Content Authentication

As generative AI technologies become more prevalent across creative and industrial sectors, their impact on content creation and ethical implications have gained unprecedented significance. This paper examines the transformative landscape of generative AI, addressing critical challenges including copyright ownership, content authenticity, algorithmic bias and the potential for misinformation. It explores how these technologies are reshaping traditional creative processes while raising fundamental questions about intellectual property rights and creative attribution. Through analysis of current industry practices and emerging regulatory frameworks, this paper evaluates strategies for responsible AI deployment, particularly within the U.S. IT sector where development and governance intersect. By examining both technological capabilities and ethical considerations, this research contributes to the ongoing dialogue about balancing innovation with responsible development. The paper emphasizes the necessity of establishing comprehensive guidelines that protect creative integrity while fostering technological advancement, ultimately arguing for a collaborative approach between industry leaders and policymakers to ensure generative AI serves society's best interests while minimizing potential harm.

The rapid proliferation of online news channels has significantly transformed how individuals access and consume news. This study evaluates the preferences of online news channels and the perceived content credibility among staff of Federal Polytechnic Offa. The research adopts a survey design, with a structured questionnaire administered to collect data from the institution's academic and non-academic staff. Findings reveal that while convenience, timeliness, and ease of access drive preference for online news, skepticism about the credibility of content persists. Respondents frequently rely on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter for updates, followed by dedicated news websites such as Premium Times and Punch Online. However, concerns about misinformation, bias, and the lack of verifiable sources were cited as significant barriers to trusting online news. The study concludes that while online news channels are indispensable for timely information, improving transparency, accountability, and fact-checking processes is crucial to enhancing their credibility. Recommendations include implementing digital literacy programs to equip users with the skills to critically evaluate online content and urging news outlets to adopt stringent editorial standards to build trust.

Data hiding is method where secret data is embedded into an original image in a reversible manner. Usually RDH spatial-domain photographs are encrypted. The reversible data hiding can thought as a data carrier that hide secret information .The proposed system encrypts the JPEG bit stream in to an ordered structure. Then it embeds secret information by adjusting the JPEG BIT stream. The bits for data hiding are then identified. To have an ideal knowledge removal and picture recovery, error correction codes are used in coding the secret data. Encryption and embedding keys are used in encryption and embedding purpose. The message bits are encoded and embedded into the encrypted bit stream by changing the appended bits. Using the encryption and embedding keys, the receiver may remove the data and completely restore the original image. Once embedding key is missing, the initial picture could be more or less recovered with adequate quality without removing the hidden data.

Digital watermarking is the newfangled idea in digital media. As the replication and modification of digital media content is done frequently and without any significant obstruction, secrecy and authenticity become vulnerable to attacks. In the information hiding community digital watermarking has achieved immense popularity due to its righteous stronghold against piracy and non-repudiation. Many watermarking algorithm has been developed in recent years. From the context of the purposes, as they serve, they differ from each other. In this paper we focus on digital watermarking technique & algorithm for digital watermarking technique using discrete wavelet transformation.

In recent times, the transmission and storage of digital documents/information over the unsecured channel ar huge issues and nearly all of the digital documents ar compressed before they're hold on or transmitted to avoid wasting the information measure necessities. There ar several similar process operations performed throughout watermarking and compression that cause process redundancy and time delay. This demands development of joint watermarking and compression theme for varied transmission contents. during this paper, we tend to propose a way for image watermarking throughout JPEG compression to handle the best trade off between major performance parameters as well as embedding and compression rates, hardiness and embedding alterations against totally different familiar signal process attacks. The performance of the planned technique is extensively evaluated within the sort of peak signal to noise quantitative relation (PSNR), correlation, compression quantitative relation ...

Recently, the use of data hiding in hiding annotations, confidential data, or side information into multimedia attracts the attention of researchers in various fields, especially in digital library. One of the essential tasks in digital library is the digitization of arts together with the corresponding textural descriptions. Although there are some standard interleaving algorithms for hiding the relating textural description into an image or video, the textural information is still prone to be accessed and extracted by hackers. Most of the traditional data hiding schemes focus on the recovery of covert information. The common shortcoming is that the original image will be distorted due to the processing of bit-substitution, quantization and truncation. In this paper, three novel data hiding methods are proposed. The first two methods are implemented based on pair-wise logical computation (PWLC) and pixel decomposition by treating R, G, B bands and the intensity component as spatial domains and the third method is implemented by considering and utilizing the phase difference information in the hue and saturation components in the HSI color system. All of the three methods can achieve the goals of complete recovering of covert information and lossless reconstruction of original image simultaneously. In addition, it also obtains high data hiding capacity and good visual quality. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and validity of our proposed method in the data hiding of color images.

Digital watermarking is one of the ways to prove the ownership and the authenticity of the media. However, some applications, such as medical and military, are sensitive to distortion, this highlights the needs of lossless watermarking. In this paper, we propose a new lossless data hiding algorithm in delta domain. A MSE discount is obtained by using checkerboard-pattern watermark sequences. The PSNR between the watermarked image and the original image is high and there is no "salt-and-peppers" artifact. The proposed algorithm can be extended to withstand the JPEG attack.

This is a book about Windows application development in C++. It addresses some rather difficult problems that occur during the development of advanced applications. Most books in this genre have many short code examples. This one has only four main code examples, but rather extensive ones. They are presented in increasing complexity order. The simplest one is the Tetris application, which deals with graphics, timing, and message handling. The Draw application adds a generic coordinate system and introduces more complex applications states. The Calc application deals with formula interpretation and graph searching. Finally, in the Word application every character is allowed to hold its own font and size, resulting in a rather complex size and position calculation. The book starts with an introduction to object-oriented programming in C++, followed by an overview of the Visual Studio environment with the Ring demonstration application as well as a presentation of some basic generic classes. Then the main applications are presented in one chapter each. What This Book Covers Chapter1. Introduction to C++-C++ is a language built on C. It is strongly typed; it has types for storing single as well as compound values. It supports dynamic memory management with pointers. It has a large set of operators to perform arithmetic, logical, and bitwise operations. The code can be organized into functions, and there is a pre-processor available, which can be used to define macros. Chapter 2. Object-oriented Programming in C++-C++ is an object-oriented language that fully supports the object-oriented model. The main feature of the language is the class, which can be instantiated into objects. A class can inherit another class. The inheritance can be virtual, which provides dynamic binding. A class can contain an object or have a pointer to another object. We can overload operators and we can throw exceptions. We can create generic classes by using templates and we can organize our classes into namespaces.

This study explores the interaction between users and content on the ‘Daily Trust Hausa’ and ‘Vanguard Hausa’ cloned pages of the authentic ‘Daily Trust’ and ‘Vanguard’ newspapers on Facebook, with a focus on the prevalence of fake news and its implications for media trust. Using a survey methodology with a sample of 400 respondents selected purposively from the postgraduate student population across four public universities in the north-west of Nigeria, namely Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Zaria, Bayero University, Kano (BUK) and Usman Dan Fodio University, Sokoto (UDUS), the research examines the frequency of visits, encounters with posts and the users’ ability to discern fake news. The findings reveal a high engagement with these pages, yet a significant concern over the authenticity of news articles, leading to a cautious and sceptical approach towards online news sources. The implications of these results are profound, suggesting a need for enhanced content moderation, fact-checking measures and media literacy campaigns, particularly within the Nigerian digital media landscape. The study underscores the importance of journalistic integrity and collaborative efforts to combat misinformation, which is crucial for maintaining public discourse integrity and fostering informed citizenship globally.

In this paper, a novel watermarking technique for the tamper detection of text images is pro- posed. Entropy of every sentence is computed and Markov matrix using the occurrences of the characters is used to generate a character pattern. Entropy and character patterns are converted to Unicode Zero Width Characters (ZWCs) by using a lookup table. The ZWCs of entropy of each sentence is embedded at the end of every sentence after terminator. ZWCs of the character patterns are embedded in the end of the text of the image. On receiver side, ZWCs are extracted and converted to numerical form using the same lookup table. Entropy of every sentence and character patterns are recalculated and compared with extracted values for tamper detection. Comparison of technique with existing state-of-art techniques shows the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

In a world connected through a myriad of communication media, such as mobile phones and the Internet, it is extremely important that confidential information traveling across public networks reaches its destination with privacy preserved. This paper proposes an optimization of a method for data encryption using images that explore the random spatial distribution of pixel gray levels of an image. For the optimized method test, text messages were created in Portuguese. Although the encryption time of the proposed algorithm is still higher than AES and RSA, the encryption time improved as much as 39% in the tests.

Digital image content authentication addresses the problem of detecting any illegitimate modification on the content of images. To cope with this problem, a novel semifragile watermarking scheme using the pinned sine transform (PST) is presented in this paper. The watermarking system can localize the portions of a watermarked image that have been tampered maliciously with high accuracy as well as approximately recover it. In particular, the watermarking scheme is very sensitive to any texture alteration in the watermarked images. The interblock relationship introduced in the process of PST renders the watermarking scheme resistant to content cutting and pasting attacks. The watermark can still survive slight nonmalicious manipulations, which is desirable in some practical applications such as legal tenders. Simulation results demonstrated that the probability of tamper detection of this authentication scheme is higher than 98%, and it is less sensitive to legitimate image processing operations such as compression than that of the equivalent DCT scheme.

Reversible data hiding (RDH) techniques for JPEG images have big challenges in order to improve the capacity, quality, and flexible embedding method. In this paper, we propose a new RDH algorithm using combination of selected DCT coefficients strategy with quantization tables. In order to further reduce the distortion, we survey the effect of quantized process on DCT coefficients for making the strategy of selection the embedding DCT coefficients. Compared to the conventional method, our experimental results show that our proposed method has better performance in terms of both the increasing capacity and improving the quality of embedded JPEG images after data embedding.

Research focuses on the perceptions of engineers towards highway projects contract types' (CTs) performance and their respective selection criteria (SC). A questionnaire survey evaluated the CTs against the selected criteria. The SPSS database's sample consisted of 91 engineers from Greece and abroad. Factor analysis identified groups of selection criteria representing the performance of each CT and reflecting the engineers' perceptions. Patterns of changes in engineers' assessment of the contract types' performance were noted and justified. Apart from the total sample, analysis considered participants' subgroups, such as Greek and foreign engineers, and experienced engineers in the private and public sector. Nationality and experience of participants influence the factors' content. Moreover, a number of criteria tend to cluster together irrespective of CT and engineers' profile. These pairs of criteria include all uncertainties' criteria, Scope and Process Uncertainty, Contractual Difficulties and Claims, and finally Value for Money and Criticality of Schedule.

In the study of content authentication and tamper detection of digital text documents, there are very limited techniques available for content authentication of text documents using digital watermarking techniques. A novel intelligent text zero watermarking approach based on probabilistic patterns has been proposed in this paper for content authentication and tamper detection of English text documents. In the proposed approach, Markov model of order THREE and letter-based was constructed and abbreviated as LNMZW3 for text analysis and utilizes the interrelationship between contents of given text to generate the watermark. However, we can extract this watermark later using extraction and detection algorithms to identify the status of text document such as authentic, or tampered. The proposed approach was implemented using PHP Programming language with Net Beans IDE 7.0. Furthermore, the effectiveness and feasibility of our LNMZW3 approach has proved and compared with other recent approaches with experiments using five datasets of varying lengths and different volumes of attacks. Results show that the proposed approach is always detects tampering attacks occurred randomly on text even when the tampering volume is low, mid or high. Comparative results with the recent approaches shows that the our LNMZW3 approach provides added value under random insertion and deletion attacks in terms of performance, watermark robustness and watermark security. However, it is provide worst enhancement under reorder attacks.

In order to authenticate the authenticity and integrity of watermark, a fragile watermarking algorithm is proposed for the content authentication of digital media products. First, the watermark is embedded into the least significant bit (LSB) of the pixel of the host image, and then the hash value is generated by the Hash function form the watermark information and is saved the text, Then the watermark hash value is embedded into the image of the carrier. On the authentication side, After extracting the watermark information and the Watermark Digest information, the extracted watermark information is generated by the hash function to generate a new set of watermark summary information, and compared with the extracted watermark information. The experimental results show that the fragile watermarking algorithm can achieve good authentication capability.

Recent advancement in data transfer and networking techniques has put forward a considerable threat for secure data transfer. It is the sensitive information that flows via network fuels the engine of global economy. One of the main concerns in data communication is the ability to exchange information in a secured fashion and embed the information of interest in any multimedia carrier like audio, video and an image. The proposed work is an ideal modernistic novel approach for secured sensitive information communication over an encrypted color host image carrying exceptionally confidential data. Distortion less retrieval of both payload and host signal information from marked image is an appealing feature in scenarios like medical, Military and satellite applications. Reversibility not only assures zero error retrieval of sensitive information hidden and also perfect reconstruction of host medium information contents while safeguarding the confidentiality of secret information. Most popular and widely in use Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) stream cipher in Counter mode is used for encrypting the cover image content, by performing XOR operation over cover image information bits with key dependent pseudorandom bits. Signal Processing over the encrypted domain is one of the most demanding features for most of the privacy preserving applications like cloud computing and remote sensing. High Embedding capability is achieved through Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression technique. High performance reversible data hiding technique is assured via public key modulation scheme. Two of the most powerful image classifiers Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms are used at the decoder end to distinguish between encrypted and non encrypted image blocks. Performance evaluation of image classifiers is done, considering their ability to accurately categorize image patches as encrypted and unencrypted using feature vectors. Features used for ca tegorizing encrypted and unencrypted image blocks are variation of pixel intensity in all four directions, entropy, standard deviation a nd histogram plot of segmented image blocks. Proposed algorithm comes with a unique feature of simultaneous retrieval of both host image and payload information in an error free fashion with zero distortion. Proposed algorithm is proven more secured considering several security attacks as evaluation parameters. Few of Cryptanalysis and Steganalysis techniques considered to verify the security feature of proposed algorithm are Sample pair analysis (SPA), Number of changing pixel rate (NPCR), Unified averaged changed intensity (UACI) and Chisquare attack.

Watermarking has been used time and again for authentication & security of images. Many watermarking Techniques have evolved over a period of last 20 years in the field of information Security. Watermarking embeds identifying information in an image, which is not always hidden, in such a manner that it cannot easily be removed. It can also contain device control code that prevents illegal recording. Another application of watermarking is copyright control, in which an image owner seeks to prevent illegal copying of the image. Watermarking techniques can be classified into two types 1. Spatial & 2. Frequency Domain. In this work we propose to design a new watermarking technique in which Message Digest of a Moving Image will be calculated & then it will be embedded into the Image using LSB technique. So the Message Digest of a Moving Image will act is its own watermark. Keywords—Watermarking; Image; Message Digest; LSB; styling;

In this article, due to the importance of embedding encrypted information in the image, a watermarking method is proposed based on local statistics in pixels. The advantages of the proposed method include its complete reversibility and very high security, which is due to the use of the quadtree concept, finding similar parts in the image, and embedding information in low-energy and less significant pixels. This method is an alternative and simplifier of the quadtree method, dividing the image into identical non-overlapping blocks and then choosing the block with less energy as more suitable for watermarking. Also, two criteria of mean-squared-error and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) have been calculated and the PSNR shows that image quality has not changed too much after hiding the information than the original image. It should be noted that since the proposed method is applied to black and white images, the result can be generalized to different color channels in the image, and color images have more visible capabilities in terms of cached memory than black and white images because they contain three dimensions of information.

Content authentication has become an important issue for surveillance video. This paper presents a watermarking system based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for Motion-JPEG video authentication. To protect the integrity of the video object, a content-based watermark is embedded into the frames of the video. Robust watermark and semi-fragile watermark are used for temporal authentication and spatial authentication respectively. For analysis and evaluation, the system trades-off the robustness and the visual quality of the watermarked frames. The results show that the authentication rate almost reaches 100% in temporal authentication and is more than 98% in spatial authentication when the PSNR of watermarked frames is 36dB. It can robust to 55% JPEG compression and additive white Gaussian noise with variance of 0.002.

Content authentication, integrity verification, and tampering detection of digital content exchanged via the internet have been used to address a major concern in information and communication technology. In this paper, a text zero-watermarking approach known as Smart-Fragile Approach based on Soft Computing and Digital Watermarking (SFASCDW) is proposed for content authentication and tampering detection of English text. A first-level order of alphanumeric mechanism, based on hidden Markov model, is integrated with digital zero-watermarking techniques to improve the watermark robustness of the proposed approach. The researcher uses the first-level order and alphanumeric mechanism of Markov model as a soft computing technique to analyze English text. Moreover, he extracts the features of the interrelationship among the contexts of the text, utilizes the extracted features as watermark information, and validates it later with the studied English text to detect any tampering. SFASCDW has been implemented using PHP with VS code IDE. The robustness, effectiveness, and applicability of SFASCDW are proved with experiments involving four datasets of various lengths in random locations using the three common attacks, namely insertion, reorder, and deletion. The SFASCDW was found to be effective and could be applicable in detecting any possible tampering.

In this paper, a combined approach CAZWNLP (a combined approach of zero-watermarking and natural language processing) has been developed for the tampering detection of English text exchanged through the Internet. The third gram of alphanumeric of the Markov model has been used with text-watermarking technologies to improve the performance and accuracy of tampering detection issues which are limited by the existing works reviewed in the literature of this study. The third-grade level of the Markov model has been used in this method as natural language processing technology to analyze an English text and extract the textual characteristics of the given contexts. Moreover, the extracted features have been utilized as watermark information and then validated with the attacked English text to detect any suspected tampering occurred on it. The embedding mechanism of CAZWNLP method will be achieved logically without effects or modifying the original text document to embed a watermark key. CAZWNLP has been implemented using VS code IDE with PHP. The experimental and simulation results using standard datasets of varying lengths show that the proposed approach can obtain high robustness and better detection accuracy of tampering common random insertion, reorder, and deletion attacks, e.g., Comparison results with baseline approaches also show the advantages of the proposed approach.

Text information is a natural language dependent. Therefore, improving security and reliability of text information exchanged via Internet network has become one of the most challenges faced by researchers. Content authentication, integrity verification and tampering detection of digital contents have become a major concern in the communication and information exchange area via the Internet. In this paper, an intelligent text Zero-Watermarking approach called ZWAFWMMM (Zero-Watermarking Approach based on Fourth level order of Word Mechanism of Markov Model) has been proposed for content authentication and tampering detection of Arabic text contents. In ZWAFWMMM, watermark embedding and tampering detection were performed logically in which no need to alter the original text document to embed a watermark. Fourth-level order of word mechanism based on hidden Markov model has been integrated with digital zero-watermarking techniques to improve performance, accuracy, capacity and robustness of the previous literature proposed by researchers. Moreover, Fourth-Level order of Markov model is used as a soft computing technique for analysing Arabic text and extracting the interrelationship features from the context of a text, and then utilizing the extracted features as a watermark information to be validated later with attacked Arabic text to detect any tampering that may occur in the text. ZWAFWMMM has been implemented by using PHP with VS code IDE. Robustness, effectiveness, and applicability of ZWAFWMMM are proved with several scenarios of simulations and experiments using four datasets of different lengths under multiple random locations of insertion, reorder and deletion attacks of experimental datasets. The experiment results show that ZWAFWMMM is more sensitive for all kinds of tampering attacks with a high-level accuracy in tampering detection.

Recently, the use of data hiding in hiding annotations, confidential data, or side information into multimedia attracts the attention of researchers in various fields, especially in digital library. One of the essential tasks in digital library is the digitization of arts together with the corresponding textural descriptions. Although there are some standard interleaving algorithms for hiding the relating textural description into an image or video, the textural information is still prone to be accessed and extracted by hackers. Most of the traditional data hiding schemes focus on the recovery of covert information. The common shortcoming is that the original image will be distorted due to the processing of bit-substitution, quantization and truncation. In this paper, three novel data hiding methods are proposed. The first two methods are implemented based on pair-wise logical computation (PWLC) and pixel decomposition by treating R, G, B bands and the intensity component as spatial...

The present chapter investigates content authentication strategies and their use in media practice. Remarkable research progress has been conducted on media veracity methods and algorithms, however, without providing that much straightforward tools to users involved in real-world applications. Hence, there is an urgent need for further supporting content verification by exploiting all the available methods in properly integrated online environments, forming a Media Authentication Network. On-demand training (and feedback) on these technologies is considered of major importance, enabling users to collaborate with media and forgery experts towards adoption, refinement and widespread dissemination of best practices. Better comprehension of the involved tools and algorithms would propel their broad exploitation in practice, gaining valuable feedback for further improvements. Thus, a continuously updated online repository, containing documented examples, learning resources and media vera...

The zero text watermarking is a practical method for protecting the copyright from being tampered and copied. This paper aim to obtain zero watermarking technique with Hybrid Structural component and word length (HSW) where contains two phases watermark embedding and extraction. From the data owner the plain text is obtained and the watermark is generated. It is based on using the text characteristics. Certifying authority is generated as a group from text and watermark and recorded for tamper detection in file by pattern matching. Index terms: tamper detection, watermarking, and structural components.

This paper presents secret data concealment and compressing encrypted images based on auxiliary information generation for efficient secure transmission under insufficient bandwidth. The process starts by encryption of uncompressed original images and generation of some auxiliary information, which will be used for data compression and image reconstruction. Then, the channel provider compress the encrypted data by a quantization method with optimal parameters that are derived from a part of auxiliary information and transmit the compressed data, which includes an encrypted sub-image, the quantized data, the quantization parameters and another part of auxiliary information. In this project discrete cosine transform is used under the quantization method for encrypted image compression. The secret text message is first converted to bit streams then it will be concealed into encoded bits of generated binary map. This binary map is obtained from identifying difference between the original and interpolated image. With the help of compressed encrypted data and the secret key, the principal image content can be reconstructed at receiver side. Before image reconstruction process, hidden bits are extracted from encrypted encoded version of binary map then restoring the original bits on it. An approximated encryption image will be determined from decoded binary map and estimated key. An estimated encrypted image will be modified using quantized data under the discrete cosine transformation. Then image will be reconstructed from estimated key and modified encrypted image. The simulated result shows that used methodologies provides better performance in terms of compression ratio and reconstructed image quality.

This paper introduced a reversible data hiding method based on pixel value ordering with the prediction-error expansion technique and the average value of end pixels'. A host image is first segmented into non-overlapping sub-blocks of three pixels and ordered them as ascending order. For each subblock maximum pixel value and the minimum pixel value is predicted by the middle pixel value and also the middle pixel value is predicted by the average of the maximum and minimum pixel values. Then by using prediction-error expansions, we can embed secret bits into maximum pixel and minimum pixel and also by using the average value of these two pixels we can embed secret bit into the middle pixel of every sub-block. All secret bits can be recovered and restored the cover image completely from watermarked image. Experimental result of this scheme demonstrates that the embedding capacity and average PSNR value is larger than another pixel value ordering and prediction error expansion based approach for relatively smooth images. Also, the visual quality of the obtained marked image is better than other Pixel Value Ordering and Prediction Error Expansion based method.

The need for an efficient technique for compression of Images is ever increasing because the raw images need large amounts of disk space seems to be a big disadvantage during transmission and storage. In this paper, an efficient algorithm has been proposed for lossy image compression/decompression scheme using histogram based block optimization and arithmetic coding. Experimental result shows that the proposed algorithm gives better compression ratio as that of JPEG and some other techniques and PSNR value of decompressed image is comparable to JPEG.

Since the internet is a public network, it presents some privacy and security issues and therefore in the development of e-learning [7,9,12] systems, security plays an important role. Generally, online transaction or online learning can face significant risks to any institutions like Carnegie Mellon University [14] , Cambridge E-learning Institute (CEI) [13] etc. as well as individuals. E-learning and other types of online educational materials transfer offers many advantages such as improve students' efficiency, knowledge and of course educational qualification or degree. E-learning relies on a networked environment. Network access can be performed through the combination of devices such as personal computers, telephones, interactive television equipment and card devices with embedded computer chips. The connections are completed primarily through telephone lines, cable systems and in some instances wireless technology. These systems, whether informational or transactional, fac...

The ease of digital media modification and dissemination necessitates content protection beyond encryption. Information hidden as digital watermarks in multimedia enables protection mechanism in decrypted contents. The aims of this research are threefold: (i) to investigate the strength and limitations of current watermarking schemes, (ii) to design and develop new schemes to overcome the limitations, and (iii) to evaluate the new schemes using application scenarios of copyright protection, tamper detection and authentication. We focus on geometrically robust watermarking and semifragile watermarking for digital images. Additionally, hybrid schemes that combine the strength of both robust and semi-fragile watermarks are studied. Robust watermarks are well suited for copyright protection because they stay intact with the image under various manipulations. We investigated two major approaches of robust watermarking. In the synchronization approach, we employed motion estimation for watermark resynchronization. We also developed a novel watermark resynchronization method that has low computational cost using scale normalization and flowline curvature. In another approach, we firstly analyzed and improved a blind watermark detection method. The new method reduces significantly the computational cost of its watermark embedding. Secondly, we created a geometric invariant domain using a combination of transforms, and adapted the blind watermark detection method that we improved. It totally eliminates the need of resynchronization in watermark detection, which is a very desirable achievement that can hardly be found in existing schemes. On the other hand, semi-fragile watermarks are good at content authentication because they can differentiate minor image enhancements from major manipulations. New capabilities of semi-fragile watermarks are identified. Then, we developed a semi-fragile watermarking method in wavelet domain that offers content authentication and tamper localization. Unlike others, our scheme overcomes a major challenge called cropping attack and provides approximate content recovery without resorting to an original image. Hybrid schemes combine robust and semi-fragile watermarks to offer deductive information in digital media forensics. We firstly carried out a pilot study by combining robust and fragile watermarks. Then, we performed a comparative analysis on two implementation methods of a hybrid watermarking scheme. The first method has the robust watermark and the fragile watermark overlapped while the second method uses non-overlapping robust and fragile watermarks. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, we merge our geometric invariant domain with our semi-fragile watermark to produce a hybrid scheme. This hybrid scheme fulfilled the copyright protection, tamper detection, and content authentication objectives when evaluated in an investigation scenario.

Data loss during big data transmission is an important issue. Data loss occurs due to various transmission errors, channel noises and huge data size, which increases channel congestion and transmission delay. However, these issues can be controlled by using data compression. Generally, these compression techniques are lossy and lossless in nature. The lossy technique degrades data quality during compression while in lossless compression, the output remains the same as the input. Among the two types of lossless compression, variable length coding (VLC) is efficient to compress data while fixed length coding (FLC) produces poor efficiencies in big data compression. Furthermore, VLCs offer poor robustness against various errors and channel noises during transmission. Hence, to solve the problem of compression efficiency, robustness and time delay in big data transmission, we have designed a FLC based compression. Efficiencies of the proposed technique in various aspects are measured us...

For some critical applications such as the law enforcement, medical and military image system, it is crucial to restore the original image without any distortions. The watermarking techniques satisfying those requirements are referred to as 'reversible watermarking'. Reversible watermarking is designed so that it can be removed to completely restore the original image. Considering the age of reversible watermarking which is just a decade to count, it has fetched enormous attention of researchers to boost of. Due to many researches in this field, it has become very difficult to judge an algorithm for a specific application. So a definite need arises to compare these algorithms on some criteria. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of all basic algorithms which are reversible.

In this article, a high-sensitive approach for detecting tampering attacks on transmitted Arabic-text over the Internet (HFDATAI) is proposed by integrating digital watermarking and hidden Markov model as a strategy for soft computing. The HFDATAI solution technically integrates and senses the watermark without modifying the original text. The alphanumeric mechanism order in the first stage focused on the Markov model key secret is incorporated into an automated, null-watermarking approach to enhance the proposed approach's efficiency, accuracy, and intensity. The first-level order and alphanumeric Markov model technique have been used as a strategy for soft computing to analyze the text of the Arabic language. In addition, the features of the interrelationship among text contexts and characteristics of watermark information extraction that is used later validated for detecting any tampering of the Arabic-text attacked. The HFDATAI strategy was introduced based on PHP with included IDE of VS code. Experiments of four separate duration datasets in random sites illustrate the fragility, efficacy, and applicability of HFDATAI by using the three common tampering attacks i.e., insertion, reorder, and deletion. The HFDATAI was found to be effective, applicable, and very sensitive for detecting any possible tampering on Arabic text.

In this paper, a robust approach INLPETWA (an Intelligent Natural Language Processing and English Text Watermarking Approach) is proposed to tampering detection of English text by integrating zero text watermarking and hidden Markov model as a soft computing and natural language processing techniques. In the INLPETWA approach, embedding and detecting the watermark key logically conducted without altering the plain text. Second-gram and word mechanism of hidden Markov model is used as a natural text analysis technique to extracts English text features and use them as a watermark key and embed them logically and validates them during detection process to detect any tampering. INLPETWA approach has been implemented by self-developed program using PHP with VS code IDE. INLPETWA approach has been proved with various experiments and simulation scenarios. Comparison results with baseline approaches also show that the proposed approach is appropriate to detect all types of tampering attacks. The paper includes implications for integrating natural language processing and text-watermarking to propose an intelligent solution. This paper fulfils an identified need to study how we can use a robust text information via various Internet applications.

Data loss during big data transmission is an important issue. Data loss occurs due to various transmission errors, channel noises and huge data size, which increases channel congestion and transmission delay. However, these issues can be controlled by using data compression. Generally, these compression techniques are lossy and lossless in nature. The lossy technique degrades data quality during compression while in lossless compression, the output remains the same as the input. Among the two types of lossless compression, variable length coding (VLC) is efficient to compress data while fixed length coding (FLC) produces poor efficiencies in big data compression. Furthermore, VLCs offer poor robustness against various errors and channel noises during transmission. Hence, to solve the problem of compression efficiency, robustness and time delay in big data transmission, we have designed a FLC based compression. Efficiencies of the proposed technique in various aspects are measured us...

Digital watermarks have recently been proposed for authentication of both video data and still images and for integrity verification of visual multimedia. In such applications, the watermark has to depend on a secret key and on the original image. It is important that the dependence on the key be sensitive, while the dependence on the image be continuous (robust). Both requirements can be satisfied using special image digest functions that return the same bit-string for a whole class of images derived from an original image using common processing operations. It is further required that two completely different images produce completely different bit-strings. In this paper, we discuss methods how such robust hash functions can be built. We describe an algorithm and evaluate its performance. We also show how the hash bits As another application, the robust image digest can be used as a search index for an efficient image database search.

In this article, a high-sensitive approach for detecting tampering attacks on transmitted Arabic-text over the Internet (HFDATAI) is proposed by integrating digital watermarking and hidden Markov model as a strategy for soft computing. The HFDATAI solution technically integrates and senses the watermark without modifying the original text. The alphanumeric mechanism order in the first stage focused on the Markov model key secret is incorporated into an automated, null-watermarking approach to enhance the proposed approach's efficiency, accuracy, and intensity. The first-level order and alphanumeric Markov model technique have been used as a strategy for soft computing to analyze the text of the Arabic language. In addition, the features of the interrelationship among text contexts and characteristics of watermark information extraction that is used later validated for detecting any tampering of the Arabic-text attacked. The HFDATAI strategy was introduced based on PHP with included IDE of VS code. Experiments of four separate duration datasets in random sites illustrate the fragility, efficacy, and applicability of HFDATAI by using the three common tampering attacks i.e., insertion, reorder, and deletion. The HFDATAI was found to be effective, applicable, and very sensitive for detecting any possible tampering on Arabic text.

Watermarking is extensively used in various media for data transfer, content authentication and integrity. The continuous flow of data is always vulnerable to tamper. This research proposes a new watermarking scheme that detects tampering in a stream of data. The stream of data is dynamically divided into different sized groups using synchronization points. A computed watermark is embedded in each group by hashing the concatenating the current group and the next group. A secondary watermark is generated based on the current group that prevents tampering from any attacks in the current group. Watermark verification table is used to determine all possible scenarios for false results. Experiments are performed to show its efficiency. False results decrease as the group size becomes larger. Random burst attacked requires larger group size. The scheme also shows with the increase in grouping parameter 'm' which defines the synchronization point, the false positive rate decreases.

The most common digital media exchanged via the Internet is in text form. The Arabic language is considered one of the most sensitive languages of content modification due to the presence of diacritics that can cause a change in the meaning. In this paper, an intelligent scheme is proposed for improving the reliability and security of the text exchanged via the Internet. The core mechanism of the proposed scheme depends on integrating the hidden Markov model and zero text watermarking techniques. The watermark key will be generated by utilizing the extracted features of the text analysis process using the third order and word level of the Markov model. The Embedding and detection processes of the proposed scheme will be performed logically without the effect of the original text. The proposed scheme is implemented using PHP with VS code IDE. The simulation results, using varying sizes of standard datasets, show that the proposed scheme can obtain high reliability and provide better accuracy of the common illegal tampering attacks. Comparison results with other baseline techniques show the added value of the proposed scheme.

a b s t r a c t Perceptual hashing is conventionally used for content identification and authentication. It has applications in database content search, watermarking and image retrieval. Most countermeasures proposed in the literature generally focus on the feature extraction stage to get robust features to authenticate the image, but few studies address the perceptual hashing security achieved by a cryptographic module. When a cryptographic module is employed [1], additional information must be sent to adjust the quantization step. In the perceptual hashing field, we believe that a perceptual hashing system must be robust, secure and generate a final perceptual hash of fixed length. This kind of system should send only the final perceptual hash to the receiver via a secure channel without sending any additional information that would increase the storage space cost and decrease the security. For all of these reasons, in this paper, we propose a theoretical analysis of full perceptu...

Recent advancement in data transfer and networking techniques has put forward a considerable threat for secure data transfer. It is the sensitive information that flows via network fuels the engine of global economy. One of the main concerns in data communication is the ability to exchange information in a secured fashion and embed the information of interest in any multimedia carrier like audio, video and an image. The proposed work is an ideal modernistic novel approach for secured sensitive information communication over an encrypted color host image carrying exceptionally confidential data. Distortion less retrieval of both payload and host signal information from marked image is an appealing feature in scenarios like medical, Military and satellite applications. Reversibility not only assures zero error retrieval of sensitive information hidden and also perfect reconstruction of host medium information contents while safeguarding the confidentiality of secret information. Most popular and widely in use Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) stream cipher in Counter mode is used for encrypting the cover image content, by performing XOR operation over cover image information bits with key dependent pseudorandom bits. Signal Processing over the encrypted domain is one of the most demanding features for most of the privacy preserving applications like cloud computing and remote sensing. High Embedding capability is achieved through Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression technique. High performance reversible data hiding technique is assured via public key modulation scheme. Two of the most powerful image classifiers Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms are used at the decoder end to distinguish between encrypted and non encrypted image blocks. Performance evaluation of image classifiers is done, considering their ability to accurately categorize image patches as encrypted and unencrypted using feature vectors. Features used for ca tegorizing encrypted and unencrypted image blocks are variation of pixel intensity in all four directions, entropy, standard deviation a nd histogram plot of segmented image blocks. Proposed algorithm comes with a unique feature of simultaneous retrieval of both host image and payload information in an error free fashion with zero distortion. Proposed algorithm is proven more secured considering several security attacks as evaluation parameters. Few of Cryptanalysis and Steganalysis techniques considered to verify the security feature of proposed algorithm are Sample pair analysis (SPA), Number of changing pixel rate (NPCR), Unified averaged changed intensity (UACI) and Chisquare attack.

Technology continues to change the way we live, work, and play. Technology has a striking impact on learners and learning. Learning technologies can adapt to the needs, requirements and preferences of each individual user, therefore they can provide equal access to all. Learning technologies present the opportunity to augment or replace the role which was traditionally played by the teacher. Technology is also changing education in two ways: first, by offering new resources to engage students in learning, and second, by giving them an opportunity to learn about new technological fields. We would not dispute that a blackboard is a learning technology, but it is not the kind of artifact to focus. The fundamental interest is in how technologies expand human capabilities for knowledge creation, sharing, and learning, so the interest is in the technologies for learning. Today, we have an extraordinary technologies that range from Internet games to various types of handheld devices, and some of them are well-suited for immerse learning environments. This paper provides an overview of recent trends in industry and media that have made technology-based learning such a rapidly growing phenomenon. This paper gives the benefits and challenges that are associated with providing learning via technology. This paper also presents two emerging technologies-The Next Generation Internet and Natural Language Interfaces and discusses their potential for Learning in Rural India.

Nowadays there is a need to protect our health related information for authentication and privacy purpose. In the proposed work multiple QR codes are watermarked inside a single color medical image using Variable Bit Replacement (VBR) technique. Three different 128 bit session keys are used to watermark QR Codes in three different color components (R, G and B) of a single color medical image. The QR Code is embedded in between moderately significant bit (MdSB) and least significant bit (LSB). The watermarked extraction process determines an invisible watermark in the image by reversing the embedding process. Results show that the process is robust against different attacks and imperceptibility is quite good.

The perceptual video hash function defines a feature vector that characterizes a video depending on its perceptual contents. This function must be robust to the content preserving manipulations and sensitive to the content changing manipulations. In the literature, the subspace projection techniques such as the reduced rank PARAllel FACtor analysis (PARAFAC), have been successfully applied to extract perceptual hash for the videos. We propose a robust perceptual video hash function based on Tucker decomposition, a multi-linear subspace projection method. We also propose a method to find the optimum number of components in the factor matrices of the Tucker decomposition. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the other state-of-the-art projection techniques. The proposed algorithm shows superior performance for most of the image processing attacks. An application for indexing and retrieval of near-identical videos is developed using the proposed algorithm and the performance is evaluated using average recall/precision curves. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is suitable for indexing and retrieval of near-identical videos.

In this paper, we propose a fragile watermarking hybrid approach using rough set kmeans and exponential particle swarm optimization (EPSO) systems. It is based on a block-wise dependency mechanism which can detect any alterations made to the protected image. Initially, the input image is divided into blocks with equal size in order to improve image tamper localization precision. Then feature sequence is generated by applying rough k-means and EPSO clustering to create the relationship between all image blocks and ...

The perceptual video hash function defines a feature vector that characterizes a video depending on its perceptual contents. This function must be robust to the content preserving manipulations and sensitive to the content changing manipulations. In the literature, the subspace projection techniques such as the reduced rank PARAllel FACtor analysis (PARAFAC), have been successfully applied to extract perceptual hash for the videos. We propose a robust perceptual video hash function based on Tucker decomposition, a multi-linear subspace projection method. We also propose a method to find the optimum number of components in the factor matrices of the Tucker decomposition. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the other state-of-the-art projection techniques. The proposed algorithm shows superior performance for most of the image processing attacks. An application for indexing and retrieval of near-identical videos is developed using the proposed algorithm and the performance is evaluated using average recall/precision curves. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is suitable for indexing and retrieval of near-identical videos.

Watermarking is the most imperative innovation for installing (Adding) concealed picture<br> into the information picture with the assistance of different calculations. Due to this feature<br> of watermarking now days it is gaining lot of attraction. Now a day for preventing<br> duplication an image is embedded in the information. In various applications such as Digital<br> audio, video, and images a hidden copyright images is inserted into the original data. In this<br> paper for inserting computerized watermark into the objective picture an anchored<br> procedure is proposed. The proposed calculation will perform imperceptible watermarking of<br> picture in spatial space. The Key is embedded in the original image and it will transfer to the<br> receiver. At the receiver end the key is extracted using proposed algorithm. Various<br> observationsare done on the image like peak signal to mean noise ratio (PSNR).PSNR is<br> c...

This paper presents secret data concealment and compressing encrypted images based on auxiliary information generation for efficient secure transmission under insufficient bandwidth. The process starts by encryption of uncompressed original images and generation of some auxiliary information, which will be used for data compression and image reconstruction. Then, the channel provider compress the encrypted data by a quantization method with optimal parameters that are derived from a part of auxiliary information and transmit the compressed data, which includes an encrypted sub-image, the quantized data, the quantization parameters and another part of auxiliary information. In this project discrete cosine transform is used under the quantization method for encrypted image compression. The secret text message is first converted to bit streams then it will be concealed into encoded bits of generated binary map. This binary map is obtained from identifying difference between the original and interpolated image. With the help of compressed encrypted data and the secret key, the principal image content can be reconstructed at receiver side. Before image reconstruction process, hidden bits are extracted from encrypted encoded version of binary map then restoring the original bits on it. An approximated encryption image will be determined from decoded binary map and estimated key. An estimated encrypted image will be modified using quantized data under the discrete cosine transformation. Then image will be reconstructed from estimated key and modified encrypted image. The simulated result shows that used methodologies provides better performance in terms of compression ratio and reconstructed image quality.