Copper sulfate

April June 2017 929 JCPS Volume 10 Issue 2 Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Sphaeranthus indicus with its phytochemical study Karunakar Rao Kudle*, Lavanya M, Madhukar Rao Kudle, Ramchander Merugu and M.P. Pratap Rudra Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State, India. Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda, Telangana State, India. *Corresponding author: E-Mail: karunamdt@gmail.com ABSTRACT Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous Sphaeranthus indicus L. Leaf extract at different conditions showed the nano silver formation in 15 minutes, whereas a 1:1 ratio of silver nitrate and plant extract formed silver nanoparticles in 25 minutes. The TEM results reveals that average size of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Green, Pink flower, leaf extract was found as spherical shape and 16-20 nm in size. The ph...

Abstract: Four different manufactured surface-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with coating of citrate, tannic acid, polyethylene glycol, and branched polyethylenimine were used in this study. The toxicity of surface-coated AgNPs was evaluated by a luminous microbial array for toxicity risk assessment (LumiMARA) using multi-species of luminescent bacteria. The salt stability of four different AgNPs was measured by UV absorbance at 400 nm wavelength, and different surface-charged AgNPs in combination with bacteria were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both branched polyethylenimine (BPEI)-AgNPs and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-AgNPs were shown to be stable with 2 % NaCl (non-aggregation), whereas both citrate (Cit)-AgNPs and tannic acid (Tan)-AgNPs rapidly aggregated in 2 % NaCl solution. The values of the 50 % effective concentration (EC50) for BPEI-AgNPs in marine bacteria strains (1.57 to 5.19 mg/L) were

Copper (Cu) is essential for many biological processes, but is toxic when present in excessive amounts. In this study, we provide evidence that Cu plays a crucial role in controlling tuberculosis. A Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) mutant lacking the outer membrane channel protein Rv1698 accumulated 100-fold more Cu and was more susceptible to Cu toxicity than WT Mtb . Similar phenotypes were observed for a M. smegmatis mutant lacking the homolog Ms3747, demonstrating that these mycobacterial copper transport proteins B (MctB) are essential for Cu resistance and maintenance of low intracellular Cu levels. Guinea pigs responded to infection with Mtb by increasing the Cu concentration in lung lesions. Loss of MctB resulted in a 1,000- and 100-fold reduced bacterial burden in lungs and lymph nodes, respectively, in guinea pigs infected with Mtb . In mice, the persistence defect of the Mtb mctB mutant was exacerbated by the addition of Cu to the diet. These experiments provide evidenc...

In this paper, we report on the crystal structure and the electrical and thermal transport properties of the BiCuSe1-xSxO series. From the evolution of the structural parameters with the substitution rate, we can confidently conclude that a complete solid solution exists between the BiCuSeO and BiCuSO end members, without any miscibility gap. However, the decrease of the stability of the materials when increasing the sulfur fraction, with a simultaneous volatilization, makes it difficult to obtain S-rich samples in a single phase. The band gap of the materials linearly increases between 0.8 eV for BiCuSeO and 1.1 eV in BiCuSO, and the covalent character of the Cu-Ch (Ch = chalcogen element, namely S or Se here) bond slightly decreases when increasing the sulfur fraction. The thermal conductivity of the end members is nearly the same, but a significant decrease is observed for the samples belonging to the solid solution, which can be explained by point defect scattering due to atomic mass and radii fluctuations between Se and S. When increasing the sulfur fraction, the electrical resistivity of the samples strongly increases, which could be linked to an evolution of the energy of formation of copper vacancies, which act as acceptor dopants in these materials.

Copper nanoparticles, due to their interesting properties, low cost preparation and many potential applications in catalysis, cooling fluid or conductive inks, have attracted a lot of interest in recent years. In this study, copper nanoparticles were synthesized through the chemical reduction of copper sulfate with sodium borohydride in water without inert gas protection. In our synthesis route, ascorbic acid (natural vitamin C) was employed as a protective agent to prevent the nascent Cu nanoparticles from oxidation during the synthesis process and in storage. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added and worked both as a size controller and as a capping agent. Cu nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to investigate the coordination between Cu nanoparticles and PEG. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–vis spectrometry contributed to the analysis of size and optical properties of the nanoparticles, respectively. The average crystal s...

The capacity to grow at low temperatures has allowed Listeria monocytogenes to become one of the primary food pathogens to date, representing a major public health problem worldwide. Several works have described the homeostatic response of L. monocytogenes under different copper (Cu) treatments growing at mild temperature (30 °C). The aims of this report were to evaluate if changes in the external concentration of Cu affected viability and Cu homeostasis of L. monocytogenes growing at low temperature. Ours results showed that L. monocytogenes growing at 8 °C had a reduced viability relative to 30 °C when exposed to Cu treatments. This decrease was correlated with an increase in the internal concentration of Cu, probably linked to the transcriptional down-regulation of mechanisms involved in Cu homeostasis. This combined effect of Cu and low temperature showed a synergistic impact over the viability and homeostasis of L. monocytogenes, where low temperature exacerbated the toxic effect of Cu. These results can be useful in terms of the use of Cu as an antibacterial agent.

Background Enhancement of antimicrobial plant products e.g. pomegranate extract by copper (II) sulphate is known. Such combinations have applications in various settings, including the identification of novel compositions to study, treat and control infection. Methods A combination of white tea (WT) (made allowing 10 minutes infusion time at 100°C) was combined with 4.8 mM copper (II) sulphate and tested for antimicrobial effect on the viability of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 06571. Comparisons were made with green (GT) and black (BT) teas. A WT sub-fraction (WTF < 1000 Da) was tested with copper (II) sulphate and 4.8 mM vitamin C. pH measurements of samples were taken for controls and to observe any changes due to tea/agent interaction. Catalase was used to investigate hydrogen peroxide release. UV-vis. was used to compare WT and WTF. Results A 30 minute incubation at room temperature of copper (II) sulphate alone and combined with WT reduced the viability of S. aureus NCTC 06571...

Natural products attract considerable attention in the search for novel antimicrobials, prebiotics, and antioxidants. Enhanced biological activity of natural products has been demonstrated with chemical and heat treatment. This article extends the few publications on heat treatments of plant products and combinations with adjuncts, to raise antimicrobial

In the fall of 1998 and the spring of 1999, pond enclosure studies were conducted to quantify the effects of the commercially available bacterial inocula Aqua-5™, BactaPur™, a 1998 formulation of LakePak™ WSP® and the algicides copper sulfate and diquat on phytoplankton, macroalgae, submersed macrophytes, zooplankton, bacterioplankton and sediment bacteria. One day after treatment, bacterioplankton numbers in the enclosures treated with the microbial product, Aqua-5™ were significantly augmented relative to the non-treated control, 9,300 and 2,200 cells ml -1 , respectively. Three days after treatment, bacterioplankton numbers increased in the diquat treatments to 78,000 cells ml -1 and submersed macrophytes appeared necrotic and showed signs of decomposition. Copper sulfate and diquat treatments significantly affected phytoplankton, macroalgae, submersed macrophytes and zooplankton, but applications of the microbial products Aqua-5™, BactaPur™, LakePak™ WSP® at recommended rates did not significantly affect those water quality variables. Sediment bacteria were not significantly affected by any of the treatments. Under these experimental conditions, bacterial augmentation with the products Aqua-5™, BactaPur™ and LakePak™ WSP® did not significantly reduce planktonic algae growth. These results provide no indication that inoculations of lakes and ponds with commercial preparations of the bacteria tested reduce algal growth.

Toleration of germination and embryonic growth stage to heavy elements is as a key of plant establishment under limited conditions. In this study effects of two heavy metals, cadmium and copper sulfate and their interplays were evaluated on germination and growth of A. elongatum. Therefore A. elongatum seeds after disinfectant, placed on watman paper and influenced by cadmium (10, 20 and 30 mg L -1 ) and copper sulfate (10, 20 and 30 mg L -1 ). Distilled water was used as control treatment. Each treatment had 4 replications and there were 25 seeds for each replication. Germination of seeds was evaluated everyday and growth index was determined by measuring of root length, shoot length, seedling length and seed vigurity index. Results indicated that there weren't significant differences among the treatment of germination percentage and speed but length of roots, length of shoots, length of seedling and vigurity index reduced significantly by application of these heavy metals. Root length reduced from 6.2 cm in the control to 2.4 cm at 30 mg L -1 Cd solution but it reduced from 6.3 cm in the control to 4.1 cm at 30 mg L -1 Cu solution. Shoot length was reduced from 9.2 cm in the control to 4.6cm at 30 mg L -1 Cd solution and reduced from 9.4cm in control to 5.6 cm at 30 mg/L Cu solution.

The filling of trenches in ULSI interconnect structure by electroless copper deposition was investigated for the effect of bath additives. The additive effect was found to depend strongly on the reducing agent used in the bath. Void-free trench-filling was achieved by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an inhibiting additive in the bath containing glyoxylic acid as the reducing agent, while the combined addition of 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinoline sulfonic acid (HIQSA) and PEG was necessary for achieving void-free filling in the bath containing formaldehyde as the reducing agent. The effect of PEG on trench filling in the former bath was studied in detail based on electrochemical measurements. It is suggested that the rinse water remaining in trenches before electroless deposition causes a decrease in PEG concentration at the trench bottom during copper filling. The addition of PEG was found to shift the deposition potential in the negative direction. A new potential measuring apparatus was devised and used in model experiments, which revealed that the deposition potential depends on the local concentration of PEG at the trench bottom, where it is expected to be low. The observed preferential growth of copper deposit at the trench bottom is thus attributed to the effects of the variation of PEG concentration within the trenches on the deposition rate and potential.

The analytical solution for the one-dimensional heat diffusion problem for a two-layer system, in the Beer-Lambert model for light absorption, is shown to be useful for the implementation of a novel photopyroelectric (PPE) methodology, for the measurement of thermal and optical properties for pigments in liquid solution. The PPE signal, as a function of the sample's thickness, is used for this goal. Exponential decay for the PPE amplitude, followed by a constant PPE phase, for solutions at low dye concentration and an exponential decay for the PPE amplitude but a linear PPE phase behavior for the higher concentrated ones are shown and are, respectively, used for the measurement of the optical absorption coefficient and thermal diffusivity for liquid samples. These PPE phase behaviors also provide a criterion to decide on the corresponding limit for optical and thermal properties measurement. This PPE methodology was tested by measuring the optical absorption coefficient (at 658 nm) and thermal diffusivity for solution of methylene blue and copper sulfate in distilled water at various concentrations. Independent measurements of optical properties, using a commercial spectrometer, were done to compare with the corresponding ones obtained with this PPE methodology, finding very good agreement to each other.

This study investigated the effects of a chronic exposure to a low level of copper on cell populations of the olfactory system in yearling rainbow trout. Fish were sacrificed after 15, 30 and 60 days of copper exposure. Transmission electron microscopy was used to describe the sequence of subcellular changes occurring in three tissues, the sensory epithelium, the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb. Data show that a 15-day exposure to 20 micrograms/l of copper causes specific degeneration of all mature receptor cells as well as numerous immature neurons. Moreover, degenerating receptor cells exhibited morphological features of a cell death by apoptosis. After 30 days, and more specifically after 60 days of exposure, numerous clusters of cells were observed in the basal region of the epithelium, suggesting a great mitotic activity in this area. In parallel, an increased number of maturing receptor cells and goblet cells were observed, but no fully mature neurons were noted even af...

The high population growth worldwide causes a high demand for food with an increase in the use of different agrochemicals, with pesticides and herbicides being the primary pollutants of anthropogenic origin in the environment. One of the critical aims of ecotoxicology is the evaluation of toxic effects of mixtures of chemical substances that can have additive, synergistics or antagonistics effects in different ecosystems. For this reason, the aims of this research were to: 1) estimate the individual subchronic toxicity of agrochemicals copper oxychloride [Cu2(OH)3Cl], copper sulfate (CuSO4), and glyphosate (Gly-BH) on the inhibition of population growth of the freshwater chlorophyte Scenedesmus intermedius, and 2) predict the antagonistic, synergistic, or additive behaviour of binary mixtures of Gly-BH with Cu2(OH)3Cl and CuSO4 through the Combination Index Equation (CIE). The individual toxicity order at 7 days of exposure in S. intermedius was CuSO4 (IC50 2.70 mg/l) > Gly-BH (I...

Bacopa monnieri plant extract has been used as a nerve tonic in ancient Indian folklore since ages and bacosides are the main key component behind neuro-potential of the herb. Accumulated β-amyloid protein causes the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein which in turn is the cause of tangled nerve projections in Alzheimer’s brain. However, the interaction of bacosides with amyloid protein has not been studied so far. Computational approach including docking analysis showed hydrogen bonding of bacoside molecule with important amino acid residues present in amyloid protein which proved the potential of bacoside A 3 in targeting Alzheimer’s. In addition to this, in vitro culture conditions have demonstrated their critical influence on secondary plant metabolism. Kinetic studies conducted in our experiment showed that cell suspension cultures of bacopa placed under shaking light conditions produce more bacoside content as compared to other conditions. Besides these properties, bacopa plan...

Patterned copper sulfide (Cu x S) microstructures on Si (1 1 1) wafers were successfully fabricated by a relatively simple solution growth method using copper sulfate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate and sodium thiosulfate aqueous solutions as precursors. The Cu x S particles were selectively deposited on a patterned self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane regions created by photolithography. To obtain high quality Cu x S films, preparative conditions such as concentration, proportion, pH and temperature of the precursor solutions were optimized. Various techniques such as optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction, optical absorption and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) were employed to examine the topography and properties of the micro-patterned Cu x S films. Optical microscopy and AFM results indicated that the Cu x S micro-pattern possessed high selectivity and clear edge resolution. From combined X-ray diffraction analysis and optical band gap calculations we conclude that Cu 9 S 5 (digenite) was the main phase within the resultant Cu x S film. Both SECM image and cyclic voltammograms confirmed that the Cu x S film had good electrical conductivity. Moreover, from SECM approach curve analysis, the apparent electron-transfer rate constant (k) in the micro-pattern of Cu x S dominated surface was estimated as 0.04 cm/s. The SECM current map showed high edge acuity of the micro-patterned Cu x S.

In the current study, tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) plants were exposed to various concentrations of Mn 2+ (80, 160, 320, 640 and 1280 μM) cation. In the first part, in order to obtain evidence that plants were in stress, following the Mn 2+ treatments, lipid peroxidation were determined. In the second part, to gain an idea about regulation of the CAT gene product, enzyme activities were also recorded in Mn 2+ treated tomato plants. The maximum lipid peroxidation level was determined in plants which were exposed to 1280 μM concentration of Mn 2+ contamination. Changes in lipid peroxidation and CAT enzyme activities in tomato plants exposed to different concentration of Mn 2+ contamination revealed no positive correlation. The current study revealed that, ROS induced lipid peroxidation level has depended on concentration of Mn 2+ contamination. Also, antioxidant responses to Mn 2+ contamination could be reflected as changes in CAT enzyme activity in tomato plants.

• A novel method was introduced to evaluate biocidal efficiency of nanomaterials (NMs). • Exposure to NMs is conducted in deionized water. • Tested chemicals had similar toxicity pattern to the test organisms. • Ag-and Cu-based NMs and their soluble salts proved the most toxic substances.

Specific binding of angiogenin (ANG) to calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells was demonstrated. Cellular binding at 4TC of 125-Ilabeled human recombinant ANG was time and concentration dependent, reversible, and saturable in the presence of increasing amounts of the unlabeled molecules. The interaction was shown to be specific since a large excess of unlabeled ANG reduced labeled ANG binding by >80%, whereas similar doses of RNase A, a structurally related protein, had no effect. Scatchard analyses of binding data revealed two apparent components. High-affinity sites with an apparent dissociation constant of 5 x 10-9 M were shown to represent cell-specific interactions. The second component, comprising low-affinity/high-capacity sites with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.2 x 10-6 M, was essentially associ- ated with pericellular components. High-affinity ANG binding sites varied with cell density and were found on other endo- thelial cells from bovine aorta, cornea, and adrenal cortex capillary but not on Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Divalent copper, a modulator of angiogenesis, was found to induce a severalfold increase in specific cell-bound radioactivity. Pla- cental ribonuclease inhibitor, a tight-binding inhibitor of both ribonucleolytic and angiogenic activities of ANG, abolished

Specific binding of angiogenin (ANG) to calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells was demonstrated. Cellular binding at 4 degrees C of 125I-labeled human recombinant ANG was time and concentration dependent, reversible, and saturable in the presence of increasing amounts of the unlabeled molecules. The interaction was shown to be specific since a large excess of unlabeled ANG reduced labeled ANG binding by 80%, whereas similar doses of RNase A, a structurally related protein, had no effect. Scatchard analyses of binding data revealed two apparent components. High-affinity sites with an apparent dissociation constant of 5 x 10(-9) M were shown to represent cell-specific interactions. The second component, comprising low-affinity/high-capacity sites with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.2 x 10(-6) M, was essentially associated with pericellular components. High-affinity ANG binding sites varied with cell density and were found on other endothelial cells from bovine aorta, cornea, ...

The efficiency of chemical mechanical or electrochemical mechanical planarization (CMP or ECMP) carried out in the fabrication of integrated circuits is largely governed by the functional chemicals used in these processes. In this work, we study the individual and combined chemical and electrochemical effects of a selected set of such chemicals that can potentially support both CMP and ECMP of copper. These chemicals include acetic acid (HAc) as a complexing agent, H2O2 as an oxidizer, and ammonium dodecyl sulfate (ADS) as a dissolution inhibitor. Surface passivating effects of ADS under both CMP (open circuit) and ECMP (voltage activated) conditions are compared with those of a standard dissolution inhibitor for Cu, benzotriazole (BTAH), and the combined effects of a BTAH-ADS mixture also are explored. The experiments are performed in the absence of mechanical polishing using static and rotating Cu disc electrodes, and electro-dissolution of Cu for ECMP is activated using a voltage pulse modulation technique. A mechanism of surface reactions is proposed to describe the relative roles of HAc, H2O2, ADS and BTAH as electrolyte components for CMP and ECMP of Cu.

This study reports an investigation of the effect of the anode surface area on the performance of a single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC) based biosensor for measuring the organic content of wastewater. A packed bed of graphite granules was used as the anode. The surface area of the anode was changed by altering the granule bed thickness (0.3 cm and 1 cm). The anode surface area was found to play a role in the dynamic response of the system. For a granule bed thickness of 1 cm and with an external resistance of 500 Ω, the response time (defined as the time required to achieve 95% of the steady-state current) was reduced by approximately 65% in comparison to a SCMFC biosensor with a carbon cloth anode.

A number of amino acid methyl esters have been coupled to N-acetylpenicillamine to give a range of sulfur-containing dipeptides. These have been nitrosated to give a family of structurally related NOdonor drugs. The catalytic effect of copper ions upon the release of NO from these compounds is much less than that upon S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. However, all the nitrosated dipeptides respond in a similar way with little variation in the value of k Cu . On the other hand, the vasodilator action of these compounds and the inhibiting effect of hemoglobin do vary quite considerably within the family. It is suggested that this indicates some tissue penetration by these drugs.

A number of amino acid methyl esters have been coupled to N-acetylpenicillamine to give a range of sulfur-containing dipeptides. These have been nitrosated to give a family of structurally related NOdonor drugs. The catalytic effect of copper ions upon the release of NO from these compounds is much less than that upon S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. However, all the nitrosated dipeptides respond in a similar way with little variation in the value of k Cu . On the other hand, the vasodilator action of these compounds and the inhibiting effect of hemoglobin do vary quite considerably within the family. It is suggested that this indicates some tissue penetration by these drugs.

In the present study, we confirmed that copper ions induce oxidative damage in human astrocytes in culture, as demonstrated by the significant increase in the levels of hydroperoxides and in the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent probe dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate (H 2 DCFDA). The compositional changes were associated with a significant decrease in cell viability in astrocytes treated with 10 AM Cu + + with respect to control cells. Astrocytes incubated with copper ions in the presence of high density lipoproteins (HDL) isolated from plasma of normolipemic subjects showed lower levels of hydroperoxides and a higher cell viability with respect to cells oxidized alone. Moreover, a significant decrease in the levels of hydroperoxides was observed in oxidized astrocytes treated with HDL. These results demonstrate that HDL exert a protective role against lipid peroxidation. The protective effect could be related to the ability of HDL to bind metal ions at the lipoprotein surface and/or to a stimulation of the efflux of lipid hydroperoxides from cell membranes as demonstrated in other cell types. Oxidative damage of astrocytes was induced at a copper concentration similar to that observed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD). Lipoprotein particles similar for density and chemical composition to plasma HDL were recently isolated in human CSF, therefore, the protective role exerted by HDL against Cu + +induced oxidative damage of astrocytes could be of physiological relevance.

The growing demand for effective and environmentally friendly phenol removal methods has led to a growing interest in investigating the potential of using biomass-derived activated carbon. This research investigated the absorption process of phenol from wastewater using activated carbon adsorbents and activated carbon modified with copper in a batch system. Activated carbon was obtained from paper mill black liquor. The pore structure and morphology of unmodified and modified samples were investigated by BET and SEM. Modifying activated carbon with copper increased the specific surface area from 283.2 to 517.5 m2/g. The inhomogeneity in the modified AC absorbent surface is less compared to AC, and it also has a more regular surface in terms of particle size uniformity. The ability of prepared adsorbents to remove phenol in aqueous medium was evaluated by examining the effects of parameters such as adsorbent amount, pH, solution concentration, contact time, temperature effect. Based on the results, it was found that AC/Cu shows the highest adsorption rate after coming in contact with phenol solution with a concentration of 100 ppm for one hour at an optimal pH of 8. The adsorption of phenol by AC/Cu is consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The absorption of phenol by the modified AC depends on the temperature and is an endothermic process. The increase in the amount of phenol removal with increasing temperature is more in AC/Cu. The study of the adsorbent saturation in the column system showed that AC/Cu is able to absorb more than 95% of the phenol solution with a concentration of 100 ppm up to a volume of 2700 mL. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the field and pave the way for further research in the future.

Transition Metal Complexes of Mn(II),Co(II) and Ni(II) with Schiff base derived from 4 chloroaniline and Salicylaldehyde were synthesized and characterized by conductivity measurement, magnetic susceptibility, infrared spectra, metal solubility test. The Schiff base and its metal complexes were tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and fungal activity against A and Mucor species. The low molar conductance values range (16 that all the complexes are non electrolytes. The magnetic susceptibility revealed that all the complexes are paramagnetic in nature. The complexes. The infrared spectra suggested that the Schiff base behaves as a bidentate ligand. The antimicrobial studies revealed moderate activity against the tested organism when compared with the standards (Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole), and this activity increases by increasing concentration. And also the Metal Complexes showed higher activity than free Ligand due to chelation.

Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic endotoxins produced by cyanobacteria such as Microcystis that can cause both ecological and human health risks, as well as economic losses in freshwater resources. The use of copper-based algaecides to manage MC-producing cyanobacteria is sometimes limited due to perceived risks of MC release from cyanobacterial cells and persistence of toxins in water resources. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of copper concentration and form on MC release and persistence, as well as potential consequences of "no-action" management decisions (i.e. no treatment). To achieve these objectives, a tiered approach was employed utilizing both laboratory and field experiments and the commonly problematic microcystin-LR (MC-LR) producing cyanobacterium, Microcystis. In experiments that investigated MC release, a positive relationship was measured between copper concentrations and aqueous MC in both laboratory and field experiments. The positive relationship between copper v ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION This dissertation consists of six chapters including the Introduction and Conclusion chapters. The body is comprised of four independent manuscripts formatted for publication in scientific journals. Therefore, some redundancy of material may be required. CHAPTER II: Cellular and Aqueous Microcystin-LR Following Laboratory Exposures of Microcystis aeruginosa to Copper Algaecides Published in Chemosphere (March 2016) CHAPTER III: Comparison of Laboratory and Field Responses of the Microcystin Producing Cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp.) to Copper-Based Algaecide Exposures In review (September 2016) CHAPTER IV: Influence of Copper Algaecide Concentration and Formulation on Microcystin-LR Degradation In review (September 2016) CHAPTER V: Microcystin-LR Release and Degradation Following Exposures of M. aeruginosa to a Chelated Copper Algaecide In review (November 2016) positive relationship between copper concentration and aqueous MC-LR at 0.07-1.0mg Cu/L demonstrates that lower copper concentrations were as effective as higher concentrations in controlling M. aeruginosa while decreasing the total amount of MC-LR, and minimizing the proportion of MC-LR released to the aqueous-phase. Results serve to support more accurate risk evaluations of MC-LR concentrations when M. aeruginosa is exposed to copper-algaecides and when it is untreated.

Copper algaecide exposures in situ are often of shorter duration than exposures for static toxicity experiments because aqueous concentrations in situ dissipate as a function of site-specific fate processes. Consequently, responses of organisms to static copper exposures may overestimate effects following in situ exposures. To understand the role of exposure duration for altering responses, Pimephales promelas survival was compared following static (96 h) and pulse (1.5, 4, 8, and 15 h halflives) exposures of CuSO 4 •5H 2 O. Copper concentrations sorbed by fry indicated a consequence of different exposures. Responses of P. promelas to static exposures resulted in 96 h LC 50 s of 166 µgCu/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 142-189 µgCu/L) as soluble copper and 162 µgCu/L (CI, 140-183 µgCu/L) as acid soluble copper. Relative to static 96 h LC 50 s, exposures with half-lives of 1.5, 4 and 8 h resulted in LC 50 s 10, 3 and 2 times greater, respectively, for responses measured 96 h after exposure initiation. Copper concentrations extracted from fry exposed for 1.5, 4 and 8 h half-lives were less than the static experiment. However, copper sorbed by fry in the 15 h half-life experiment was not different than the static experiment. The relationship between 96 h LC 50 and 1/half-life was expressed using the equations y = 116 + 1360 × (R 2 = 0.97) for soluble copper and y = 147 + 1620 × (R 2 = 0.98) for acid soluble copper. Incorporation of exposure duration for predictions of P. promelas responses to copper pulse exposures increases prediction accuracy by an order of magnitude.

Cu concentration influenced extent of MC-LR release from M. aeruginosa. Cu concentration and aqueous MC-LR have positive, sigmoidal relationship. Total MC-LR decreased or was unchanged compared to control 5 days after Cu exposure. Total microcystin-LR increased with cell density in untreated samples.

Copper algaecide exposures in situ are often of shorter duration than exposures for static toxicity experiments because aqueous concentrations in situ dissipate as a function of site-specific fate processes. Consequently, responses of organisms to static copper exposures may overestimate effects following in situ exposures. To understand the role of exposure duration for altering responses, Pimephales promelas survival was compared following static (96 h) and pulse (1.5, 4, 8, and 15 h half-lives) exposures of CuSO•5HO. Copper concentrations sorbed by fry indicated a consequence of different exposures. Responses of P. promelas to static exposures resulted in 96 h LCs of 166 µgCu/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 142-189 µgCu/L) as soluble copper and 162 µgCu/L (CI, 140-183 µgCu/L) as acid soluble copper. Relative to static 96 h LCs, exposures with half-lives of 1.5, 4 and 8 h resulted in LCs 10, 3 and 2 times greater, respectively, for responses measured 96 h after exposure initiatio...

Copper exposures from algaecide applications in aquatic systems are hypothesized to impede bacterial degradation of microcystin (MC), a cyanobacterial produced hepatotoxin. Despite regulatory implications of this hypothesis, limited data exist on influences of copper-exposures on MC-degrading bacteria and consequent MC-degradation. In this study, influences of copper-algaecide concentrations and formulations on bacterial composition and microcystin-LR (MCLR) degradation were investigated. Microcystis aeruginosa was exposed to four concentrations (0-5.0 mg Cu L-1) of three copper-algaecide formulations, and rates and extents of MCLR degradation were measured. In untreated controls and following exposures of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg Cu L-1, MCLR concentrations decreased at a rate of ~41-53 µg MCLR/L d -1 . Following exposure to 5.0 mg Cu L-1 MCLR degradation rates decreased an order of magnitude to ~3-7 µg MCLR/L d -1 . Bacterial diversity decreased following copper-exposures greater than 0.1 mg Cu L-1 for all formulations. Relative abundance of certain groups of MC-degrading bacteria identified in treatments increased with increasing copper concentration, suggesting they may be less sensitive to copper exposures than other, MCLR and non MC-degrading heterotrophic bacteria present in the assemblage. Results from this study revealed that copper concentration can influence degradation rates of MCLR, however this influence was not significant within copper concentrations currently registered for use (≤1.0mg Cu L-1) of the tested algaecides. Copper formulation did not significantly alter degradation rates or bacterial composition. These data augment our understanding of the influences of copper algaecide-exposures on MCLR degradation, and can be used to inform more accurate risk evaluations and use of copper-algaecides for management of MCLR-producing cyanobacteria.

Microcystis aeruginosa is a widespread, toxin producing cyanobacterium that causes negative ecological, economical, and human health impacts. The use of polyacrylamides (PAM) as an algal control is gaining notice and attention. Previous work with PAM has shown anionic PAMs to be ineffective or less effective than cationic PAMs at flocculating algal cell due to the opposing negative charges of the PAM and the cell. In this study the 703d#3 Floc Log, an anionic PAM blend with a cationic bridging agent, was used to treat Microcystis aeruginosa and the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The treatment reduced cell number and chlorophyll a concentrations significantly in M. aeruginosa and the non-target comparison species P. subcapitata. The extent of the reductions varied depending on the initial cell density of the samples as well as the day after sampling the measurements was taken. The treatment was more effective at lower cell concentrations and the majority of reductions occurred immediately after treatment. Anionic PAMs can be effective at flocculating cyanobacteria when a cationic bridging material is present. It is a viable option for treatment and provides a safer alternative to cationic PAMs which have a higher toxicity to fish. ii Copyright by Kyla Jayne Iwinski 2013 iii DEDICATION My Thesis study is dedicated to my family. A special thanks to my parents, Joyce and Steve Iwinski for their endless support and guidance. Also to my sisters Virginia and Seva Iwinski, they are not only my sisters, but my colleagues and friends. I also want to dedicate this to my Marquette family for keeping me grounded, happy and making the many hours working at the kitchen table much more enjoyable. First of all I would like to thank my adviser Dr. Mac Strand for his help, guidance, and for support through the years. Without him I would not have had the opportunity to begin this journey let alone finish it. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Donna Becker and Dr. Erich Ottem for reviewing my thesis as well as their expertise. Dr. Becker was integral in learning culturing techniques and provided valuable knowledge on microorganisms. Without Dr. Ottem I would not have been able to obtain the confocal images that added a new and exciting dimension to my project. I would like to thank Dr. John Rebers for teaching me direct cell counts and for taking the time to review my thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Jill Leonard for her guidance and support throughout my entire graduate school experience. I want to acknowledge the time that Jing F. Niu spent helping me with equipment and instruments, working through laboratory procedures, and for always showing an interest in me and my project. I would also like to thank Applied Polymer Systems, Inc. for supplying me with materials as well as their time and information. Finally I would like to thank my family. Without their love and emotional as well as financial support this would not have been possible.

Cu concentration influenced extent of MC-LR release from M. aeruginosa. Cu concentration and aqueous MC-LR have positive, sigmoidal relationship. Total MC-LR decreased or was unchanged compared to control 5 days after Cu exposure. Total microcystin-LR increased with cell density in untreated samples.

Release of microcystin from algal cells influences use of copper-algaecides in water resources. Accurate data regarding relationships between copper-algaecide exposures and responses of microcystin-producing algae are needed to make informed management decisions. Responses of Microcystis aeruginosa were measured in terms of cellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR), aqueous MC-LR, and chlorophyll-a following exposure to concentrations of CuSO4 and copper-ethanolamine. Comparisons were made between treated and untreated samples, and copper formulations. EC50s and slopes for M. aeruginosa responses to copper exposures were calculated. Algal responses followed a sigmoidal exposure-response relationship, and cellular MC-LR and chlorophyll-a were negatively related to copper concentrations. Aqueous MC-LR increased with copper concentrations, although the increase in aqueous MC-LR was not proportional to decreases in cellular MC-LR and chlorophyll-a. Cellular MC-LR and chlorophyll a declined at a g...

This study was concerned with the role of copper (Cu) and Cu-metallothionein (Cu-MT) in oxidative stress. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced oxidative injury was examined in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells isolated from host mice pretreated with 0, 1 or 2 mg of CuSO 4 (ip) 24 h earlier. Control Ehrlich cells contained low levels of Cu and Cu treatment produced dose-related increases in cellular Cu and Cu-MT levels and corresponding increases in sensitivity to oxidative toxicity of H 2 O 2 (LC 50 , cell blebbing, lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion, and increase in intracellular free [Ca 2+ ] i ). Hydrogen peroxide treatment also resulted in the oxidation of MT thiolates, reduction in the binding of Cu to MT resulting in translocation of Cu to other subcellular sites. d-penicillamine, a Cuchelating agent, obliterated the sensitization effect of Cu-pretreatment and reduced the redistribution of MT-bound Cu, suggesting the participation of Cu ions derived from MT in promoting oxidant stress. Additional experiments with desferoxamine and mannitol have revealed the involvement of a Cu-dependent Fenton reaction in the mediation of the prooxidative effect of Cu-MT. These data suggest that cells with high levels of Cu-MT may be particularly susceptible to oxidative stress.

This work aims to evaluate the response of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var. Rio Grande) to treatment with zinc and accumulation (trace element) in the roots and leaves of young plants. This is done by analyzing the effects of zinc on the rate of chlorophyll and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (CAT, GST, APX). Plants previously grown on a basic nutrient solution is treated by increasing concentrations of ZnSO (0, 50, 100, 250, 500 microM) for 07 days. The results show that Zn does 4 not affect the amount of chlorophyll at 50 and 100 microns, while it seems to inhibit the higher concentrations (250 and 500 microns). On the other hand, treatment with zinc induced the activity of enzymes studied, namely (CAT, APX, GST) especially for higher concentrations. Finally, the determination of zinc in the roots and leaves of tomato shows a greater accumulation in the roots compared to leaves.

A transcriptional fusion of the Escherichia coli uspA promoter to luxCDABE was characterized and compared with a heat shock-responsive grpE'::lux fusion. Similarities in range and rank order of inducing conditions were observed; however, the magnitude of induction was typically greater for the grpE'::lux fusion strain.

Escherichia coli strains carrying transcriptional fusions of four sigma 32-controlled E. coli heat shock promoters to luxCDABE or lacZ reporter genes were stressed by chemicals added singly or in pairs. Much more than additive induction resulted from combinations of cadmium chloride, copper sulfate, ethanol, formamide, 4-nitrophenol, and pentachlorophenol.

Zebrafish is an excellent model organism for studying tissue alterations caused by Bothrops alternatus venom (BAV) and for screening new anti-venom drugs. To study tissue alterations following exposure to BAV and the roles that glucocorticoids play in these tissue reactions, zebrafish were randomly divided into five groups: the free injection control group (FIC), the phosphate-buffered saline injection control group (PIC), the venom injected group (VI), the group treated with dexamethasone 1 h before venom injection (D1hBVI) and the group treated with dexamethasone 1 h after venom injection (D1hAVI). The concentration of BAV injected was 0.13 mg/mL and each fish received an injection of 20 μL. Body weight measurements and histopathological characteristics of the gills, kidneys, liver, and intestine were determined. Histopathological analyses showed necrosis, inflammation and weight gain in animals that received BAV. The histological alteration indices of the gills, liver, kidneys, a...

In this study, a series of rhodanine derivatives containing various substituents was synthesized and tested for in vitro algicidal activity. Among the tested substituent groups, phenyl substituents with halogen groups showed good inhibitory potency. Furthermore, the compound with chlorine at the C2 position of the phenyl ring exhibited a higher algicidal effect than the compound with chlorine at the C3 position of the phenyl ring. Among the various rhodanine derivatives tested, 5-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)rhodanine (compound 20) was the most potent inhibitor against M. aeruginosa with a lethal concentration 50 (LC 50) value of 0.65 μM and Selenastrum capricornutum with an LC 50 value of 0.82 μM. To verify the feasibility of their use in ecosystems, 25 h of acute ecotoxicity tests were carried out for three derivatives against Danio rerio and Daphnia magna. No mortality was observed in groups exposed to 2.0 μM of compound 20 after 100 h of exposure. Moreover, a survival rate of 100% was observed in D. magna exposed to 2 μM of compound 20 for 100 h. Overall, the results show that rhodanine derivatives are a possible method for controlling and inhibiting harmful algal blooms.

- Cotton and cotton-hemp fabrics bleached entirely chlorine free, using polyoxometalates (POMs), were finished using antibacterial agents (nano-sized silver and TiO2) to obtain environmental-friendly and skin friendly textile products. The effectivenes of antibacterial fabrics was tested both through qualitative (AATCC-147) method for screening and quantitative (AATCC-100) method, against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (Gram +) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (Gram -). Results showed an excellent laundering durability of bacteriostasis for silver treated fabrics. Bacteriocidal activity against S. aureus is more important than against E. coli to both TiO2 and silver finishing agents and for both types of fabrics tested.

Laccase production in γ -proteobacterium JB was enhanced 13-fold by adding 0.1 mM CuSO 4 24 h after the onset of growth. Ethidium bromide (2.5 µM), Malachite Green, Phenol Red and Thymol Blue (10 µM each) enhanced laccase production 17-, 19-, 4-and 2-fold, respectively. Among the fourteen aromatic/organic compounds tried, p-aminobenzoic acid and an industrial effluent, from where the organism was isolated, showed 1.2-and 1.26-fold increases in production.