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Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT)

Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT)

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Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT) refers to the network of interconnected devices and appliances that collect, exchange, and analyze data to enhance user experience and convenience in everyday consumer activities. CIoT encompasses smart home technologies, wearable devices, and other consumer-oriented applications that leverage internet connectivity for improved functionality and automation.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT) refers to the network of interconnected devices and appliances that collect, exchange, and analyze data to enhance user experience and convenience in everyday consumer activities. CIoT encompasses smart home technologies, wearable devices, and other consumer-oriented applications that leverage internet connectivity for improved functionality and automation.
Internet of Nano-Things, Things and Everything: Future Growth Trends
by Mahdi H . Miraz and 
1 more
Maaruf Ali

2018, Future Internet

The current statuses and future promises of the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) are extensively reviewed and a summarized survey is presented. The analysis clearly distinguishes... more
Figure 1. IoT can be viewed as a Network of Networks. Adapted from [5].
Figure 2. IloT and CIoT, adapted from Moor Insights & Strategy’s Report [6].
Figure 3. The top ten loT Segments in 2018—based on 1600 real IoT projects [7].
Figure 4. Internet of Everything (IoE). Adapted from [10]. Both Cisco and Qualcomm have been using the term IoE [8,9]. However, Qualcomm’s interpretation of the term has been replaced by the IoT by a majority of others. Cisco’s usage has a more comprehensive meaning. The Cisco version of IoE is built upon the “four pillars” of people, data, process and things, whereas IoT is only composed of “things”, as shown in Figure 4. IoE also extends business and industrial processes to enrich the lives of people.
Figure 5. Internet growth is occurring in S-curve waves [9,12]. According to Cisco, many organizations are going through growth waves of S-curves, as shown in Figure 5. These IoT growth waves are leading to the eventual actualization of the complete IoE [9,12]. With each successive wave of added features and greater network connectedness—this leads to expansion of the IoE, with its many novel opportunities as well as risks [13]. Interestingly, this interpretation of progression through a succession of S-curves correlates closely with the model for accelerating change proposed by Raymond Kurzweil, which is also based on successive S-curves [14]. The IoE has the potential to extract and analyze real-time data from the millions of sensors connected to it and then to apply it to aid “automated and people-based processes” [15]. Other benefits include the use of IoE in helping to achieve public policy goals, environmental sustainability, economic and social goals [15]. With each successive wave of added features and greater network connectedness—this leads to expansion
Figure 6. The Internet of Nano-Things. Adapted from [25]. The concept of IoE is being extended to its fullest by the implementation of the IoNT. This is being achieved by incorporating nano-sensors in diverse objects using nano-networks. A mode of this concept as a medical application is shown in Figure 6: this provides access to data from in situ places previously inaccessible to sense from or by the use of certain instruments tha were impossible to use due to their former bulky sensor size. This will enable new medical and environmental data to be collected, potentially leading to the refinement of existing knowledge, new discoveries and better medical diagnostics [25]. The technology is described by Akyildiz and Jornet [26], using graphene-based nano-antennas operating at Terahertz frequencies. They also discuss the problems of extreme attenuation operating at these frequencies and networking at this nano-level [25]. Each functional task, such as actuation or sensing, in an IoNT is performed by a “nano-machine”—whose dimensions may range from 1 to 100 nm [22].
wn (nee Donan: Po: ie” Cee eas Sama: However, Gartner has retired Big Data in their 2015 report [32] since Big Data became truly prevalent and pervasive across many other hype cycles, such that it is no longer considered an emerging technology. As Figure 7 shows, according to their 2017 report [33], IoT still remains at its peak of hype, although it has experienced a shift in categorization from “five to ten years” to “two to five years” to reach maturation. Much research is being conducted in the field of IoT in the three domains of user experience, engineering and design [4]. The emphasis is particularly on the end user and accessibility. This is especially pertinent as 50-200 billion artefacts are likely to be internetworked to the Internet by 2020 [4] To help achieve a more user-friendly interface, user-centered tools such as Microsoft’s Gadgeteer may be employed [4]. This tool provides rapid prototyping of connected devices [34]. Theories from cognitive psychology [35] have also been utilized to design adaptive IoT systems. This technique
Figure 8. Four-layered architecture for IoT. Constructing a global unified IoT ecosystem that is communicating transparently is still not possible yet, at the time of writing of this paper. This is due to no universal protocol currently being in place that can work across heterogeneous networks. The IoT at the moment is just a collection of Intranets of Things. For IoT to be a seamless ecosystem, a standardized internationally agreed application layer protocol needs to be created. This protocol would also take into accoun communication across the various physical interfaces of the IoT devices. Instead of inventing a new protocol, it would be far easier to reuse the technologies from the Web itself. The “Web of Things” [70 has precisely these goals needed to make the IoT ecosystem a reality. These are to: “reuse and leverage readily available and widely popular Web protocols, standards and blueprints to make data and services offered by objects more accessible to a larger pool of (Web) developers.” [70] The Web of Things does not actually stipulate the physical layer connections between devices, thus the Web of Things will function whether connected to a company intranet, domestic network or any type of LAN. To clarify, the Web of Things (WoT) encompasses every aspect of the software approach to make WoT be fully integrated into the World Wide Web (www). Analogous to the mapping of the Web (Application Layer) to the Internet (Network Layer), the WoT also has an Application Layer that aids rotocol skills. This naturally entails a more expensive workforce to both hire and retain.
Figure 9. Passive sensor tag placement near other IoT devices to add extra sensing capabilities
The adoption of SDN is accelerating because of its huge potential in hardware cost savings. SDN through its very nature of extreme software configurability allows generic network components o take on any function, such as a switch or router. SDN can be seen as the stem plane from the data planes. The intermediate networking elements of SDN have a his. A central processing unit or the brain of the SDN also acquires the stable to network. This then allows optimized routing decisions to be made along with opt cell programming of computer networking. The SDN model also differentiates and isolates the control and signaling so been simplified o be forwarders of packets. A general control protocol is used with forwarding rules to achieve pology of the SDN imized and parsed forwarding rules. Adopting the characteristics of the SDN can be utilized to deal with IoT operating in a heterogeneous network. Thus, the IoT network can be scaled and a new high-level control solution can be created that interfaces seamlessly with the SDN controllers, as shown in Figure 10 [74]. As shown in Figure 10, there exist two distinct planes, the control plane and the data plane. Two IoT objects can interact with each other through the SDN-enabled network using their respective internal IoT agents. Contextual information is conveyed to the IoT Controller, which then passes that to the underlying SDN Controller. The loT Controller, though shown as a monolithic block, may in fact be composed of several internal modular blocks. This flexibility enables new functionalities to be added to the IoT object without affecting its final relation with the SDN Controller. m1 Ve ae 1 11 1 Th. ari «& at 1 1 Tal . a4
Figure 11. WSN Sensor Node Hardware Structure. Adapted from [75]. To be able to securely manage and control embedded IoT devices is a key functional requirement for their successful operation. An efficient and optimal architecture for secure software update/management thus needs to be designed. Furthermore, the current approaches related to WSNs need to be specifically tailored for loT devices. This is so because they are not well adapted for the operating requirements of IoT devices, such as in power requirements or energy-aware routing needs. A system level view is shown in Figure 11 of a WSN [75].
Figure 12. The Five Stages of the Industrial Revolution. Adapted from: [81]. One of the major drivers of “Industry 4.0’ (cyber-physical systems) is automation of the complete production ecosystem [80]. One school of thought holds that this is presently causing an increase in the unemployment rate, predicted to rise exponentially in the near future—when more industries adopt ndustry 4.0. The debate regarding the ethics of giving human jobs to machines is centuries old and has now moved on to discussion of robots and IoT devices However, the concept of “Industry 5.0” is ready to emerge which aims to return human hands and minds back into the industrial framework f adopted, Industry 5.0 will thus ameliorate the massive layoffs envisioned by the adoption of Industry 4.0. The five stages of the industrial revolution are shown in Figure 12, below.
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Internet of Nano-Things, Things and Everything: Future Growth Trends
by Maaruf Ali

2018, Future Internet

The current statuses and future promises of the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) are extensively reviewed and a summarized survey is presented. The analysis clearly distinguishes... more
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