Cross-cultural interaction (Archaeology)

Ethnographic and experimental studies have provided valuable insights into early methods of pottery production. Building on this foundation, the present article explores pottery manufacture in late prehistoric in Sudan through the lens of the chaîne opératoire framework, linking archaeological evidence with modern traditional pottery practices in the Nuba Mountains. The study reexamines Mesolithic and Neolithic assemblages from Sudan, comparing them with ethnographic data collected in 2020 from workshops in Dilling (Nuba Mountains). This comparative approach sheds light on forming, preforming techniques, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of technological processes and their cultural significance in late prehistory context. The results highlight several continuities between prehistoric and modern practices. Clay collection, forming (Shaping) techniques, and open-pit firing in the Nuba Mountains mirror techniques that may have been employed in late prehistory. In vessel forming, drawing out a lump of clay and coiling by pinching were dominant methods in Mesolithic and Neolithic contexts, with supplementary preforming techniques such as paddle-and-anvil likely applied. Ethnographic parallels underscore the persistence of these handmade traditions while also revealing contexts of innovation and adaptation. ☆ This article is part of a special issue entitled: 'Scientific Analysis on Pottery Finds from Africa' published in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.

Mimarlık sadece mimarlık, mimarlık tarihi ya da sanat tarihi alanlarının meselesi değildir. Mimarlık toplumsal bir meseledir ve mekân toplumsal bir üretimdir. Bu deneme, mimarlık ve Mardin üzerine anlatıların yeniden düşünülmesi ve yeni düşünme olanaklarının geliştirilmesi için bir katkı girişimi olarak değerlendirilebilir. 2004 yılında başlayan akademik toplantılar, Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi'nin 2009' da aktif hale geçmesiyle birlikte ivme kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Mardin üzerine farklı tarihlerde yapılmış sempozyumlarda sunulan ve bildiri kitaplarında yer alan mimarlık ve mimarlık tarihiyle ilgili bildirilerin ortaklık ve farklılıklar üzerinden eleştirel bir söylem analizi yapılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Söz konusu bu bilimsel toplantılarda ağırlıklı olarak mimarlar ve sanat tarihçileri tarafından sunulan bildiriler; kültürel çeşitlilik, bozulma ve sabitleme, koruma ve kültürel miras, mimarlık pratiğine yüklenen anlamlar konulu temalar etrafında ele alınmaktadır.

This is, I believe, the first English translation of a popular account of Montet's WWII excavations at Tanis, the Egyptian capital during the 22nd and 23rd Dynasties.  Illustrated with photographs and line drawings, the monograph provides an insight into the conditions and practices of archaeological excavation at that time.

Using durations from the ancient chroniclers, the authors propose a revision of Egyptian Dynasties 19 and 26 so that Dynasty 26 endured from 671 to 525 BC, while Dynasty 19 lasted from 666 until the Inaros Rebellion in 475 BC. The results agree fairly closely with the chronologies of Velikovsky, Down, Waite, Curnock, and Aitchison for Dynasty 19.

This chapter investigates the role of global literacy skills in teacher education while integrating multiple literacies as a means of further developing pre-service teachers' global competencies and 21 st century skills 1 while designing innovative transdisciplinary curriculum projects with limited resources and equipment in the global education context. The goal is to: a) introduce the role of multiple literacies (e.g., information, technology, geography, media literacy) in developing global competencies and 21 st century skills among pre-services teachers; b) showcase pre-service teachers' Universal Design of Learning (UDL) 2 model lessons across content areas (e.g., math, geography, cultural studies, physical education) in P-12 curriculum; and c) demonstrate creative strategies and possibilities for engaging pre-service teachers in project-based global literacy activities integrating new technologies. Over the last fifteen years, we have been teaching courses related to media literacy and educational technology to pre-service teachers in various subject fields and working with in-service

More than fifty years after the University of Milan began its archaeological investigations at the site known as Inco
ronata “Greca”, this brief overview presents the context and archaeological materials from the unpublished saggio N
(scavi Orlandini 1981). Given the sparse documentation related to the excavation, the proposed interpretation relies
primarily on the analysis of ceramic finds. Two uninterrupted phases can be identified. The first phase, which is strictly Oenotrian, spans from the late 8th century B.C. to the early 7th century B.C. and is documented by five elliptical pits.
The second phase, occurring between the early and late 7th century B.C., is categorized as Oenotrian- Greek. It is, in
fact, marked by a combination of imported Greek vessels, locally manufactured Greek pottery, and, to a lesser extent,
Oenotrian pottery, along with fired bricks and stones. Lastly, the issue concerning the nature of the context is addressed upon further examination of the most recent discoveries within the site.

A small scarab in dark greenish-blue ‘Egyptian’ paste was discovered in 2001, during the excavations of the foundations of the ‘Episcopal Basilica’ in Istros (Constanța, Romania). Its elementary shape and the inscription engraved on its base before firing - Jmn-Rʿ, one of the many trigrammata of Amon, near the solar symbol of Re – show that this scarab belongs to a series of scarabs found at Naukratis but also on the Black Sea coast at Berezan-Olbia, Panticapaion, Orgame and Mesambria. Many of these finds are later than the ‘scarab factory’ excavated by W.M.F. Petrie in the sanctuary of Naukratis and dated by him up to the early 6th century BC. This calls for a critical re-examination of the excavations in which these amulets were found, their circulation paths, and their possible meanings. The ‘Egyptian’ scarabs could be worn by several generations. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that these small scarabs were made in several workshops in Egypt and on the Eastern shores of the Inner Sea, by craftsmen who mechanically reproduced a model dating back to the 18th dynasty but who probably had a general knowledge of its prophylactic meaning.

Este libro y su publicación ha sido posible con la financiación y apoyo del proyecto AICO/2021/189 de la Generalitat Valenciana «Construyendo territorios entre el Bronce Final y el Ibérico Antiguo en los extremos de la Comunidad Valenciana» (ConstrucTERR) y el proyecto PID2020-120468GA-I00 «Estudios cerámicos en la periferia mediterránea occidental durante el Hierro Antiguo» (PERIMEDOH) del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, con participación de fondos FEDER

Pre-Roman archaeological materials found in Greek places of worship date from the late Bronze Age to the fth century BCE. The indigenous peoples of Italy and Sicily encountered Greek colonists on the Italian peninsula and absorbed their culture and their customs, thus becoming aware of the sanctuary tradition on the Greek mainland. Italic elites then began to visit international places of worship. Thus, one can ask whether Italic objects found in Greek sanctuaries were votives o ered by Greeks returning home, or by visiting Etruscan and Italic people: both are possibilities since literary sources as well as some Greek and Etruscan inscriptions show that Etruscans also o ered votive gifts to Greek divinities. This chapter traces the history of Etruscan and Italic o erings in Greek sanctuaries. Christoph Ulf's recent analysis of cultural contacts between various groups was designed to identify characteristic features that can be applied to a reference model; it is an important theoretical basis for the topic in question, since one of the conclusions he reaches is that cultural contacts tend to be reciprocal. The development of cultural contacts assumes that along with the ow of elements from a transmitting group to a receiving group, there is a reciprocal return ow, or response ow, in which the recipient becomes the transmitter (Ulf 2009). The substantial collection of pre-Roman Italic archaeological materials found in Greece, which includes at least 260 objects in bronze and 150 in ceramics and other materials, dates to the period from the late Bronze Age to the fth century. Though most of the pieces are from Etruria, the collection includes weapons and personal ornaments associated with other regions of ancient Italy and Sicily. The vast majority come from Downloaded from by OUP-Reference Gratis Access user on

This paper investigates an unprovenanced faience broad collar terminal from the Myers Collection, Eton College (ECM 1887) depicting Tutankhamun drinking from a white lotus chalice and wearing a khepresh-crown, providing insight into the sophistication of the vitreous materials industry, the symbolism embedded in the iconography, and its function as part of a broad collar. The comprehensive physical analysis of the terminal, involving stereomicroscopic inspection and ultraviolet, infrared, and x-ray fluorescence analysis, helped to elucidate the manufacturing process, likely involving the use of an open-back mould, manual touch-ups, the incising of the hieroglyphs and terminal holes, and a combination of efflorescence and application glazing. The intimate iconography of the image, particularly the khepresh-crown, white lotus chalice, and act of drinking, identify this object as a potent fertility symbol of royal regeneration with a connection to public feasts and festivals. This interpretation is based on the symbolism associated with the lotus flower, allusions to the Heliopolitan creation account, an implicit connection with banqueting, and parallels to similar imagery. Stemming from this evaluation, the broad collar that incorporated ECM 1887 was most likely distributed to a retainer at a feast to cement their loyalty to the Egyptian state and create a bucolic atmosphere, while also bestowing prestige upon the recipient due to its connection to Tutankhamun. In addition, broad collars can assume a cultic function, as alluded to in iconographic depictions, with the choice of faience reinforcing its symbolism. Finally, the textual appearance of broad collars indicates their purpose in ennobling, rejuvenating, and sometimes deifying the wearer. Although unprovenanced, ECM 1887 not only stands as an example of faience production techniques consistent with known methods from the 18th dynasty, but the symbolic meaning gained from its unique iconography and composition offers valuable insight into the role of broad collars in festival contexts.

This thesis tracks the cultural, epigraphical, and artistic traces left by the Scandinavians, who were ascendant within the Byzantine world between the 9th and the 12th centuries, and their military action. Whereas the Scandinavians in the Empire had been typically mentioned simply as Byzantine imperial bodyguards within the historiography of Byzantium, the Scandinavians, within the present work, are analyzed within the context of personal searches for memory and group demonstrations for collective consciousness. Thesis examines how the Scandinavians expressed their presence within Byzantium with various sources, including runic graffiti at Hagia Sophia, graffiti of ships, iconographic scenes, and epichoric discoveries of weapons. The study depicts how the graffiti are not merely spatial leftovers, but signs of personal memory as well. Scandinavian warriors in the frescoes reflect how Byzantine society regarded the soldiers, and arms are signs of identity and status. In this context, the thesis not only studies the Byzantine-Scandinavian relations but inter-boundary-society relations, the diffusion of culture, and the interrelation between the historical memory and space. The Scandinavians' imprint upon Byzantium is an echo not only of the military presence but also of the desire to inscribe their cultural signs in a lasting way.

We invite submissions discussing all aspects of mobility, networks, and encounters in pre-Roman Italy. The conference will cover the entire Italian peninsula, including Sardinia and Sicily, as well as the Greek coastal cities, from the early Iron Age throughout the entire first millennium BCE, up to the Roman expansion.
This Call is open to early-career researchers, including advanced graduate students, as well as sen-ior colleagues. Contributions can be delivered in German, English, or Italian and should last approxi-mately 20 minutes, allowing for 15 minutes of discussion. Interested colleagues are warmly invited to submit the title and brief abstract (100–200 words) of a potential conference paper to the organizers by 15 November 2025.

Traditional architecture is an important component of cultural identity. There are many urban and rural settlements in Anatolia. Traditional houses, which form the texture of the settlements, especially rural settlements, have continued to exist until recently. The loss of these houses has accelerated with globalization. Documentation studies are carried out in order to preserve the houses, which are the most important elements of traditional architecture, to transfer them to the future and to provide information about the local culture. This study was carried out within the borders of Bursa's Orhaneli district for the purpose of achieving these goals. It focuses on the vernacular architectural characteristics of traditional Orhaneli houses. Orhaneli houses are located in the Western Anatolian part of the wide geography where Turkish Houses are spread; this part consists of villages with rural-dominant settlements. The villages are settled in mountainous geography covered with forests. Thus, timber material was used extensively in buildings as much as stone. In terms of plan schema, various types of Turkish Houses are seen. Traditional Orhaneli houses differ from each other in regard to their functions, but they fit within the framework of the Turkish House with their general characteristics.

From the 15th through the 12th centuries BCE, the pharaohs of the Egyptian
New Kingdom sought to control the southern Levant through both direct
occupation and proxy rule. This included the installation of garrisons throughout the region, places where agents of the empire were brought into close contact with the indigenous Levantine population on a day-to-day basis. This contact resulted in a mutually transformative encounter that entangled people from all sides of the system that supported Egyptian imperial ambitions. In this presentation, I will discuss two such garrisons located in modern-day Israel, the sites of Jaffa and Beth Shean. Both exhibit dynamic histories during the period of New Kingdom occupation characterized by extended periods of calm as well as episodic—sometimes violent—breakdowns in the local order. Using these two sites, we will explore how the world of food and drink sheds light on the social realities of Egyptian rule in the imperial periphery.

The truth is that Royce Erickson’s article makes all the difference to the geography of the Book of Tobit, showing that the angel Raphael knew perfectly well to where he was leading young Tobias, and that the book’s Media, Ecbatana and Rages do not stand in need of special interpretation.

Dilin kökenleri ve yayılımı üzerine yapılan çeşitli akademik çalışmalar, tarihi süreçte farklı medeniyetlerin ya ortak ya da kendilerine özgü dil sistemlerini kullanarak kültürel ve iletişimsel yapılarını şekillendirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Dillerin yayılımı, gelişimi ve günümüze ulaşması dilbilimsel, antropolojik ve arkeolojik çalışmaların ortak kesişim noktasıdır. Bu ortak kesişim noktasını benimseyen akademik çalışmalar; yalnızca dilin yapısına odaklanmaz, aynı zamanda tarihsel süreçte bir dilin kültürünü, kimliğini ve düşünce sistemini de ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmamızın asıl amacı, geçmiş uygarlıklara ait bazı arkeolojik eserler üzerinde dilbilimsel ve tarihsel analizler yaparak geçmişten günümüze dillerin geçirdiği evrimleri, kültürel etkileşimleri ve anlamsal boyutları ifade etmek ve çokdilli dil öğretimine etkisini incelemektir. Bu çerçevede arkeolojik bağlamda paleografik, epigrafik ve filolojik verilerin incelenmesi önemli bir husustur. Bulgular incelendiğinde, tarih boyunca birçok medeniyetin kendilerine has bir dil kullanmasının yanı sıra, tüm dünyada ortak dil (Lingua Franca) kullanma sistemini benimsedikleri ve bu ortak dilin tarih boyunca sürekli değişimler geçirerek şekillendiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca, tarihsel süreçte etimolojik verilerin ve dil değişimlerinin incelenmesinin dil öğrenme sürecinde tarihsel bakışı ve eleştirel becerileri geliştirdiği düşünülmektedir. Gelecek dönemki çalışmalarda; disiplinler arası entegrasyon çerçevesinde dillerin ve seviyelerin tarihsel süreçte incelenmesinin hem arkeoloji hem de dil öğretimi sürecinde önemli veriler sunacağı öngörülmektedir.

Neslihan KAYA Öz Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndaki ilk Katolik misyonerlik faaliyetleri, başta Fransa olmak üzere İspanya ve İtalya'nın desteğiyle 17. yüzyılın başlarında Fransiskenler ve Kapuçinler tarafından başlatılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda Kapuçin misyoner rahipleri, 17. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren Mardin'e gelerek Süryani, Keldani ve Ermeni Hristiyan topluluklarını Katolikliğe yönlendirme amacıyla faaliyet göstermiş; cemaatlerini Roma (Vatikan) Kilisesi'ne bağlamayı hedeflemişlerdir. Kapuçinler, Mardin, Diyarbakır ve Urfa olmak üzere üç merkezde etkinlik göstermiştir. Mardin'de ise günümüzde I. Derece Kentsel Sit Alanı içinde yer alan Latifiye Mahallesi'nde kilise, manastır, okul ve hastane gibi yapılar inşa edilmiş; rahip ve rahibelere ait yapılarla bölgenin dini ve sosyal yapısında etkili olmuşlardır. 1915 yılına kadar süren bu faaliyetlerin ardından yapıların büyük bir kısmı yol yapım çalışmaları sırasında yıkılmış; günümüze yalnızca zemin ve birinci kattan oluşan bir okul binası ulaşabilmiştir. Bu yapının teras katına açılan güney cephesindeki giriş kapısında Latince ve Arapça kitabeler ile Katolik sembolleri yer almaktadır. Söz konusu yapı, Kapuçin varlığının günümüze ulaşan tek somut örneği olarak kabul edilmekle birlikte, ileride yapılacak araştırmalarda başka yapılara da ulaşılması mümkündür.

El arpa ocupa un lugar significativo en la música del departamento de Áncash y es utilizada en
varios contextos festivos, ya sea públicos o privados. Por un lado, esta región cuenta con distintos
estilos de interpretación del instrumento, particularidad que comparte con otros departamentos
del Perú como Ayacucho o Apurímac; por otro, estos estilos interpretativos presentan rasgos
particulares que los distinguen de los demás estilos de arpa del país. Recurriendo al trabajo de Dale
Olsen (1986) como punto de partida, con el auxilio de ejemplos musicales (escritos y audio) y de
algunas comparaciones, este artículo trata de proporcionar una síntesis de la organología del arpa
en el departamento de Áncash, de su ejecución y de los principales tipos de música interpretados
con este instrumento por los habitantes de la región.

Craft, Design and Ergonomics: Decorations, Reinforcements and Protections for Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic Panoplies Between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In L. Iancu / F. Meo (Eds.) Textiles and War in Europe and the Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity, Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Levant Culture and Civilisation in Bucharest, Romania, 17-19 May 2023, Oxford 2025, 16-38.

The article studies the archaeological finds of amethyst and fluorite discovered in medieval complexes in Kyiv. Despite the fact that archaeological objects made of these minerals are widely known throughout Europe, there have long been difficulties in the precise identification of fluorite products. This was partly due to knowledge of the use of amethyst in Byzantine jewellery. The purple colour inherent in this mineral became a reference marker for such determinations. While fluorite has a fairly wide range of colours, including yellow, blue, green, pink, purple and even shades of grey. However, in the 10th and 12th centuries, it was mainly purple or purple-green fluorite that was used to make beads. This caused some confusion and most of the jewellery identified by archaeologists by eye was recorded as amethyst. Professional re-examination of these objects allowed the material to be accurately defined as fluorite. These definitions coincide with those of similar beads in Moravia, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria, reflecting the general trend of fluorite beads in Europe in the 10th-12th centuries. Another feature is that amethyst inlays are found in Kyiv as an element of expensive gold jewellery, while fluorite is used for more democratic necklaces.

This paper provides information that sheds new light on the wine industry and vineyards at the site of Tell Heboua II (khetem of Tjaru) in northwestern Sinai during the New Kingdom. Major discoveries have been made recently within the Ramesside fortress, including two series of mudbrick royal storerooms and a wine press. Archaeological material collected from the excavations indicates the presence of an important wine industry at the site, which is confirmed by textual sources that were previously uncovered in various parts of Egypt.

Öz: MÖ 4. binyıl, Güney Mezopotamya kronolojisinde Uruk Dönemi'ni, Kuzey Mezopotamya kronolojisinde ise Geç Kalkolitik 2-5 evrelerini kapsamaktadır. Geç Kalkolitik Dönem boyunca Güney ve Kuzey Mezopotamya yerleşimleri, ekolojik şartlar ve sosyal ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda ortaya çıkan, merkezinde tapınaklar veya anıtsal yapıların yer aldığı farklı ölçeklerde ve nitelikte karmaşık sosyo-ekonomik organizasyonlara sahne olmuştur. Bu alanlarda yürütülen arkeolojik çalışmalar, bahsi geçen yapıların temsil ettiği sistemin, uzun mesafeli ticaret, yeniden dağıtım, iş gücünün organize edilmesi vb. faaliyetler ile gündelik hayatı ve materyal kültürü şekillendirilmesinde önemli kurumlar olduğunu göstermektedir. Farklı niteliklere sahip bu yerleşimler ekseninde Mezopotamya ölçeğinde uzmanlaşma, merkezileşme, kentleşme, kültürlerarası etkileşim ve ticaret/değişim gibi kavramlar kapsamında çeşitli tartışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bunlardan biri Güney Mezopotamya kökenli bir kültür olan Uruk kültürünün, MÖ 4. binyılda Kuzey Mezopotamya ve İran'ın çeşitli bölgelerinde yer alan yerleşimlerde tespit edilmesiyle başlamıştır. Güneyli ve yerel toplulukların etkileşimlerini sistematik bir şekilde açıklamaya çalışan bilim insanları çeşitli modeller geliştirmişlerdir. Bu makale kapsamında bahsi geçen modellerden biri olan ve Algaze tarafından önerilen "Uruk Dünya Sistemi" incelenmiştir. Algaze'nin 1993 yılında yayınladığı "The Uruk World System. The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization" başlıklı çalışması birçok tartışmayı beraberinde getirmiş ve doksanlı yıllarda Kuzey Mezopotamya'nın farklı bölgelerindeki arkeolojik çalışmalarda elde edilen verilere dayanılarak sıklıkla eleştirilmiştir. Algaze, ilk dönem çalışmalarından sonra ortaya çıkartılan arkeolojik veriler ve yapılan bu
eleştiriler doğrultusunda modelinde güncellemeler yapmıştır. Bu sebeple makalede, yaklaşık 40 yıllık bir geçmişe sahip olan Algaze’nin çalışmaları, ilk ve son dönem çalışmaları olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

The present article provides the first data concern- ing the archaeological research carried out at Sas- so dei Greci in the territory of the Municipality of Buonvicino (CS). The archaeological investi- gations unearthed the structures of a fortified site, dating to the post-Classical period.
The research, carried out in 2009 and 2011, has made it possible to identify a Medieval fortified settlement, placed as a control post at the Corvi- no Creek course and therefore of the Palombaro Pass. Thereby it gave control of the isthmic road that through the course of the Rosa river allowed for easy connections between the territories of the Tyrrhenian coast of northern Calabria and the fer- tile plain of Sibaritide on the Ionian coastline.

Der Journalist und Unternehmer Thomas Fasbinder hat eine unaufgeregte, kenntnisreiche politische Biografie über den gegenwärtigen russischen Präsidenten Vladimir V. Putin vorgelegt, die sich wohltuend von zahlreichen polemischen Beiträgen abhebt. Der Autor beschreibt den Werdegang eines umstrittenen russischen Staatsoberhauptes mit einer schillernden Persönlichkeit. Putins politischer Aufstieg ist vor dem Hintergrund seines früheren Dienstes für den sowjetischen Geheimdienst KGB, aber auch im Kontext der Krisen des postsowjetischen Russlands in den 1990er Jahren einzuordnen.

Celtic societies at the end of the last millennium BCE experienced a shift in the scale of production and exchange, leading to a revolution in mobility. This study aims to investigate these ancient exchanges by focusing on their primary constraint: the difficulties of transportation. We seek to estimate the remoteness between sites from a merchant's perspective, considering transport costs, that is, the challenges of moving heavy and bulky goods over long distances. Our approach is based on Least-Cost Path (LCP) estimation, which we adapt to address the various complexities inherent in applying this method to ancient transportation systems. These complexities include the multimodal nature of transportation, involving inland transport, upstream and downstream fluvial navigation, and the lack of or imprecise nature of data regarding navigable sections and transportation costs. While LCPs are widely used in archaeological contexts, a standardised methodology for calibrating them and selecting algorithmic variants remains elusive, particularly when reference paths are absent. This article offers firstly a methodological contribution to the development and rational application of LCPs in archaeology, adapting them to the limitations of our data and the multimodal nature of goods transportation; and secondly an archaeological contribution demonstrating the crucial role of considering the constraints of ancient mobility in exploring the evolution of past societies' territories.

Una recente giurisprudenza persiste nel considerare che i contratti plurilaterali siano solo quelli a comunione di scopo e, come tali, sarebbero differenti dai contratti bilaterali di scambio. Lo scritto propone una riflessione sul concetto di plurilateralità che prescinde dagli aspetti causali relativi allo scambio e alla comunione di scopo.

We live in a world where awareness of ethnic and cultural diversity is an ever increasing reality. Business and education turn to the social sciences to inform them about how to manage and optimize cross-cultural interactions. Although much research has been done on the impact of cross-cultural interactions on a wide range of variables, one less researched area is the endocrine response to cross-cultural interactions. In this study we set out to investigate the endocrine response to cross cultural interactions and the impact of these interactions on perceived differences. To do so we measured the pre and post levels of the stress hormone cortisol of individuals communicating in dyads for 15 minutes. Results showed a significant impact of ethnic interaction on perceived differences and cortisol levels. Practical implications of these findings could have application in the areas of education, psychology, business and human relations in general. Implications for further research are di...

Este artículo presenta una aproximación al desarrollo sociocultural de Huaraz (Áncash, Perú). El propósito principal fue identificar y describir las características socioculturales en el proceso evolutivo de Huaraz. Para dicho fin se planteó una investigación descriptiva y documental que posibilitó contar con información valiosa a través de la pesquisa de la literatura especializada y los datos empíricos obtenidos en el trabajo de campo. Entre los hallazgos más importantes destacan que, Huaraz de hoy es una ciudad andina cosmopolita que presenta un rostro sociocultural múltiple donde se dan un sinfín de interrelaciones interculturales. La antigua fisonomía de Huaraz, pueblo tradicional, quechuahablante donde se distinguía la ruralidad y la urbanidad, hoy ha devenido en una ciudad híbrida, mixtificada, mestiza donde lo tradicional y lo moderno, lo rural y lo urbano, lo quechua y lo castellano se confunden formando un continuum. Desarrollo sociocultural, tradición y modernidad, mestizaje cultural, bilingüismo quechua y castellano.

Despite the hostile climate, since the Bronze Age the populations of Southern Turkmenistan have been able to create, through an impressive network of canals, an artificial agricultural territory with villages and large towns. Between 2400 and 1950 BCE, the Murghab alluvial fan was characterised by the presence of complex urban societies. This period was followed by a deep crisis that led to the disappearance of the largest sites. At the beginning of the Iron Age (1300 BCE), the water flow in the Murghab River decreased, resulting in a southward movement of settlements and the abandonment of a large portion of the territory by sedentary farmers. At the same time, new groups of mobile pastoralists began to settle in the area and started to interact with farmers. The excavations of Togolok 1 are providing vital data on the integration between sedentary and mobile pastoralist cultures, as well as on the birth and evolution of urbanism during the later Iron Age.

Pre-Roman archaeological materials found in Greek places of worship date from the late Bronze Age to the fth century BCE. The indigenous peoples of Italy and Sicily encountered Greek colonists on the Italian peninsula and absorbed their culture and their customs, thus becoming aware of the sanctuary tradition on the Greek mainland. Italic elites then began to visit international places of worship. Thus, one can ask whether Italic objects found in Greek sanctuaries were votives o ered by Greeks returning home, or by visiting Etruscan and Italic people: both are possibilities since literary sources as well as some Greek and Etruscan inscriptions show that Etruscans also o ered votive gifts to Greek divinities. This chapter traces the history of Etruscan and Italic o erings in Greek sanctuaries. Christoph Ulf's recent analysis of cultural contacts between various groups was designed to identify characteristic features that can be applied to a reference model; it is an important theoretical basis for the topic in question, since one of the conclusions he reaches is that cultural contacts tend to be reciprocal. The development of cultural contacts assumes that along with the ow of elements from a transmitting group to a receiving group, there is a reciprocal return ow, or response ow, in which the recipient becomes the transmitter (Ulf 2009). The substantial collection of pre-Roman Italic archaeological materials found in Greece, which includes at least 260 objects in bronze and 150 in ceramics and other materials, dates to the period from the late Bronze Age to the fth century. Though most of the pieces are from Etruria, the collection includes weapons and personal ornaments associated with other regions of ancient Italy and Sicily. The vast majority come from Downloaded from by OUP-Reference Gratis Access user on

In an earlier paper I proposed that behind the Torah's fictional Moses was a real Moshe recoverable in Egyptian annals. I noted that the late Professor Donald Bruce Redford (who died in October of 2024), had averred in 1992 that Moses was a fictional character and so was the Exodus.

W artykule rozważane są relacje „sąsiedzkie” pomiędzy lokalnymi wspólnotami zamieszkującymi we wczesnym średniowieczu południowo-wschodnią Wielkopolskę i północno-wschodnią część Śląska. Bazą źródłową studiów stały się dane pozyskane ze stanowisk archeologicznych w Miliczu, Wrocławicach, Lelikowie i Kaszowie (Dolina Baryczy) oraz w Górach (Wysoczyzna Kaliska).
W badaniach mikrospołeczeństw zaaplikowano koncepcję amerykańskich socjologów, w której społeczność lokalna jest definiowana przez kategorie: terytorium, interakcje społeczne i więź psychiczna. Kategorie te przekodowano na dane archeologiczne.
Terytorium odpowiada krajobraz, w obrębie którego zamieszkująca je społeczność realizuje wszystkie swoje potrzeby życiowe, jednocześnie naznaczając własnym kodem kulturowym znajdujące się w nim „miejsca”. W rozważaniach nad interakcją pomiędzy wspólnotami przyjęto powszechne na stanowiskach archeologicznych źródło, czyli ceramikę naczyniową. W rozważaniach nad więzią psychiczną lokalnej wspólnoty zaproponowano przeanalizowanie cmentarzysk, jako miejsca spoczynku i pamięci o zmarłych oraz budowania poczucia przynależności do jednej wspólnoty.
Ustalono, że wybrane do analiz stanowiska łączyła lokalizacja w miejscach wyróżniających się pod względem topograficznym, kolista forma, niewielkie wymiary, zróżnicowana szerokość podwaliny wałów oraz brak zabudowy mieszkalnej wewnątrz. Odmienności wynikały z zastosowanych konstrukcji obwałowań, rozplanowania obiektów i urządzeń w obrębie strefy użytkowej. W ceramice uwidocznił się konglomerat stylów, gdyż współwystępowały naczynia wykonywane różnymi technikami i różnorodnie zdobione. Nowością okazał się styl ceramiki strefowej łączący cechy tradycyjne oraz nowe rozwiązania technologiczne, formalne i wzornictwo strefowego ornamentowania naczyń. Styl ten był charakterystycznym elementem wszystkich analizowanych zespołów. Wyrazem więzi przyciszonej z umarłymi przodkami są cmentarzyska kurhanowe. Poprzez czytelność kopców możliwa była też więź wzrokową z nimi.
Podobieństwo „miejsc” w tworzonych krajobrazach czy jedność stylu ceramiki mogą przemawiać za tym, że społeczności zamieszkujące analizowany obszar mogły komunikować się, a nawet pozostawać w bliskich, sąsiedzkich relacjach. Jednocześnie niewielkie różnice pomiędzy ośrodkami, zwłaszcza w kwestii zastosowanych konstrukcji budowlanych czy kompozycji ornamentu, mogły płynąć z przywiązania do tradycji i chęci jej kontynuowania lub, przeciwnie, służyły zaakcentowaniu swojej wyjątkowości na tle wspólnoty.