirilen temizlik uygulamaları ve daha pek çok konu temizlik kültürü içerisinde değerlendirilmektedir. Temizlik kültürü içerisinde yer alan konulardan biri de temizlik kültüründe bitkilerden yararlanılmasıdır. Kültür ve coğrafya ilişkisine bağlı olarak insanlar yaşadıkları coğrafyalar içerisinde yer alan bitkilerden yararlanarak onlardan oluşturdukları araç-gereç, temizlik malzemesi, kozmetik maddesi pek çok ürünü temizlik yaparken kullanmaktadır. Temizlik kültüründe bitkilerinden yararlanılması halk bilimi çalışmalarında ayrı bir konu olarak ele alınmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi özelinde, bitkilerin temizlik kültüründeki yeri tespit edilip incelenerek halk bilimi disiplininin alan yazınına yeni bir katkı sunmaktır. Bitkilerden yararlanılarak yapılan temizlikte bitki örtüsünün zenginliği oldukça etkilidir. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin de bitki örtüsünün zengin olması temizlik kültürüne etki etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi ile ilgili yapılmış lisansüstü tezler, makale, bildiri, kitap, sözlük, ansiklopedi ve internet kaynakları içerisinde temizlik kültürüyle ilgili yer alan bilgiler derlenmiştir. Yazılı kaynaklar içerisinden derlenen veriler üzerinden Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde temizlik kültüründe bitkilerin kullanımı tespit edilip değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bölgede yaşayan insanların coğrafyanın onlara sunduğu bitki örtüsünü kullanarak temizlik için bitkilerden yararlandıkları görülmüştür. Temizlik yapılırken kullanılan temizlik aletlerinin bir kısmının bitkilerden elde edildiği dikkati çekmiştir. İnsanların geleneksel yaşamlarında temel gereksinimlerinden biri olan temizliğin yapılmasında bitkilerin etkisi göze çarpmıştır.

In 2015, the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) commissioned John Holden, visiting professor at City University, London, and associate at the think-tank Demos, to write a report on culture as part of its Cultural Value Project. The claim within the report was to redirect culture away from economic prescriptions and to focus on ecological approaches to ‘value’. Holden considers the application and use of ecological tropes to re-situate culture as ‘non-hierarchical’ and as part of symbiotic social processes. By embracing metaphors of ‘emergence,’ ‘interdependence,’ ‘networks,’ and ‘convergence,’ he suggests we can “gain new understandings about how culture works, and these understandings in turn help with policy information and implementation”. This article addresses the role of ‘cultural critique’ in the live environments and ecologies of place-making. It will consider, with examples, how cultural production, cultural practices, and cultural forms generate mixed ecologies of...

Life on the frontier was challenging, especially for those without family support-orphans and single women endured especially difficult lives. Lafayette Ball and his foster mother, Editha Anderson, had a full measure of tenuous existences. He was orphaned at the age of 10, and Editha, who was a mature, single woman caring for her elderly mother, took him under her wing in Nauvoo, Illinois in 1845. 1 Warren Lafayette Ball was born on November 9, 1834, in Franklin County, Massachusetts, in or near the town of Shutesbury, a village located just northeast of Amherst. In later life, he was called Lafayette with the nickname of Bally. His father was Jonah Randolph Ball, and his mother was Sophronia Horr. The name Warren likely came from his mother's father, Warren Horr, and his middle name was probably due to the Marquis de Lafayette, a famous general in the American Revolution who died shortly before Lafayette was born. The general was much venerated in the United States and President Jackson ordered that he be given the same death honors accorded, years earlier, to President Washington. Ex-President John Quincy Adams delivered a three-hour long oration in Congress memorializing Lafayette's death about a month after Warren Lafayette Ball was born and named, so the name Lafayette was then much in the news. Little is known about the Ball family in Massachusetts before they moved to Nauvoo. The 1840 U.S. Census lists Jonah R. Ball as living in Shutesbury, and several letters he wrote from Kirtland and Nauvoo to friends in

This paper examines how recent posthuman narratives articulate in literature and film a set of essential ethical and political dimensions through which to rethink human relationships with the environment. Drawing on the works of Timothy Morton and Greg Garrard, I examine how the narratives in J.M. Coetzee’s novels and Jia Zhangke’s films invite expanded affective engagement toward landscapes, animals, and objects. By contrast, I would argue that these narratives lure audiences into forging regenerative relationships with the nonhuman world through the erasure of rigid human-nature binary opposition and the subversion of traditional human-centred stories. Drawing on the theory of environmental imagination as expounded by Lawrence Buell, this essay examines how these stories function as ecocentric ecologies of cultural meaning. This approach, drawing on multiple disciplines, deepens our appreciation of the ethical underpinnings of these stories and the nuances involved in the nature-culture divide. Further, I utilise the empirical understanding gained from empirical ecocriticism. Therefore, this work examines how posthuman stories’ immersive settings and narrative techniques can influence ecological awareness and pro-environmental behaviour. The current research accentuates the stories’ ability to shift ecological consciousness, hence pressing readers and viewers toward developing a sense of kinship with non-human agents and engaging in ethics toward nature. In other words, this research posits that posthuman narratives represent a cultural methodology through which a sustainable, interconnected future may be shaped within an ecological paradigm, which is also constantly changing.

Cet entretien revient sur le parcours de l'anthropologue Philippe Descola et tente de cerner certaines grandes dimensions de son travail actuel. Sont évoqués : le rapport qu'il entretient à André-Georges Haudricourt, les critiques qu'il adresse à l'écologie culturelle de Julian Steward et Marvin Harris ; l'influence de Bruno Latour sur la portée écologique des études ethnographiques ; l'importance des schèmes relationnels au-delà de la quadripartition ontologique ; et le lien entre l'anthropologie des images et l'histoire des sensibilités.

Upon infection of host cells, Legionella pneumophila releases a multitude of effector enzymes into the cells cytoplasm that hijack a plethora of cellular activities, including the hosts ubiquitination pathways. Effectors belonging to the SidE-family are involved in non-canonical serine phosphoribosyl ubiquitination of host substrate proteins contributing to the formation of a Legionella-containing vacuole that is crucial in the onset of Legionnaires' disease. This dynamic process is reversed by effectors called Dups that hydrolyse the phosphodiester in the phosphoribosyl ubiquitinated protein. We installed reactive warheads on chemically prepared ribosylated ubiquitin to generate a set of probes targeting these Legionella enzymes. In vitro tests on recombinant DupA revealed that a vinyl sulfonate warhead was most efficient in covalent complex formation. Mutagenesis and x-ray crystallography approaches were used to identify the site of covalent crosslinking to be an allosteric cysteine residue. The subsequent application of this probe highlights the potential to selectively enrich the Dup enzymes from Legionellainfected cell lysates.

O presente artigo visa analisar as representações a respeito das populações indígenas na Primeira República do Brasil a partir de um artigo publicado no periódico infantil O Tico-Tico. Considerando o discurso hegemônico associado às elites brasileiras, buscar-se-á compreender o lugar do indígena neste contexto histórico e as proposições assimilacionistas pensadas em relação a estes povos.

A study on migration times and population sizes of the white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), which is one of Europe's rarest birds, was conducted between January 2007 and August 2010 at Lake Burdur, the Lake Van Basin (Lake Erçek, Lake Sodalı (Arin), Lake Norşin) and the Sultan Marshes in Turkey. It was determined that the reason for the species to prefer Lake Burdur as a wintering area was the lack of dense reeds at the share of the lake and not freez completely. The results of our study showed that the maximum individual number was 1220 and an increase in the ratio of adult male during the last years was observed at Lake Burdur. Especially in the recent years, the species was not observed in the Sultan Marshes, because of the habitat degredation. The breeding period was about seven month (April-October) in the Lake Van Basin. During this period it was determined that the species prefers to breed in habitats that have tall and dense reed beds (Phragmites spp. and Typha spp.) and which are far from human effects, providing shelter against wind and precipitation.

Resilienz ist in den letzten Jahren ein Schlagwort geworden, das sich nicht nur in unzähligen tagespolitischen, sondern auch fachwissenschaftlichen Debatten finden lässt. Der Begriff ist mit einem Gefühl von Unsicherheit und der Erwartung eines Ausnahmezustands konnotiert, wobei die Unmöglichkeit, sich gegen die Unwägbarkeiten der Zukunft abzusichern, ebenso mitschwingt. Er bedeutet aber auch, dass unvorhersehbare systemische Störungen einerseits natürlich sind und andererseits überstanden werden können -wenn nicht von allen, dann wenigstens von vielen, darunter einige, die vielleicht sogar Nutzen aus unterschiedlichen Desastern ziehen können 1 . Wissenschaftsgeschichtlich markieren dabei vor allem die 1970er Jahre für die Verwendung des Terminus »Resilienz« einen wichtigen Zeitraum, da er ab dieser Zeit vermehrt in unterschiedlichen Disziplinen verwendet wurde. Einen wichtigen Meilenstein bildet sicherlich die Arbeit des Systemökologen Crawford S. Holling, der Resilienz 1973 verwendete, um vor allem die bis dahin (und z. T. nach wie vor vertretene) Ansicht zu verwerfen, wonach natürliche Ökosysteme von einem Gleichgewichts-zustand geprägt seien. Resilienz bezeichnete nach ihm dabei die Fähigkeit eines ökologischen Systems, Stress zu absorbieren und dennoch funktionsfähig zu bleiben 2 . Auch in anderen disziplinären Kontexten wird der Begriff Resilienz seitdem häufiger verwendet. Parallel zu den Umweltwissenschaften wird er besonders in der Psychologie benutzt, wo er die individuelle (oder kollektive) Fähigkeit bezeichnet, mit Widrigkeiten, Unglücksfällen oder Schicksalsschlägen umzugehen. In ökonomischen Zusammenhängen meint er die Widerstandsfähigkeit nationaler Wirtschaftssysteme im Kontext eines Konjunkturabschwungs. Und in den Sozialwissenschaften umschreibt er u. a. die Persistenz von Ansichten, Ideen und Technologien, die ständige Erneuerungsprozesse überdauern oder diese mit anstoßen 3 . Was auffällt, ist, dass all diese unterschiedlichen Perspektiven eine historische Sichtweise zumindest implizieren 4 . Denn in allen Konzepten ist dem Begriff Resilienz die Vorstellung von Wandel eingeschrieben, dem über einen längeren Zeitraum verfolgbare Veränderungen zugrunde liegen und der 1 Siehe dazu: MacKinnon/Derickson 2012. 2 Siehe Holling 1973, 14, der Resilienz definiert als »measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between populations and state variables«. Die Genese seines Konzepts wird beschrieben in Folke 2006, bes. 254-255. Eine zentrale Weiterentwicklung stellt Gunderson/Holling 2002 mit der Ausformulierung der »adaptive cycles« dar. Als Resilienz in den 1970er Jahren im Zusammenhang mit der Ölkrise zunächst in amerikanischen, später in europäischen Sicherheitskreisen verwendet wurde, war damit nicht zuletzt das Bemühen verbunden, kritische Infrastruktur vor Sabotage und Systemzusammenbrüchen zu schützen (Walker/Cooper 2011). Auf politischer Ebene war mit dem Gedanken der Resilienz zugleich eine Infragestellung des weltpolitischen Idealbilds der »nachhaltigen Entwicklung« angedeutet, wie sie vom Club of Rome und anderen Institutionen erarbeitet worden war (Seefried 2015). Da Ressourcen ohnehin endlich sind, ging es weniger darum, möglichst lang andauernden, nachhaltigen Nutzen aus ihnen zu ziehen, sondern die zugrunde liegenden sozioökonomischen oder ökologischen Systeme so auszurichten, dass sie möglichst gut mit Mangelzuständen zurechtkommen könnten (vgl. Möller/Rieger 2019). Diese Systeme durchlaufen dabei, so die Vorstellung, adaptive Zyklen (adaptive cycles).

İnsanlığın karşı karşıya olduğu en büyük krizin, teknolojik yetersizlik veya
kaynak kıtlığından ziyade, dünyadaki konumumuza dair temelde hatalı bir
anlatıdan kaynaklanması olasılığı ne kadar büyüktür? Daniel Quinn’in çığır açan
romanı Ishmael (1992), bu derin ve kışkırtıcı soruyu merkeze almaktadır. Roman,
insan medeniyetini iki karşıt toplumsal model aracılığıyla keskin bir şekilde
inceler: doğal dünya üzerinde tahakküm kurmaya odaklanan “Alanlar” (Takers)
ve doğayla denge ve karşılıklılık içinde yaşamayı benimseyen “Bırakanlar”
(Leavers) (Quinn, 2002, s. 50). Murphy (2025)’e göre, “Alanlar” ve “Bırakanlar”
ifadeleri, daha yüklü anlamlar taşıyan “uygar” ve “ilkel” terimlerinin yerine
kullanılır. Hayal kırıklığına uğramış arayış içinde biri ile telepati yeteneğine sahip
bilge bir goril olan İsmail arasındaki Sokratik bir diyalog çerçevesinde sunulan
Quinn’in anlatısı, okuyucuları insanlığın doğayla olan yıkıcı ilişkisini
şekillendiren derin kültürel mitlerle yüzleşmeye ve tahakküm yerine birlikte
varoluşa dayanan alternatifleri hayal etmeye davet etmektedir.
Quinn’in başkahraman olarak bir gorili seçimi, Bay ve Karagöz (2025)’ün de
belirttiği gibi, bu canlıların insanlarla ve doğayla kurduğu derin bağ nedeniyle
diğer hayvanlardan farklı addedilmelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. İnsanlarla
yakın genetik akrabalıkları, evrim teorisyenlerinin savunduğu üzere, gorillerin
insanlara yönelik bir yakınlık ve benzerlik hissi uyandırmasına neden olmaktadır
(s. 317). Bu tercihle Quinn, insanlığın daha geniş bir ekolojik sistemin parçası
olduğunu ve tüm türlerin kaderinin birbiriyle ayrılmaz bir şekilde bağlantılı
olduğunu vurgulamaktadır (Quinn, FAQ's, 2025). Ayrıca, Bay ve Karagöz’ün
(2025) altını çizdiği gibi, goriller ormansızlaşma ve yasa dışı yaban hayatı ticareti
gibi faktörler nedeniyle sıklıkla insan sömürüsünün ve yaşam alanlarının tahrip
edilmesinin mağduru olmuştur. Quinn, gorillerin yaşadığı bu zorlu duruma dikkat
çekerek, insan eylemlerinin insan olmayan topluluklar üzerindeki yıkıcı etkisini
gözler önüne sermekte ve çevresel sorumluluk ile koruma çabalarının hayati
önemini vurgulamaktadır

This work presents the results of a field study that investigated pedagogical practices and strategies in Basic Education, specifically in the teaching of Natural Sciences, in a Guarani indigenous community. The focus was to analyze how the integration of Western scientific knowledge and ancestral indigenous knowledge can contribute to intercultural, inclusive, and sustainable learning, while respecting the customs and worldview of the Guarani ethnicity. Methodologically, the investigation centers on a case study, with data obtained through participatory observation, complemented by interviews. The theoretical approach transited between educational and anthropological investigations of indigenous communities, guided by interculturality and the concepts that structure Indigenous Education and Indigenous School Education. The results show that the intercultural teaching perspective emerges as a narrative of complementarity, in which Indigenous School Education contributes, especially in terms of access to technology, to Indigenous Education. Furthermore, a perception of conflict arises between the temporal and pedagogical organizational forms of the educational process, with a greater appreciation for the Guarani way of educating. From the students' perspective, there is a preference for the integration of Juruá and Xeramoí knowledge, justifying the predominance of the latter by the notion of complementarity and the recognition of the completeness of Xeramoí knowledge compared to Juruá knowledge.

This study presents a comprehensive geotechnical analysis of the Mae Teeb access tunnel in Ngao Tunnel (T2), which is part of the Den Chai-Chiang Rai-Chiang Khong Railway Construction Project (Contract 1, Den Chai-Ngao section) located in the Lampang-Phrae Basin, Thailand. The primary objective of this research is to examine the geological and geotechnical challenges encountered during tunnel construction, with a focus on analyzing rock mass behavior and incidents that occurred during the excavation process. The research integrates data from multiple sources, including pre-construction borehole investigations, design documents, project contract specifications, and actual field observations to provide a comprehensive overview of the geological conditions in the project area. In assessing the geotechnical properties of the rock mass, the study applies the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) systems, which effectively help classify and predict the behavior of rock masses in the tunnel vicinity. Furthermore, the study monitors and analyzes tunnel wall convergence to evaluate structural stability and construction safety. Case studies of incidents that occurred during construction are analyzed in detail to identify primary causes and contributing factors, as well as to present effective and appropriate problem-solving approaches. The findings of this study not only enhance understanding of tunnel construction in complex geological conditions but also present valuable recommendations for developing practical guidelines for future tunnel construction projects, particularly in the context of challenging geological conditions in Thailand. The knowledge gained from this study can be applied to planning and risk management for large infrastructure projects facing similar geotechnical challenges.

The article focuses on art understood as a tool for building relationships between man and nature, and the resulting participation of man in nature. The character of this tool, that is art, is dependent on the development of philosophical thoughts and the level of civilization, and has changed together with the development of culture. Recently, under the influence of the progressive degradation of the natural environment, artistic activities are ecologically oriented. However, it is an observable fact that the "taming" of nature through art makes one function more easily in the existing reality.

The narration of ecological disasters, e.g. water or oil pollution, deforestation, pandemics and so forth, are found in many literary and cultural texts of Comparative Literature of the 21st century. Narratives of eco-catastrophes and pandemics are expressed in a persuasive and alarming tone of Cli-fi, raising ecological awareness for a dystopian future and letting us imagine post-apocalyptic imaginaries that ‘embody’ both authors and readership’s environmental trauma (e.g., Kaplan, 2016). Neganthropocene (Stiegler, 2018) describes the global systemic crises, calling for a reevaluation of the social, economic, and ecological structures, aiming to enhance “negentropy” (or negative entropy) and, thus, counteract the “entropy” of the current cultural paradigm, i.e. the acceleration of the natural tendency towards disorder, chaos and death. Using concepts transferred from the Natural Sciences, like “entropy” and “negentropy,” facilitates Environmental Humanities in pointing out the fact that living organisms are striving through various mechanisms, e.g. adaptation, to maintain their internal order and complexity and thus preserve life within vulnerable systems (human and nonhuman ones).

The proposed research introduces a new way of reading Modern Greek and Turkish literary texts of the 21st century as a form of “cultural ecology” (Zapf, 2016), using language, imagination and critique to challenge and transform narratives of humanity’s relationship to nature. In this way, it demonstrates the important role that literature also plays in creating narratives of entropies and negentropies. Studying Michael Makropoulos and Orhan Pamuk’s works titled The Black Water [To Mavro Nero] [in Greek] and Kara Kitap [Black Book], we explore how various ecological disasters such as oil pollution (Makropoulos) and low rise of water (Pamuk) show ecosystems’ ‘fragility’ and collapse. The latter is articulated in terms of “slow death” and “slow violence” (Nixon, 2013). Through a comparative approach, we examine how econarratives of entropies and negentropies are storytelling devices and narratives techniques to rethink a “nonhuman turn,” (Grusin, 2015) where living solutions show us how to perform in post-apocalyptic environments.

A Associação do Movimento dos Agentes Agroflorestais Indígenas do Acre e a
Comissão Pró-Índio do Acre desenvolveram em parceria o livro “Criação e Manejo de Aves
nas Terras Indígenas do Acre”. Fruto de metodologias participativas que valorizam a
educação intercultural, bilíngue e específica, as orientações do processo pedagógico
estiveram relacionadas aos princípios agroecológicos da criação e o manejo de aves,
respeitando a formação e as atividades realizadas pelos Agentes Agroflorestais e
igualmente, valorizando os conhecimentos tradicionais de seus povos. Sem uso de
agrotóxicos e de organismos transgênicos na produção de alimentos para as aves, bem
como evitando a introdução de espécies comerciais, foram valorizados animais caipiras.
Como aprimoramento do material didático, foram distribuídas em 21 Terras Indígenas do
Acre materiais para a construção de 282 galinheiros tradicionais e 1.692 aves distribuídas
nas aldeias, no propósito de fortalecer a avicultura indígena.

This paper explores the philosophical implications of the shared evolutionary origins of humans and fungi, tracing their lineage to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) and the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA). Utilizing a qualitative, interdisciplinary approach, the study examines fungal mycelial networks as a lens through which to argue that all life forms a web of interdependence, challenging anthropocentric notions of human supremacy. Scientific evidence reveals a common heritage in LUCA and LECA, while fungi's ecological roles as decomposers and connectors mirror human entanglement in life's cycles. Bible references such as Genesis 3:19 ("From dust we came, to dust we shall return"),

In this study, a map of flooding and landslide risk areas in Tha Sala, Noppitam and Sichon district, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province was created. I used a Geographic Information System (GIS) combined with Potential Surface Analysis (PSA) and Overlay Analysis to analyse the spatial data (from 2004-2016). Latitude, longitude, slope, soil drainage, and land use data were collected from the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQF), and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. In addition, rainfall data was collected from the Meteorological Department, Ministry of Digital Economy and Society. The risk areas were determined by using a linear mathematical model-S = R 1 W 1 + R 2 W 2 +R 3 W 3 +R 4 W 4 , where R1-4 indicated the scores of factors, and W1-4 weighted the scores of factors. Risk areas were classified based on the Jenks natural breaks classification method, which is a data clustering method designed to determine the levels of risks in different areas. The rainfall was classified into four levels: less than 61 mm, 61-75 mm, 76-100 mm, and more than 100 mm. The slopes of study areas were classified into four levels: 0 -5%, 6-10%, 11-15% and more than 15%. The soil drainage was classified into four categories: poor drainage, relatively poor drainage, moderately well drainage and good drainage. The land use was classified into four categories: residential areas, areas for rice paddy/crops, areas for other activities, and areas for horticulture/perennial. The rainfall, slope of the areas, soil drainage and land use were scored and weighted. For the study areas, the weighted scores of rainfall, land use, slope of the areas and soil drainage were 10, 9.5, 9 and 9 for, respectfully. The result, as a computed map, indicated many areas that were risky and as a summary it showed that in the study area, 1.93% area had no risk, 3.22% area had low risk, 21.90% area had moderate risk, and 72.96% area had higher risk. Furthermore, the risk of Krung-Ching sub-district (252,793.10 Rai) 94.62% in Noppitam district was higher than other study areas in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province.

Aydınlanma düşüncesinin "parıltılı" ifadelerinden biri olan "Cogito ergo sum"ın ("Düşünüyorum, o hâlde varım.") "karanlık" yüzünü vurgulamak için "Conqiro ergo sum" ("Ele geçiriyorum, o hâlde varım.") der dekolonyal düşüncenin kurucu ismi Enrique Dussel. Akımın diğer önemli düşünürü Walter Mignolo ise gözler önünde olan apaçık 1 bir gerçeği eleştirel düşüncesinin merkezine koyar: "Kolonyalizm olmadan modernite olamaz; modernliği doğuran kolonyalizmdir." diyerek modernite ve kolonyalizmi eşdeğer/ikiz görür ve şayet sömürgecilikten kopuş (dekolonyalizm) isteniyorsa 1 Apaçık olduğu için gözlerin alıştığı ve fark edemediği bir düşüncedir bu.

En las últimas dos décadas han proliferado los conflictos socioambientales en México (Tetreault et al., 2012; Toledo et al., 2014; Toledo, 2015). El interés por su abordaje social y ambiental señala su carácter diverso en virtud de que las causas y los recursos que son objeto de disputa varían de un lugar a otro. Para Fernanda Paz (2012), el registro de conflictos socioambientales en 2012 fue de 95 casos en 21 estados de la república; en otro estudio, Toledo y colaboradores (2014) reconocen alrededor de 177 conflictos socioambientales distribuidos en 180 municipios, haciendo referencia a 9 tipos: agrícolas, biotecnológicos, energéticos, forestales, hidráulicos, mineros, por residuos peligrosos y rellenos sanitarios, turísticos y urbanos, en los que incluye la construcción inmobiliaria y redes carreteras. Si bien, los conflictos suscitados por la construcción de carreteras no son los más numerosos, como serían los mineros o los

The rise of urbanisation has led to shifts in the literature and terminology employed by urban and regional planning experts. Prior to the 20th century, scientists primarily utilised micro-scale concepts such as urban, rural, and occasionally metropolitan to elucidate residential patterns. However, during the 20th century, the growing process of urbanisation resulted in the emergence of various spatial and residential development patterns. The expansion and progress of extended metropolitan regions is a growing phenomenon. Research on extended metropolitan regions is a highly complex research area in regional planning due to the lack of established criteria to determine their formation. The absence of fixed indicators to recognise extended metropolitan regions as a distinct planning scale has contributed to the complexity and unfamiliarity of this phenomenon. Furthermore, their formation can yield both favourable and unfavourable outcomes across various dimensions. For instance, in the economic realm, it can lead to increased access to labours and job creation, as well as increased access to land and affordable housing. However, it can also result in an increase in the poverty rate. In the social sphere, it has the potential to enhance the quality of life in particular area, but it may also lead to a decline in overall quality of life. From an environmental standpoint, it can serve as a platform for addressing regional environmental issues, but it may also contribute to  bringing green and open spaces under development. In terms of physical-spatial dynamics, it can promote decentralisation, but it can also lead to centralization. Lastly, in the managerial-institutional domain, it can foster cooperation in addressing common challenges, but it can also exacerbate fragmentation and dispersion of institutions. Neglecting these aspects may result in the negative consequences outweighing the positive ones. This research aims to establish a comprehensive framework for assessing the formation of extended metropolitan regions. The framework has been applied to analyse the extended metropolitan region of Tehran, Alborz, and Qazvin. Observing nocturnal light maps suggests that the Tehran-Alborz-Qazvin boundary is becoming an extended metropolitan region. To achieve the stated objective in this study, an analysis of the theoretical principles concerning extended metropolitan regions, spatial planning, and spatial structure and organisation was conducted. As a result, a set of indicators for measuring the development of extended metropolitan regions was proposed. These indicators were categorised into three groups: morphological, functional, and auxiliary indicators. Subsequently, a proposed analytical framework has been devised to identify the establishment or absence of the extended metropolitan region and to ascertain its level of advancement and progress. The proposed framework incorporates a scoring system that utilises both morphological and functional analysesof spatial organisation. Through the analysis of the given indicators using GIS and Excel software, the study determined that the metropolitan region of Tehran, Alborz, and Qazvin is now in its early stages of development. Indeed, the focal point of the extended metropolitan region remains in Tehran and Alborz provinces. However, the assessments also verify the migration of the extended metropolitan region towards Qazvin.

In order to study the origins of rice agriculture, archaeologists need to clarify the expectations of how hunter-gatherers would have engaged with wild rice, what selection pressures caused by cultivation contributed to the evolution of the domestication syndrome, and how the evolution of these traits might be studied through multiple lines of archaeobotanical evidence. In her response to Fuller et al. 2007 (Pan 2008), Ms Pan has drawn attention to the issue of immaturity of spikelet remains from the site of Kuahuqiao, ...

As a centre of early Urban civilization, China has long attracted attention as a centre of agricultural origins. A wide range of crops are attributed to origins in China, including cereals, pulses, fibre crops and a range of vegetables (Table 1). In terms of staple cereals, rice origins are attributed to Southern China, in particular the Yangzte valley region, while the" Chinese'millets, Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum are attributed to the northern region of the Yellow River, or further north. All three of these species are major world ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an alignment exists between the mission of Puente de Hozho Magnet School and the visualization of how current Navajo students view their education at the school. Qualitative research was used as an opportunity to explore the significance and to gain an indepth understanding of how Navajo students view their education in the context of their personal experiences. The population consisted of six Navajo fifth grade students who lived outside the boundaries of their Indian reservation and attended school at Puente de Hozho Magnet School. The six student participants were asked to respond to the question, "What does your education look like at Puente de Hozho Magnet School?" through the pictures they took with a camera in and around the school.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an alignment exists between the mission of Puente de Hozho Magnet School and the visualization of how current Navajo students view their education at the school. Qualitative research was used as an opportunity to explore the significance and to gain an indepth understanding of how Navajo students view their education in the context of their personal experiences. The population consisted of six Navajo fifth grade students who lived outside the boundaries of their Indian reservation and attended school at Puente de Hozho Magnet School. The six student participants were asked to respond to the question, "What does your education look like at Puente de Hozho Magnet School?" through the pictures they took with a camera in and around the school.

ın "Gurur ve Önyargı"sına Yakınlaşması: "Gurur sizce bir kusur mudur, yoksa erdem mi?" "Onun gururunu ben de kolaylıkla hoş görebilirdim. Benim gururuma dokunmamış olsaydı." (Aşk ve Gurur filminden, 2005, Elizabeth Bennet) Jane Austen'ın 1813 yılında yazdığı Pride and Prejudice eseri film, dizi, tv programı olmak üzere çeşitli türlerde uyarlandı. Hatta eserdeki baş karakterler başka filmlerde de esinlenilen karakterler oldular. Bizim bu yazıda ele alacağımız yapım, eserin en meşhur uyarlaması olan Joe Wright'ın yönetmenliğini üstlendiği 2005 yılı yapımı özgün adı Pride and Prejudice olan, filmin Türkçe ismi Aşk ve Gurur'dur. Aslında roman Türkçeye Gurur ve Önyargı şeklinde de çevrilmiştir. Austen'ın altı romanından altısında da konu hep toplumun en önemli kurumu olan evliliktir. Evlenme çağına gelmiş genç kadınların muhakkak bazı yanlış anlaşılmalardan ya da sorunlardan sonra evlendiği, evlenirken de maddiyatın çok büyük bir etken olduğu bariz şekilde vurgulanır. Eserlerinde genellikle evlilik kararı verilir verilmez "mutlu son" tarzı ile biter. Okur, o kadar sorunları atlatan çiftlerin evlendikten sonra neler yaşadıklarını neler yaptıklarını bilemez. Çünkü yazarın tek amacı, bütün engebeleri aşıp yalnızca, dengi dengine uygun evlilikleri gerçekleştirmektir. Bu durumun sebebi Austen'ın yaşadığı dönemde kadının toplumda var olabilmesi için ya babasının zenginliği sebebi ile ya da zengin bir koca ile yapacağı evlilik sayesinde yer edinebilmesidir. Bu tabii yalnızca oldukça kısa bir açıklamadır. O sebeple evlilikler; aşk ya da sevgi kavramları altında özellikle de var olabilme savaşıdır bir nevi. Aşk ve Gurur'da bahsettiğimiz konuya yönelik dört çeşit evlilik ilişkisi yaşanmıştır. O dönemde bir kadın zengin olmasa da güzelse şayet (Elizabeth'in kız kardeşi Jane gibi) zengin bir adamla evlenir ve mutlu olur. Eğer bir kadın zengin olamadığı gibi ortalamanın altında bir güzelliğe sahipse (Elizabeth'in arkadaşı Charlotte gibi) akıllılık edip kendisi gibi orta halli bir beyefendiden kendisine sunulacak evlilik teklifini kişiyi sevmese dahi kabul etmesi dönemin şartlarına göre en olması gerekendir. Filmde Elizabeth'in arkadaşı Charlotte şöyle diyordu: "O da beni herkes kadar mutlu edebilir. Herkes romantik olabilecek kadar şanslı değildir. Bana rahat bir ev ve koruma teklif edildi. Bunun için minnettarım. Artık 27 yaşımdayım Lizzy, param ve başka bir talibim yok. Zaten aileme yük oluyorum ve korkuyorum. Yargılama beni Lizzy" (Aşk ve Gurur: 00. 55. 42). Yahut Austen dönemine göre bir genç kadın, belirli bir geliri olmayan bir genç adamla özellikle kaçarak evlenirse muhakkak bu toplum tarafından ayıplanan ve hoş bulunmayan bir olay olarak görülür. Örneğin, Elizabeth'in küçük kardeşi Lydia'nın yaptığı gibi ya da diğer bir eseri olan Mansfield Park'ta Maria Bertram'ın Mr. Crawford ile kaçması gibi. Austen hiç evlenmediği halde, eserlerini evlilik bahsi üzerine kurması incelemeyi hangi merkezden ele alırsak alalım, muhakkak uğradığımız bir yer oluyor. Yönetmen Joe Wright'ın eserde yazılmamış olan fakat aslında verilmek istenen önemli, küçük anları filmin köşe başlarına yerleştirmesi filmi, yapılan diğer uyarlamalardan öne çıkarmaktadır. Elbette iyi oyuncuların filmde olmasının da etkisi vardır fakat, oyuncunun nasıl ve hangi halde kullanılacağını belirlemek, bir filmi iyi yapan faktörler arasında sayılabilir. Eser temelde direkt uyarlamadır. Yazarın çizdiği doğrultuda ilerleyişini sürdüren eserde romandan ayrılan önemli noktalar vardır. Bu noktalar için yönetmenin, Austen'ın kaleminin altında anlatılmak isteneni iyi saptaması ve eserin geçtiği dönemi iyi anlamış olduğunu gösteriyor diyebiliriz. Örneğin; film başlarken yeşilliğin içindeki Elizabeth kitap okuyarak bizi karşılar. Yaşadığı çevrenin dokunulmamış güzellikteki doğasında yürürüz onunla. Bu durum, hem Elizabeth'in yaşadığı dönemi bize görselle anlatır hem de bizi Elizabeth ile bir eder. Çünkü onunla birlikte hareket etmeye devam ederiz (00. 01.30-00. 03.20). Bir süre kamerayla evin içinde, evde yaşayanların çevresinde gezeriz. Bu Austen'ın özellikle insanları anlattığı uzun ve

Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE) denkt und gestaltet einen Bildungsalltag, der verbreitete Ansätze wie Interdisziplinarität, Partizipation, systemisches Wissen und reflektierte Gestaltungskompetenz (de Haan 2008) integriert und die Humanisierung der Lebensverhältnisse sowie Konzepte und Praktiken für einen verständigen Umgang mit der Lebenswelt als Bildungsinhalte formuliert. Gerahmt wurde die Arbeit an der Idee einer Bildung für Nachhaltige Entwicklung durch die UN-Dekade zur Bildung für eine Nachhaltige Entwicklung (2005-2014). Der Universitätslehrgang Bildung für Nachhaltige Entwicklung – Innovationen in der Lehrer/innenbildung (BINE) läuft seit 2004 in mehreren Durchgängen und versteht sich als Werkstatt für die Modellierung dieser Bildungsidee für die spezifischen Bedürfnisse der Lehrerinnenund Lehrerbildung. BINE ist als Universitätslehrgang institutionell an der Universität Klagenfurt, Institut für Unterrichtsund Schulentwicklung, verankert und wird von einem Netzwer...

Climate change cycles throughout the history of Egypt can be modeled using a variety of sources. Proxy data can be drawn from alluvium, pollen, isotope analysis (Carbon-14, O-18, and other sources), and tephra volcanic dating. Other indicators can be collected from the mural paintings in the tombs, the appearance of new positions in the administration positions to deal with times of famine, and the presence of certain insects in some tombs indicating the presence of a drought when the tomb was sealed. We suggest that engineering responses to environmental stress also provide a means of assessing the nature and extent of environmental stimuli through functional interpretation of Hydraulic Constructions. We focus on Tell Timai.

The current study examines the interactions of people living around Lake Eber with the lake and their use of it from a cultural and political ecology perspective. In this context, fieldworks were carried out in different periods of 2018-2019. At the same time, observations and interviews covering the research subject were carried out. In the study, it was determined that aquatic plants such as common reed, reedmace, lakeshore bulrush and common cattail are cut from the Lake Eber and are used as building materials and in the production of rush mats, beach umbrellas, prayer rugs, reed pillows, floor mats (straw) and tomb mats. On the other hand, it was observed that the interest in reed-cane craftsmanship and the production of reed-cane products is decreasing every year. This is caused by drought, pollution and eutrophication processes seen in the lake. Based on the results of the study, we suggest that more field studies should be done to examine the factors that threaten the lake ec...

Zukünftebildung schafft Möglichkeitsräume, in denen mögliche, wahrscheinliche und wünschenswerte Zukünfte vorstellbar gemacht und alternative Zukunftsszenarien entwickelt werden können. In solchen kokreativen Prozessen braucht es Offenheit für die Ansichten und Erfahrungen anderer, Wertschätzung der kulturellen Vielfalt und respektvoll geführten intergenerationellen Dialog. Im Kulturraum Schule stellt die kulturelle Bildung inspirierende Impulse zur Verfügung, um aus bildungspolitischen Schlagwörtern gelebte Diversität zu machen. Dieser "Denkraum Zukünfte" stellt das Rahmenkonzept der Inneren Entwicklungsziele (Inner Development Goals, IDGs) vor. Es zeigt der Schule als Organisation und den in ihr wirkenden Menschen jene Fähigkeiten, Fertigkeiten und inneren Qualitäten auf, die sie brauchen, um nachhaltige und regenerative Zukünfte gestalten zu können. An einem methodischen Beispiel wird verdeutlicht, wie das Konzept für Zukünftebildung genutzt werden kann.

Egy korábbi tanulmányomban úgy érveltem, egy tájról alkotott képet kulturális kreációként, legfőképp a nemzeti mítoszteremtés történeti tájegységeként lehet az összehasonlító kritikai kultúratudomány számára értelmezni és hasznosítani. 1 Nemcsak Magyarországon, Európa minden országában léteznek kisebbnagyobb térségek, amelyek történetét speciális nimbusz, szellemiség és mítosz övez. 2 Ezen történeti tájak egyes adatai folyamatos felülvizsgálatot igényelnek. A határok pontos rögzítése vagy éppen rugalmas módon történő kezelése, ahogyan ez már más, például az erdélyi Kalotaszeg, vagy a Kiskunság területe esetében is látható, egyes kiemelt jellegzetességek kanonizálásával vált időről-időre elfogadottá. 3 Hasonlót tapasztalunk a Hortobágy-kép kialakulásával kapcsolatosan, ahogyan annak irodalmi felfedezésével egyidejűleg a képzőművészetben is előszeretettel alakították a bukolikus romantikával átszőtt puszta képi világát. 4 A nemzeti romantika, zene, néprajzkutatás és képzőművészet egyszerre a realitásra és a népi karakterek egyediségének a bemutatására törekedett, előtérbe helyezve a népszokást és a táncot, ahogyan az Izsó Miklós táncoló paraszt szobrán vagy Barabás Miklós, Lotz Károly, Jankó János festményein is látható. 5 A pusztai táj és az ahhoz kötődő életforma ábrázolása nem egy egységes, és főleg nem mítoszoktól mentes Hortobágy-képpel szembesíti a kutatókat. A rárakódott mítoszok és klisék lebontása azért sem egyszerű feladat, mert mint 1

In 2024, the Canadian government lifted the moratorium on fishing in what was once the world's largest singlespecies fishery. Over the past thirty years, fisheries scientists and historians have debated the role of long-term exploitation in the fishery's collapse, but a lack of accurate historical catch data has hampered these discussions. This study introduces a groundbreaking reconstruction of historical cod catches in Newfoundland from 1508 to 2023. As the the longest, most comprehensive, and accurate reconstruction created to date, this dataset provides a crucial tool for unravelling the complex dynamics of the fishery's rise and fall. The data illuminate the historical trajectories of diverse national fishing fleets and maps the evolving spatial dimensions of the fishery. The dramatic decline of the fishery from centuries of relatively stable catches should prompt concern about the recent return to fishing, and historical data must play a role in informing the fishery's future.

Mythology and cinema are two significant art forms that leave deep marks on the collective memory of humanity. Mythology is a collection of stories, gods, and symbols that reflect the beliefs, values, and worldviews of societies. Cinema, as one of the powerful art forms of the modern era, conveys mythological elements through a visual language to reach wide audiences. Thus, cinema not only uses mythology as a source of stories but also adds deep meanings by relating mythological figures and themes to the problems of modern society, helping viewers reinterpret and understand mythological stories and symbols in the modern world. This article aims to examine the relationship between cinema and mythology through Guillermo del Toro's film Pan 's Labyrinth (2006). The film presents a fantastical story set after the Spanish Civil War, enriched with mythological elements and symbols. This study analyzes the mythological themes of the film and how these themes merge with cinematic narration. The research method used is qualitative, with an intertextual analysis technique applied to the film. Firstly, the mythological elements and symbols in the film are identified, and then their meanings and functions in the film are detailed. By utilizing mythology literature, the mythological references and symbolic meanings of the characters, events, and settings in the film are explained. In this context, Ofelia's journey parallels the hero's journey archetype, and the film deepens themes such as growth, sacrifice, and resistance by using mythological elements.

This dissertation has benefitted from the assistance, advice, inspiration, and effort of many people. Kent Mathewson, my advisor and major professor, provided the kind of leadership and direction under which I work best, offering guidance when necessary and allowing me to chart my own course when I was able. The other members of my dissertation committee-Craig Colten, William Rowe, and Gene Turner-were always available to contribute from their vast knowledge. Dr. Rowe even took time to visit me in the Faroe Islands where he witnessed Faroese whaling first-hand. Bin Li, of the Department of Experimental Statistics, assisted with the statistical analysis of Faroese beaches. A very special "thank you" goes to Diane Cooper, who accompanied me in the field as she accompanies me through life. In St. Vincent, my tasks simply would have been impossible without the assistance and camaraderie of Vincent Reid, a local polymath who knows everyone and can get anything done-a fixer of the first degree. In Barrouallie, Victoria Brown, McHorne, Kimmie, Ash, and Vibert Pierre taught me much about the local whaling operation, the work of blackfish vendors, and the fisheries cooperative. Thanks also to the John family-Darwin, Clare, Simeon, and Mirella-for their hospitality and for providing me with a "Vincy Home." Rosa Vanloo and Dr. Bowens gave me access to the students at their post-secondary schools to conduct my surveys.

This dissertation has benefitted from the assistance, advice, inspiration, and effort of many people. Kent Mathewson, my advisor and major professor, provided the kind of leadership and direction under which I work best, offering guidance when necessary and allowing me to chart my own course when I was able. The other members of my dissertation committee-Craig Colten, William Rowe, and Gene Turner-were always available to contribute from their vast knowledge. Dr. Rowe even took time to visit me in the Faroe Islands where he witnessed Faroese whaling first-hand. Bin Li, of the Department of Experimental Statistics, assisted with the statistical analysis of Faroese beaches. A very special "thank you" goes to Diane Cooper, who accompanied me in the field as she accompanies me through life. In St. Vincent, my tasks simply would have been impossible without the assistance and camaraderie of Vincent Reid, a local polymath who knows everyone and can get anything done-a fixer of the first degree. In Barrouallie, Victoria Brown, McHorne, Kimmie, Ash, and Vibert Pierre taught me much about the local whaling operation, the work of blackfish vendors, and the fisheries cooperative. Thanks also to the John family-Darwin, Clare, Simeon, and Mirella-for their hospitality and for providing me with a "Vincy Home." Rosa Vanloo and Dr. Bowens gave me access to the students at their post-secondary schools to conduct my surveys.