Counsellor education

This research investigates the concept of counselling resonance on mental health emergencies and awareness with a focus on multicultural counselling. Through a qualitative approach, this research analyses how cultural factors influence the dynamics of resonance between counsellors and clients in mental health crisis situations. Data was collected through a literature study that included articles, books, and other sources relevant to the research topic. The results highlight the importance of sensitivity to cultural factors in creating an effective counselling relationship, as well as the need for integration of multicultural approaches in counselling practice. Implications of the study include the need for increased cultural awareness among mental health practitioners, collaboration with multicultural communities, and the development of more inclusive counselling strategies. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the importance of counselling resonance in multicultural, which may help improve responses to mental health emergencies in culturally diverse societies.

The Australian Community Psychologist Volume 29 No 1 June 2018 © The Australian Psychological Society Ltd Bhutan is a tiny Himalayan Buddhist kingdom that has faced challenges in societal changes to youth wellbeing. Twenty-five percent of its 708,000 inhabitants are school children (National Statistics Bureau, 2011). Bhutan transitioned from a feudal and monastic education structure to a modern capitalist economy and mass education system where English became the medium of instruction for primary, secondary and tertiary education (Ministry of Education, 2013). Since Western modernisation, there have been concerns of its greater influence of social and economic development on Bhutanese culture, traditional values and belief systems. Youth now have a lifestyle based on consumerism and Western modern values (Mathou, 2000). A rise in self-harm, suicide, drug abuse, theft and crime rates has been linked to a shift of values, attitudes and expectations that potentially isolate and create ...

The mental health challenges faced by secondary school teachers have become a critical concern, influencing not only educators' well-being but also the overall quality of education. Teachers experience significant stressors, including excessive workload, emotional labour, job insecurity, and insufficient institutional support, leading to burnout, anxiety, and depression. The stigma surrounding mental health further prevents many teachers from seeking help, exacerbating their struggles and negatively impacting their job performance. Additionally, the rapid shift to digital learning and the increasing reliance on extracurricular activities to foster student engagement have had both positive and negative implications for teachers' mental health and work-life balance. This systematic review examines existing literature on the mental health challenges faced by secondary school teachers, exploring key factors contributing to stress and emotional distress. The findings highlight the urgent need for policy interventions, institutional reforms, and structured mental health programs that provide support and coping mechanisms for educators. Schools that implement professional development programs, peer support networks, and workload management strategies report lower levels of burnout and higher teacher satisfaction. Digital literacy training and balanced extracurricular participation are also recognized as crucial elements in alleviating teacher stress and promoting well-being. To address these challenges, a multi-dimensional approach is required, integrating mental health awareness into teacher training, promoting a culture of openness, and ensuring access to confidential counseling services. Governments and educational stakeholders must collaborate to establish systemic policies that prioritize teacher mental health, preventing attrition and improving overall educational outcomes. By fostering a supportive work environment and recognizing mental health as a fundamental aspect of professional development, educational institutions can contribute to a more resilient and effective teaching workforce. This review underscores the necessity of comprehensive mental health strategies to support teachers, advocating for sustainable solutions that enhance their well-being and, ultimately, benefit students and the broader educational system. Mental health challenges among secondary school teachers have gained increasing attention due to their significant impact on both teachers' well-being and student learning outcomes. This systematic review explores the key mental health challenges faced by secondary school

Clinical supervision (CS) in Botswana remains underresearched despite the recent emergence of professional counselling. This study aimed to assess counsellors' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of CS. Using a mixedmethods, explanatory sequential design, data were collected from 210 counsellors via questionnaires and 38 supervisors through interviews across five districts. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (SPSS) and thematic analysis. Results revealed limited knowledge, poor access, low competencies, and a lack of ethical guidelines, though attitudes toward CS were positive. Findings highlight the need for mandatory CS training, a national ethical framework, curriculum revision, and increased awareness..

Clinical supervision (CS) in Botswana remains underresearched despite the recent emergence of professional counselling. This study aimed to assess counsellors' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of CS. Using a mixedmethods, explanatory sequential design, data were collected from 210 counsellors via questionnaires and 38 supervisors through interviews across five districts. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (SPSS) and thematic analysis. Results revealed limited knowledge, poor access, low competencies, and a lack of ethical guidelines, though attitudes toward CS were positive. Findings highlight the need for mandatory CS training, a national ethical framework, curriculum revision, and increased awareness..

Even though counselling is as old as Psychology in India, counselling education at post-graduate level and counsellors working in diverse settings are of recent origin. Not much is known about the problems, difficulties and challenges the counsellors face. The current study is done within the qualitative framework, with exploratory study design for which 14 participants who were working in different settings like school, college, employee assistant programme (EAP), family counselling centre, psychiatric rehabilitation centre, de-addiction centre, private practice, multiple settings, counselling centre, Christian religious setting, HIV/Aids centre were chosen through purposive sampling and were interviewed. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis and the emerging themes were noted. The study showed among others, that the counsellors face several problems, difficulties and challenges like, lack of awareness of counselling among pe...

Counsellor ethics is an important element in counsellor training. Ethics course is one of the compulsory courses in the counseling program as proposed by the Board of Counsellor, Malaysia. Ethics knowledge is able to help counsellors to behave ethically when practising counselling in an organisation. The aim of this study is to identify the knowledge pattern of counsellor ethics in Malaysia and the difference in the knowledge of counsellor ethics based on the demographic factors like age, gender, experience and counsellor’s qualification. This is a quantitative study using descriptive study design. A total of 355 counsellors had taken part in this study. The study instrument adopted is Ethical and Legal Issues in Counselling Questionnaires-Revised (ELICQ-R). The result of the score of the ethics knowledge of counsellor is at moderate and high level. The result also shows that there is a significant difference between counsellor qualification and the counsellors’ ethics knowledge in ...

Objective: To explore the ways in which graduates of a university counsellor-education programme reflected on their career development, retained the programme's distinctive theoretical counselling model in their counselling practice and engaged in continuing professional development. The main aim was to discover whether or not teaching a solution-focused model of counselling was worthwhile. Method: A questionnaire, using primarily solution-focused type questions, was distributed to all graduates. Interest was focused on specific events, both inside and outside the training programme and beyond, that contributed to graduates' sense of development as counsellors. Results: Thirty four graduates (response rate 62%) provided responses indicating their recognition that their sense of competence and identification as professional counsellors develops over time, and is assisted by relevant feedback and supervision from lecturers and practical counselling experience. Graduates also indicated that their favoured working model was solution-focused and that, as a framework, it provided them with opportunities to integrate other counselling models and add complementary professional development education. Conclusion: The graduates' continued use of a solution-focused model supports the view that teaching the solution-focused model is working. The findings are considered alongside four models of counsellor development and implications for counsellor-education programmes are explored.

There is limited research on client and clinician perceptions of telemental health and how these perceptions differ. The current study examines interest in and perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of telemental health, from both college students, who are seeking mental health services, and clinicians. College student clients (N = 270) and therapists (N = 46) were surveyed to determine perceptions (e.g., benefits, concerns, preference, comfort) of several telemental health modalities. Both clinicians and clients reported interest in telemental health, endorsing convenience, frequency of interaction, and ease of access to previous session's materials as advantages. However, clinicians and student clients also endorsed at least mild concerns about the efficacy and confidentiality of therapy, the effect on the therapeutic relationship, and technology concerns; clinicians endorsed significantly greater concerns about telemental health than clients. Dissemination of research demonstrating the effectiveness of telemental health to both clients and clinicians is necessary. Keywords Telemental health. E-health. Acceptability. Client preferences Unmet Need in College Students Psychological disorders are prevalent, are disabling, and often go untreated (Baxter et al. 2014). College students in particular may be at increased risk for psychological disorders due to academic stress, adjustment issues (Beiter et al. 2015), and chronic inadequate sleep (Lund et al. 2010). Approximately 50% of college students have experienced a psychological problem in the last 2 years (Blanco et al. 2008; Zivin et al. 2009) and 12-18% currently have a diagnosable psychological disorder (Mowbray et al. 2006). Addressing psychological disorders in college students may improve career trajectories; one study estimates that almost 4.3 million college students might have graduated if they did not have psychiatric illnesses (Kessler et al. 1995). In summary, psychological disorders are prevalent and disabling to college students.

There is limited research on client and clinician perceptions of telemental health and how these perceptions differ. The current study examines interest in and perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of telemental health, from both college students, who are seeking mental health services, and clinicians. College student clients (N = 270) and therapists (N = 46) were surveyed to determine perceptions (e.g., benefits, concerns, preference, comfort) of several telemental health modalities. Both clinicians and clients reported interest in telemental health, endorsing convenience, frequency of interaction, and ease of access to previous session's materials as advantages. However, clinicians and student clients also endorsed at least mild concerns about the efficacy and confidentiality of therapy, the effect on the therapeutic relationship, and technology concerns; clinicians endorsed significantly greater concerns about telemental health than clients. Dissemination of research demonstrating the effectiveness of telemental health to both clients and clinicians is necessary. Keywords Telemental health. E-health. Acceptability. Client preferences Unmet Need in College Students Psychological disorders are prevalent, are disabling, and often go untreated (Baxter et al. 2014). College students in particular may be at increased risk for psychological disorders due to academic stress, adjustment issues (Beiter et al. 2015), and chronic inadequate sleep (Lund et al. 2010). Approximately 50% of college students have experienced a psychological problem in the last 2 years (Blanco et al. 2008; Zivin et al. 2009) and 12-18% currently have a diagnosable psychological disorder (Mowbray et al. 2006). Addressing psychological disorders in college students may improve career trajectories; one study estimates that almost 4.3 million college students might have graduated if they did not have psychiatric illnesses (Kessler et al. 1995). In summary, psychological disorders are prevalent and disabling to college students.

Since the 1970s, the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association has promoted the development of guidelines and standards for the education and training of counsellors in Canada. This article outlines the evolution of this process from early discussions and initiatives into formal procedures and standards for accreditation of counsellor education programs at the master's level and the creation of the Council on Accreditation of Counsellor Education Programs (CACEP). The activities of CACEP are described, the significance of CACEP accreditation is explained, and suggestions for the further development of CACEP accreditation of counsellor education programs in Canada are provided.

While information and communication technologies (ICTs) permeated social work practice long before the onset of COVID-19, the abrupt need to close non-essential workplaces resulted in an unparalleled incorporation of digital technology into practice across the globe. The onset of COVID-19 occurred during phase two of research in which we were investigating social workers' informal use of ICT with clients. Prior to COVID-19, we were conducting interviews with practitioners and clients from four agencies serving diverse client populations in a large city in Canada. With the onset of COVID-19, we adapted to the COVID-19 context and amended the questions to investigate ICT use during the pandemic. In addition, with ethics approval, we conducted second interviews with practitioners interviewed prior to COVID-19 with a revised guide to address the pandemic context; and we continued to recruit and interview practitioners and clients using an amended interview guide incorporating pandemic-related questions. The sample comprised 27 practitioners and 22 clients. Eleven practitioners participated in interviews prior to and during COVID-19. Analysis of transcribed interviews revealed that the COVID-19 context had led to a paradigm shift in practitioners' ICT use, with two key themes identified: (1) boundary challenges and (2) clients' diverging ICT needs. We discuss these themes and present implications for policy and practice in a post-COVID-19 world. Keywords Information and communication technology during COVID-19 • Social work practice during COVID-19 • Boundaries using technology in social work • COVID-19 and client accessibility • Equity in social work practice

While information and communication technologies (ICTs) permeated social work practice long before the onset of COVID-19, the abrupt need to close non-essential workplaces resulted in an unparalleled incorporation of digital technology into practice across the globe. The onset of COVID-19 occurred during phase two of research in which we were investigating social workers' informal use of ICT with clients. Prior to COVID-19, we were conducting interviews with practitioners and clients from four agencies serving diverse client populations in a large city in Canada. With the onset of COVID-19, we adapted to the COVID-19 context and amended the questions to investigate ICT use during the pandemic. In addition, with ethics approval, we conducted second interviews with practitioners interviewed prior to COVID-19 with a revised guide to address the pandemic context; and we continued to recruit and interview practitioners and clients using an amended interview guide incorporating pandemic-related questions. The sample comprised 27 practitioners and 22 clients. Eleven practitioners participated in interviews prior to and during COVID-19. Analysis of transcribed interviews revealed that the COVID-19 context had led to a paradigm shift in practitioners' ICT use, with two key themes identified: (1) boundary challenges and (2) clients' diverging ICT needs. We discuss these themes and present implications for policy and practice in a post-COVID-19 world.

Population-based studies have shown that a growing number of counsellors have been providing counselling via the Internet. There are mixed findings regarding the effectiveness of online counselling compared to traditional face-to-face counselling and other modalities. During the COVID-19 outbreak, online counselling services were advanced as the only safe means of attending to mental health conditions, especially during the lockdowns. However, the effectiveness of online counselling remains unclear, especially in developing countries with low digital literacy and poor Internet connectivity. This study's main purpose was to investigate and determine the clients' and therapists' perspectives on the effectiveness of online counselling during the pandemic based on the level of preparedness, mode of delivery, and challenges faced. The study used mixed methods employing a parallel convergent design and collected data from 284 participants (44 therapists and 240 counselling clients). The study found that therapists were not prepared to offer online counselling services, but were compelled by high demands for counselling services from clients during the pandemic. Both clients and therapists cited the cost of data bundles to connect to the Internet as a major barrier. Furthermore, both clients and therapists indicated that the most effective platform was video conferencing. The findings also show that therapists observed slowed progress in the client's recovery due to clients missing sessions. Logistic regression results on factors associated with preparedness and positive perception of online counselling showed that older therapists and lay counsellors were less likely to be prepared and evaluate sessions as less effective, respectively. Living in Lusaka (the capital) was associated with higher odds of perceiving online counselling as effective. Client results showed that older clients had lower odds of being prepared, and the counsellor being prepared increased the odds of the online counselling being perceived as effective. The researchers conclude that online counselling, in the context of a developing country, is ineffective because of the cost of Internet connection, the multiplicity of information communication technology (ICT) channels, low digital literacy, and lack of knowledge or experience using these platforms.

Australian counselling is still a developing profession and, as of 2008, three workforce surveys have been conducted in an effort to identify the characteristics of Australian counsellors and describe their activities. Two published workforce surveys used as their foci members of two different counselling organisations, the Australian Counselling Association (ACA) and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA) (Pelling, 2005; Schofield, 2008). The third published workforce survey examined individuals advertising themselves as counsellors in the Australian Yellow Pages (Pelling, Brear, and Lau, 2006). All three studies illustrate methodological strengths and limitations and purport to describe counsellors in Australia. In this chapter we compare and contrast the methods used and the results obtained in these published workforce surveys to date. Results show many similarities among the findings, possibly illustrating a fairly homogeneous group despite the differ...

Bayesian racism is the belief that it is rational to discriminate against people based on existing racial stereotypes. The presence of Bayesian racism is strongly associated with negative feelings about minoritized groups and the desire to maintain racially inequitable social hierarchies. A confirmatory factor analysis on the Bayesian Racism Scale (BRS) yielded a unidimensional measure for assessing prejudicial attitudes that endorse stereotypes based on racial and ethnic groups. Findings from the study have important implications for multicultural and social justice research.

This study investigated the influence of the phases of identity development as identified by the Optimal Theory Applied to Identity Development (OTAID) framework on multicultural counselling competencies among the counsellor trainees in Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. This proposed research utilized correlational research design. 93 counsellor trainees were recruited for data collection by using purposive sampling. Three instruments were implemented in this study, which are Self-Identity Inventory (SII), Multicultural Awareness/ Knowledge/ Skills Survey (MAKSS), and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale- Short (MCSDS-S). SII was used to measure the phases of identity development, which are Individuation, Dissonance, Immersion, Internalization, Integration, and Transformation. MAKSS was utilized to measure self-perceived multicultural counselling competencies from 3 dimensions, which are Multicultural Awareness, Multicultural Knowledge, and Multicultural Skills. While MCSDS-S was use...

Population-based studies have shown that a growing number of counsellors have been providing counselling via the Internet. There are mixed findings regarding the effectiveness of online counselling compared to traditional face-to-face counselling and other modalities. During the COVID-19 outbreak, online counselling services were advanced as the only safe means of attending to mental health conditions, especially during the lockdowns. However, the effectiveness of online counselling remains unclear, especially in developing countries with low digital literacy and poor Internet connectivity. This study's main purpose was to investigate and determine the clients' and therapists' perspectives on the effectiveness of online counselling during the pandemic based on the level of preparedness, mode of delivery, and challenges faced. The study used mixed methods employing a parallel convergent design and collected data from 284 participants (44 therapists and 240 counselling clients). The study found that therapists were not prepared to offer online counselling services, but were compelled by high demands for counselling services from clients during the pandemic. Both clients and therapists cited the cost of data bundles to connect to the Internet as a major barrier. Furthermore, both clients and therapists indicated that the most effective platform was video conferencing. The findings also show that therapists observed slowed progress in the client's recovery due to clients missing sessions. Logistic regression results on factors associated with preparedness and positive perception of online counselling showed that older therapists and lay counsellors were less likely to be prepared and evaluate sessions as less effective, respectively. Living in Lusaka (the capital) was associated with higher odds of perceiving online counselling as effective. Client results showed that older clients had lower odds of being prepared, and the counsellor being prepared increased the odds of the online counselling being perceived as effective. The researchers conclude that online counselling, in the context of a developing country, is ineffective because of the cost of Internet connection, the multiplicity of information communication technology (ICT) channels, low digital literacy, and lack of knowledge or experience using these platforms.

Counsellor ethics is an important element in counsellor training. Ethics course is one of the compulsory courses in the counseling program as proposed by the Board of Counsellor, Malaysia. Ethics knowledge is able to help counsellors to behave ethically when practising counselling in an organisation. The aim of this study is to identify the knowledge pattern of counsellor ethics in Malaysia and the difference in the knowledge of counsellor ethics based on the demographic factors like age, gender, experience and counsellor’s qualification. This is a quantitative study using descriptive study design. A total of 355 counsellors had taken part in this study. The study instrument adopted is Ethical and Legal Issues in Counselling Questionnaires-Revised (ELICQ-R). The result of the score of the ethics knowledge of counsellor is at moderate and high level. The result also shows that there is a significant difference between counsellor qualification and the counsellors’ ethics knowledge in ...

This article comprises reflections by nine members of the editorial board of the Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia (PACJA) on the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, encompassing the personal, the professional, and the political.

This article explores a series of psychosocial and embodied relationalities that emerged between registered solo-practice psychologists and their clients during the COVID-19 social lockdowns that took place in Australia between June and August 2020. Drawing on findings from a larger qualitative research project into Australian psychologists' experiences of maintaining therapeutic relationships via teleconferencing technologies during the pandemic, I explore the ways in which the relational and embodied experiences of taking therapy online resulted in new ways of working with clients over digital media interfaces such as Zoom, Skype and Facetime. Central to this discussion is an exploration of the ways in which embodied attunement, fears of risk and contagion, and concerns around trust and privacy were negotiated to create new, 'more-thanhuman' relationships between therapists, clients and the spaces and technologies that brought them together.

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a radical shift in social work practice. Overnight, social work intervention models provided in-person gave way to the utilization of Information and Communication Technologies to facilitate direct practice in virtual environments (e-therapy). Social work's slow acceptance of e-therapy prior to the pandemic resulted in a lack of training for many social work practitioners and MSW student interns, who were required to make rapid transitions to using and operating in online environments. It appears likely that e-therapy will continue after the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, so integrating education about effective e-therapy techniques into social work curricula seems like a logical next step. A social worker's ability to establish the therapeutic alliance, which is at the heart of all helping relationships, will be central to this curricula. Understanding social work students' perceptions of e-therapy and the therapeutic alliance can help shape the development of this new curriculum. Using internal student email, students at two Research I universities were invited to participate in a fully online anonymous survey dealing with attitudes towards e-therapy and the therapeutic alliance. Surveys were conducted in 2018 and April-May 2020. Survey questions were based on the only prior comprehensive study of student attitudes towards e-therapy (Finn in J Soc Work Educ 38(3), 403-419.

Citizenship American Known for Client-centered therapy, Studentcentered learning, Rogerian argument Fields Phenomenal field, Theoretical works Carl Ransom Rogers was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach in psychology. The person-centered approach, his own unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships. Throughout his career he dedicated himself to humanistic psychology and is well known for his theory of personality development. He began developing his humanistic concept while working with abused children. Rogers attempted to change the world of psychotherapy when he boldly claimed that psychoanalytic, experimental, and behavioral therapists were preventing their clients from ever reaching self-realization and self-growth due to their authoritive analysis. He argued that therapists should allow patients to discover the solution for themselves. Rogers received wide acclaim for his theory and was awarded various high honors.

Multicultural scholars have long noted the value and the need to incorporate multicultural counseling practica into diversity-social justice training. This article describes an ongoing, systematic model of multicultural therapy practicum in which clinical psychology trainees provide direct psychotherapy to community-referred, culturally and linguistically diverse refugee clients, under culturally grounded supervision. As a university-community collaboration, this practicum embodies the principles of multicultural counseling competencies, social justice, community outreach and service, experiential learning, and trauma therapy. In this article, we describe the target refugee population, the theoretical/conceptual bases, the learning conditions, the organizational structure, and the evaluative research of this practicum. Next, we present a former trainee's narrative account of working with a male Afghan refugee from an autoethnographic qualitative framework to illustrate the dynamic learning process and the intricate cross-cultural interactions between the client and therapist. Finally, implications of this practicum for future practice and research on experiential multicultural training are discussed.

Citizenship American Known for Client-centered therapy, Studentcentered learning, Rogerian argument Fields Phenomenal field, Theoretical works Carl Ransom Rogers was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach in psychology. The person-centered approach, his own unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships. Throughout his career he dedicated himself to humanistic psychology and is well known for his theory of personality development. He began developing his humanistic concept while working with abused children. Rogers attempted to change the world of psychotherapy when he boldly claimed that psychoanalytic, experimental, and behavioral therapists were preventing their clients from ever reaching self-realization and self-growth due to their authoritive analysis. He argued that therapists should allow patients to discover the solution for themselves. Rogers received wide acclaim for his theory and was awarded various high honors.

The study investigated teachers' perceptions of the causes of gender differences in mathematics achievement among secondary school students. The study was carried in Owerri Education Zone I of Imo State Nigeria-using descriptive survey research design. A sample of 150 mathematics teachers was used for the study comprising of 90 males and 60 females. A 21-item likert 4 points type of questionnaire titled "causes of gender difference in mathematics achievement (CGDMA)" drawn by the researcher was used for data collection. The instrument had reliability coefficient (r) of 0.81 determined using Crounbach's alpha method. The result generated was analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions while the hypotheses were analyzed using chi-square (x2) and t-test statistical tools tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study revealed series of factors causing gender differences in mathematics achievement which are, teacher, students and parent related. Based on the result it was recommended that teachers should use innovative strategies in teaching mathematics to get both male and female students involved in classroom activities.

Citizenship American Known for Client-centered therapy, Studentcentered learning, Rogerian argument Fields Phenomenal field, Theoretical works Carl Ransom Rogers was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach in psychology. The person-centered approach, his own unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships. Throughout his career he dedicated himself to humanistic psychology and is well known for his theory of personality development. He began developing his humanistic concept while working with abused children. Rogers attempted to change the world of psychotherapy when he boldly claimed that psychoanalytic, experimental, and behavioral therapists were preventing their clients from ever reaching self-realization and self-growth due to their authoritive analysis. He argued that therapists should allow patients to discover the solution for themselves. Rogers received wide acclaim for his theory and was awarded various high honors.

Background: The limitations imposed by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on social relatedness (use of Personal Protective Equipment, interpersonal distancing, suspension of face-to-face activities, etc.) forced psychologists and psychotherapists to suspend face-to-face clinical activity for several months. The use of video calls (e.g., WhatsApp, Skype) and videoconferencing (e.g., Zoom, Meet) was the only way to avoid the interruption of psychotherapy and psychological counselling. However, the shift from offline to online psychotherapeutic settings has raised interesting theoretical and technical questions about how to consider the frame of clinical intervention. This article aims to contribute to the reflection on the characteristics of the online setting (videoconference) and its differences and specificities compared to the traditional setting. Methods: The article proposes a clinical case treated in an online psychotherapeutic setting. The intervention was carried out in the context of a counseling and psychological support service of an Italian university. Results: After a brief presentation of the case-a young adult with anxiety symptoms-the article describes a relational episode that occurred during a video-call interview (Skype). On the one hand, the episode highlights the characteristics of the patient and, on the other, how the online setting facilitated the expression of the patient's relational patterns. Conclusions: The case refers to a young adult who seems to develop interpersonal relationships based on presence/absence. The others (parents, partners) are always described as lacking something and, therefore, in some way, "absent". The patient himself is described as lacking something (e.g. masculinity) and shows himself unable to be fully present in situations. However, the theme of presence/absence also characterizes the online psychotherapeutic setting: presence is disembodied, lacking physicality. On the one hand, the clinical case highlights the need to understand the characteristics of the online setting better, and on the other hand, the importance of always keeping frame and process connected. It is fundamental to remember that what happens in the setting and is always an integral part of the clinical intervention.

Yakhlef, Sophia and Basic, Goran (2023) “Working with pupils who use alcohol and drugs: emotional labour and crime prevention of Swedish high school staff members”. European Journal of Social Work, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2023.2276655 . 

The last decades have exhibited changes in societal responses to criminal justice, such as informal social control exerted beyond the justice system. This study explores the emotional labour experienced by Swedish high school staff members regarding their efforts with pupils who use alcohol or drugs. Drawing on 36 interviews we demonstrate how their work surpasses the demands associated with a traditional school environment, becoming more like the work of police officers than that of educators or counsellors. This study provides in-depth knowledge of role conflict and role ambiguity due to a lack of clear guidelines regarding blurred aspects of crime prevention, caring, and control, in addition to a high workload and emotionally challenging situations. The findings suggest that there are various conflicting demands regarding the work tasks and emotional commitment of the high school staff members; on the one hand to provide emotional support and ensure a good educational environment for all pupils, and on the other hand to act as informal police officers or supervisors of pupils with these problems.

The therapeutic relationship (TR), including its therapeutic frame, is the foundation of the therapeutic endeavor. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the rapid transition to videoconferencing for therapeutic encounters, we employed a crosssectional exploratory survey with 1490 respondents to understand how practitioners adapted to the changes. In this secondary analysis focused on the TR, we analyze the clinicians' (N = 448) spontaneous narratives about facets of the TR. Temporally, we focused on how these adaptations occurred during the initial part of the pandemic before vaccination was available and while the TR was still adapting to teletherapy videoconferencing under the duress of pandemic crises. We find three broad themes: (1) It is a "much more remote relationship"; (2) The "connection…remains surprisingly strong"; and (3) It is "energetically taxing." Each reflects clinicians' views of the TR as altered, but surprisingly resilient. Although grateful for the safety of virtual therapeutic encounters, clinicians mourned the loss of an embodied encounter, experienced depletion of energy beyond Zoom fatigue, and nonetheless recognized their clients' and their own abilities to adapt.

Wellness has also been used synonymously with success (Hill, 2004) and/or monetary gains (Diener & Oishi, 2000). In an attempt to provide a universal definition of wellness, the World Health Organization (WHO; 2014) stated that "health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" (p. 1). For this article, wellness is defined as "a way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being, in which body, mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully within the human and natural community" (Myers, Sweeney, & Witmer, 2000, p. 252). For refugee populations, however, their natural community has been removed, and living a healthy and satisfied life is harder to achieve. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR; 1951) defined a refugee as Any person who. .. owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his [her] nationality and is unable, or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself [herself] of the protection of that country. (Article 1A, para. 2

Education plays an important role in a country's development. Parents strongly feel that learning should be cultivated among their children. A teacher can make this become true with his teaching efficiency. But sometimes they may fail to do such due to different reasons. There are different types of learners such as fast learners, average learners, and slow learners. This learning difficulty may arise from poor memory, unawareness about the importance of education and lack of fundamental knowledge and psychological factors. If the teacher can bring out the children's inner talents through the use of different conditions, slow learners will be happier at learning. This article tries to solve this universal problem by applying an inspiring quote from the universal scientist Albert Einstein saying "I never teach my pupils. I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they can learn". Data was collected through the Case study method. Counseling was used as a tool for their enhancement. The major finding was that slow learners were more successful by providing suitable conditions and educational opportunities to them.

First-hand experience of being a client is regarded by many psychotherapists as making an essential contribution to professional development. Although research has not established any direct influence on client outcome, arising from therapist participation in personal therapy, qualitative studies have explored how therapists transfer learning from one context to the other. A group of six therapists-researchers engaged in a collective autoethnography in which we shared narrative accounts of our own experiences as clients. Together we covered a wide set of therapies, sought for varied purposes, and from different stages in the life-course. Different areas of learning were identified: negative experiences could strengthen own convictions for acting differently; positive experiences worked as inspiration and support; being in therapy early in life represented a significant formative experience; working through complex personal issues in therapy gave the courage to identify similar conflicts in phantasies and realities of clients. The link between having been a client and working as a therapist is a subjective, reflective process of reworking figure and ground in the search for professional sensitivity.

Stress reactions occur when an environmental event taxes one’s ability to cope. The study investigated the relationship of stress with conduct and achievement. A sample of 60 students (14-18 years) from Government schools was incidentally selected. Stress was measured with the help of a scale by (Tubesing and Tubesing, 1983) which assesses symptoms of physical, emotional and mental stress. Conduct was assessed in terms of the judgment of class teacher on a bipolar adjective checklist developed by the researcher about different behaviours of the student like punctuality, perseverance etc. Average marks obtained by a student throughout one academic session was used as a measure of academic achievement. The results revealed higher level of stress, specially emotional stress among male adolescents as compared to females; better conduct and academic achievement by females. Mental stress was found to be negatively correlated with achievement for both but with conduct for females only. Ove...

The available research highlights the vulnerability of the motorized two- wheeler riding youth as well as the importance of psychological factors in road traffic injuries. However there is scarcity of intervention programs for promotion of safe riding in youth. This study describes the preliminary field testing of an intervention program called SMART RIDERS aimed at promoting safe and respectful riding behaviors in motorised two- wheeler riding Indian youth. The SMART RIDERS program, developed through pilot surveys of two wheeler riders and pillion riders was field- tested using a controlled trial. Seventy five college-going youth formed the intervention group while 40 formed the control group. The intervention group underwent a brief interactive workshop followed by a one month application phase to popularize safe riding in their peers. The findings indicate significant positive changes in knowledge, attitudes relevant to road safety; self reported aggressive responses to frustrati...

This article discusses the interface between health policy and education. Taking as a case example the power that regulatory “responsible authorities” have under the New Zealand Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 to define scopes of practice of health professionals, including that of educator, the article discusses the implications of such power with regard to health authorities determining curricula, and approving – or disapproving of – certain educators. The authors argue that such power, wielded by government appointees, represents a conservatising agenda, compromises the role of the university to be “a critic and conscience of society”, and threatens the future of both independent health professionals and their educators. The research, conducted over some five years, is informed by relevant publications on professional regulation and the registration of professionals, and a critical review of the publications and websites of the various responsible authorities. T...

The objective is to examine the intersection of advocacy for social change, the individual’s emotional costs of advocacy, and the use of trauma informed care in supervisory practice to encourage and support advocates and their work.  Supervision models exist, but none address the needs of advocates who might become targets for scorn and persecution. The literature on trauma informed care provides a direction to improve the support and supervision of advocates, especially those who use their personal experiences as examples in their work. We reviewed data bases and relevant literature regarding supervision and the principles of trauma informed care.  Periodical literature was reviewed for examples of those affected personally and professionally by their advocacy efforts. Review of the literature revealed little new knowledge on supervision but provided a base to apply the principles of trauma informed care to support and encourage advocacy for social change. This paper suggests the u...

Objective To describe the change in telemental health service volume that resulted from the introduction of the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) item numbers in 2020 for services provided by psychologists and psychiatrists in Australia for a 3-year period, from January 2019 to December 2021. Methods Quarterly MBS activity and cost data for mental health services provided by consultant psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and psychologists between January 2019 and December 2021 were extracted from the MBS statistics website. Data were grouped by profession and delivery mode (in-person, telephone or videoconference) and reported using activity counts. Descriptive analysis and interrupted time-series regression analysis were conducted. Specific descriptive explorations were also conducted for psychiatrists, including: new client consultations, review or general consultations, and group consultations. Results The delivery of mental health services by telehealth (telemental health) dur...

Stress reactions occur when an environmental event taxes one’s ability to cope. The study investigated the relationship of stress with conduct and achievement. A sample of 60 students (14-18 years) from Government schools was incidentally selected. Stress was measured with the help of a scale by (Tubesing and Tubesing, 1983) which assesses symptoms of physical, emotional and mental stress. Conduct was assessed in terms of the judgment of class teacher on a bipolar adjective checklist developed by the researcher about different behaviours of the student like punctuality, perseverance etc. Average marks obtained by a student throughout one academic session was used as a measure of academic achievement. The results revealed higher level of stress, specially emotional stress among male adolescents as compared to females; better conduct and academic achievement by females. Mental stress was found to be negatively correlated with achievement for both but with conduct for females only. Ove...

In the present times, obesity has been considered one of the major hindrances to the health and beauty and productivity of a person along with its other known problems and once it turns to epidemic face, it becomes difficult and complex to handle. Obesity among children is now becoming a global cause of concern covering all aspects such as economical, psychological as well as socio-cultural aspects of life and work. It is already an epidemic in the western world and now encroaching rapidly the developing countries such as India. India and China are old civilizations among eastern countries and share many common practices, food habits and approaches to health and wellbeing. Both the countries have a long and rich history in their indigenous health practices. Therefore, the present article explores the indigenous methods and techniques, lifestyle and food habits, do’s and don’ts related to the cause, effect, and treatment of obesity among children. There are many treatments and techni...

Increased demand for counselling services has escalated the need for quality counsellor education programs. Striving to achieve quality in course design is a process not often articulated publicly. To address this gap, the design and development of a counsellor education course is described and includes the sources of knowledge that influenced its design and the step-by-step development of the program. Challenges designers met are discussed, as well as the ways in which these challenges were met through collaborative problem solving.

All parents want what is best for their children but not every knows how to help children avoid the biggest issues in special children's behavior problems. Ignorance on the knowledge of handling special need children's needs can affect these children for the rest of their lives. Teaching children with special needs present teachers with some distinctive challenges. Children with special needs are no longer isolated in special education classrooms. Kids with special needs strive in the presence of their pairs. There are so many lessons that children with special needs can form from other kids and so many friendships to be formed. Children with disorder and other learning disabilities perform better if a classroom is setup to accommodate their special needs. Teacher's class target is to be creative and also innovative when classroom activities are involved. Managing an inclusive classroom is easier if some personalized teaching strategies for the special needs pupils are carried out. They require exiting activities and revitalizing projects that offer a resourceful curriculum within the structure of the accepted classroom programme. Teachers in a special need classroom need to modify lessons to meet the needs of every pupil in the classroom based on their abilities and carrying capacities.

Objectives: COVID-19 has led to changes in the provision in mental health services. The current study investigated influencing factors on: (i) the comparability of psychotherapy via internet/telephone with psychotherapy in face-to-face contact as well as (ii) the actual experience with psychotherapy via internet/telephone compared to respective prior expectations in CBT therapists. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in the form of an online survey. The research samples, registered cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) psychotherapists in Austria and Germany, were contacted by e-mail. Results: One hundred and ninety CBT therapists were analyzed in this study. The total number of patients treated via telephone/internet is a decisive factor for the subjective evaluation of the comparability of psychotherapy via telephone/internet and psychotherapy in personal contact. This factor also influences the extent (positive/negative) of the assessment of the actual experi...

Cyber-counselling, among its other names, is not at all new to the counselling field. Along with the emergence and advancement of computer-assisted technology, internet, and information and communications technology (ICT), the counselling field has also benefited from the use of online services in providing counselling to all. It is no longer a rare topic to discuss, but now an important area of study and service that has the ability to reach out to all people across the globe. Hence the purpose of this systematic literature review is to explore and discuss the prevalence of cybercounselling in reaching out to all possible clients and improving counselling experiences and outcomes to all. Journal articles were selected primarily from the use of SCOPUS database for the purpose of this review and its main objectives. The searching process started with a list of keywords "cyber counselling", "online counselling", "e-counselling", "e-therapy" and "face-to-face counselling". The inclusion and exclusion criteria applied with limited from the year 2012 to 2019. The subject areas selected were Psychology, Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities. A total of 22 articles were selected and included in this review study. The limitations in the use and delivery of online counselling were also reviewed which finally led to the discussion of implications of online counselling as an alternative method to counselling.

IntroductionDespite the advantages of telehealth, there has been a reluctance in its widespread adoption. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth services and related placements increased internationally. Yet, there is currently limited research on the use of telehealth for student clinical placements.AimTo explore the perceived benefits, challenges, and impacts of telehealth placements for key stakeholders (clients, students, clinical educators, and placement co-ordinators) in allied health courses.MethodsStakeholder experiences with telehealth placements, undertaken within an Australian Allied Health University Clinic, were explored in virtual focus groups held between November 2020 and March 2021. These discussions used semi-structured interview questions, were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. They were then thematically analyzed independently by two researchers, then cross-checked for consistency, using a qualitative descriptive approach, with reflexivity applied.ResultsTwe...

Many public secondary schools in Nigeria seemly do not have a well-coordinated and effective counselling programme for their learners. Most often the principal appoints any cool-headed or pious teacher to be in charge of the counselling department without proper and adequate training. The teacher assumes this dual responsibility without specific job description. For effective counselling in the best interest of Nigerian learners, a role description for school counsellor within counselling theoretical framework based on American school based policies; be it clinical, eclectic, or client-centre is direly needed in Nigeria. This study addresses the need of school-based policies to enable effective counselling programmes that call for proper implementation and ethical standards in Nigerian public secondary schools to function appropriately. It disclose slack of concrete therapeutic services as the main problem associated with counselling in secondary schools and presents a training and ...

Objective To describe the change in telemental health service volume that resulted from the introduction of the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) item numbers in 2020 for services provided by psychologists and psychiatrists in Australia for a 3-year period, from January 2019 to December 2021. Methods Quarterly MBS activity and cost data for mental health services provided by consultant psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and psychologists between January 2019 and December 2021 were extracted from the MBS statistics website. Data were grouped by profession and delivery mode (in-person, telephone or videoconference) and reported using activity counts. Descriptive analysis and interrupted time-series regression analysis were conducted. Specific descriptive explorations were also conducted for psychiatrists, including: new client consultations, review or general consultations, and group consultations. Results The delivery of mental health services by telehealth (telemental health) dur...

During lockdown in response to COVID-19, students in the Master of Psychotherapy at Auckland University of Technology were required to rapidly move their clinical work online. We surveyed these students about their experience of working clinically online. We used a mixed-methods approach and analysed qualitative data using grounded theory methods. Students found the move online challenging in terms of the technological challenges, lack of professional clinical space, and establishing and maintaining the therapeutic alliance. Students showed a strong preference for in-person (or, face-to-face) clinical work, along with scepticism about the efficacy of online therapy, though some acknowledged its convenience and others its currency and relevance. Most expressed a need for more specific training in online therapy. The literature finds equivalence between the effectiveness of in-person and online therapy. However, it acknowledges that online therapy can impose increased strain on clinic...