Composite Bows

El tema de las relaciones tributarias 1 que existieron, desde los primeros siglos de la presente era hasta finales del siglo XIX, entre los reinos de Corea y los estados de China, ha sido una de las cuestiones más controvertidas en la historia coreana. Este tipo de relaciones de vasallaje ha existido en distintas épocas y en diversos lugares a lo largo de la historia; luego entonces, ¿por qué las relaciones de esta índole sostenidas entre Corea y China han causado tanta controversia? La respuesta radica en la manera en que en el siglo XX estas relaciones tributarias han sido interpretadas y utilizadas por distintos países imperialistas: Japón, Estados Unidos y, de manera más reciente y en cierto sentido, la República Popular de China. De esta manera, durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, surgió una corriente historiográfica japonesa cuyos exponentes pretendieron legitimar el dominio

New studies carried out using synchrotron and neutron methods of imaging, electron microscopy, neutron diffraction and 3D-modelling of objects deposited in the most famous mound of Medieval Rus’ – Chernaya Mogila (10th century) – have led to the discovery of a previously unknown category of artefacts which may be interpreted as power insignia (‘barbarian scepters’). Ornaments in Mammen style (one of the styles of Scandinavian Viking Age art) and details of the artefact morphology clearly indicate the Scandinavian origin of the ‘scepters’ from this grave.

This study presents for the first time the early medieval
cemetery of Podersdorf am See in its landscape archaeological,
diachronic context. The interdisciplinary methods applied
show the cemetery in a completely unexpected dense
spatial setting, with additional cemeteries, settlements and
roads, over a time span reaching from the Roman Empire
Period, through the Migration Period to the Middle Ages.
Change in burial customs in Eastern Austria during the
1st millennium AD is discussed based on the case study of
the early medieval cemetery at Podersdorf. Animal bones
and composite bows are among the regular grave goods that
remained in the graves there despite deliberate looting. The anthropological evaluation of the skeletons from Podersdorf
allows these grave goods to be seen from a new perspective.
A special feature was the discovery of a pit house directly
north of the cemetery. The burial of five individuals
inside the building, two of whom were positioned in a
foetal posture, is unusual in this form in the second half of
the 7th century. Using aDNA analysis, it was possible for the
first time to prove family relationships between such „deviant
burials“

Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia (884/886 –1045/1064 ) was the second major kingdom in Armenian history. After being controlled by the Persians and Umayyad Arabs for centuries, the Royal House of Bagratid was finally able to secure their independence from the Arabs in the end of 9th century. Located between Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world, Armenia became an object of encroachment for these Empires but on the other hand Armenians accept different military tricks and inventions.
Our task is analyzed the shape and size of a bow as well as the structure of an arrow based on Armenian, Georgian, Bizantine and Arabo-Persian sources. The primary attention was paid to the reliefs from The Cathedral of the Holy Cross on Aghtamar Island (915–921, modern Turkey) where virtually the only image of the composite bow is located (hunter with composite bow). Note, that another relief of horse archer from this church was dated the 12th–14th c. and has Turk or Mongolic features, therefore we will not analyze it.
In order to describe a bow, the majority of Armenian historians used the word լայնալիճ (broad bow) which means that this weapon was long. There is an assumption that self-bows could also be used but the most popular (since Antiquity) was composite bow
In the Armenian consciousness of that time, a bow (as a weapon) was associated with Muslim (Arab–Persian–Turkish) world. It is interesting to note that archers were not often mentioned in written sources (only as garrison fortress or ship (on the lake Sevan) and as
auxiliary troops at battlefield). However, lack of horse archers in Armenian army was noticed in written sources.
The level of bow’s popularity among Armenian warriors was relatively not big. Attention was paid to the lack of dating problem, description and three-dimensional image of found arrows in the works of Armenian historians and archeologists. The necessity of new photographing and re-description of the available arrowheads was proven, because they are only archeological sources to this topic.

Peskova A., Mikhaylov K. 2018. The Large Fortified Settlement Near Shepetivka: History
of the Medieval Settlement – History of the Archaeological Site. Analecta Archaeologica
Ressoviensia 13, 417–440
The dramatic history of the medieval fortified settlement, located between the Sluch’ and
Goryn’ Rivers (near the village of Horodyshche, Shepetivka District, Khmelnytskyi Region,
Ukraine), destroyed and burned as a result of Tatar-Mongol raids in the middle of the 13th c.,
gave rise to the appearance of a cultural layer which is unique as regards its abundant finds.
During the excavations led by Mikhail Karger in 1957–1964, almost all the territory of the
site was investigated (3.6 ha) and many thousands of archaeological and anthropological
finds were collected. M. Karger planned to publish a monograph based on the research
into these collections undertaken by the members of his expedition team, but his plan did
not reach fruition. Over the last sixty years, the materials have often been referred to by
specialists. Today the bibliography relating to the analysis and interpretation of the materials
discovered during the excavations includes dozens of articles. The rather disjointed nature
of the materials published so far, and the random and incomplete selection of finds for
detailed investigation have meant that the presentation of the site as a whole has not been
a well-integrated one and interpretations have often been inconsistent. Recently a project
has been drawn up, enabling a team from the Institute for the History of Material Culture,
to prepare the excavated materials for publication, supported by a grant from the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research.

Copper-alloy mount of a composite comb from Zemlyanoye Gorodishche in Staraya Ladoga

Gorlov K.V., Grigor'yeva N.V.

In 2016, a fragment of a cover plate made from a copper alloy from a one-side composite comb was found at Zemlyanoye Gorodishche (Earthen Hillfort) in Staraya Ladoga. The pattern on the mount was executed partly in the niello technique. Niello is first found on articles of this type. X-Ray fluorescent analysis of the niello suggests that its manufacture belongs to the North-European tradition. A find of yet another metal mount of a comb at Zemlyanoye Gorodishche in Staraya Ladoga confirms suppositions of the presence of elite of Scandinavian community at this settlement in the second half of the 10th century AD.

SADAQSHILIQ: THE ART OF MAKING AND SHOOTING THE KAZAKH HORSEBOW
In Kazakhstan the art of archery existed from the prehistoric times, when the first areas of Andronovo culture started appearing at the territory of the republic. Since then the tides of horsebow nomadic nations passed here: the Sakis, Skythians, Huns, Ancient Turks, Kipshaks, Mongols, and finally the Kazakh tribes that fought the Dzhungars with their horsebows. This article consists of a review of the contemporary horse archery movement in the world, describes the history of the Kazakh horsebow origin, distinquishes two main types of horsebows, analyses the literature, and tells about anatomy and construction of the Kazakh horsebow, as well as its performances and usage methods.

CАДАҚШЫЛЫҚ – ҚАЗАҚ АТТЫ САДАҚ БУУ ЖӘНЕ АТУ ӨНЕРІ
Қазақстанда садақшылық өнері тарихтан бұрынғы замандардан-Андроново мәдениеттің алғашқы аймақтары республиканың аумағында туындау кезінде пайда болған. Сол уақыттан бері осы жерден бірталай атты садақты көшпенділер толқындары өтіп кетті: сақа-скифтер, хундар, көне түркілер, қыпшақтар, монғолдар, және ақырында жонғарлармен атты садақпен соғысатын қазақ тайпалары. Бұл мақаланың ішінде: заманауи әлемдегі атты садақшылық қозғалыстың шолуы, ғылыми әдебиетіның анализы, қазақ атты садақтың қайнар көзіңнің тарихы, атты садақтың екі түрлерін атап кетуі, олардың анатомиясын мен құрылымын және садақтың қолдалыну тәсілдері туралы анықтамасы бар екен.

САДАҚШЫЛЫҚ -ИСКУССТВО ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ И СТРЕЛЬБЫ ИЗ КАЗАХСКОГО КОННОГО ЛУКА
В Казахстане традиция стрельбы из лука существовала с древнейших времен, когда первые очаги андроновской цивилизации возникли на территории нашей республики. С тех пор через казахстанские степи прошли целые пласты конно-лучных кочевых народов: скифы-саки, хунну, древние тюрки, кыпшаки, монголы, и наконец казахские племена, воевавшие с луками против джунгаров. В данном исследовании: обзор современного движения конных лучников в мире, история происхождения казахского лука, описание двух основных типов луков, анализ научной литературы литературы, справка о строении и анатомии, а также работе и методах использования казахского конного лука.

Presentamos a continuación la traducción al castellano del artículo original de Ki-Hoom Kim, publicado el 25 de octubre de 2003. Los estudios coreanos sobre la arquería tradicional, han avanzado a pasos agigantados en los últimos años, sin contar con la celebrada y mantenida pasión por la arquería en la cultura coreana. A diferencia del caso chino, en el que la inclusión de elementos nómadas para la confección del arco es más segmentada y espaciada a lo largo de los siglos, en el caso coreano siempre ha existido una continuada influencia e innovaciones en el campo de la arquería, hasta el nivel de erigirse por sí misma, como uno de los países con mejor tradición arquera en el campo de los arcos compuestos. Una arquería vital, como veremos a lo largo del artículo, para entender el complejo universo y desarrollo de la arquería de tradición y tipología "compuesta".

We present below the translation into Spanish of the original article by Ki-Hoom Kim, published on October 25, 2003. Korean studies on traditional archery have advanced by leaps and bounds in recent years, not to mention the celebrated and maintained passion By archery in Korean culture. Unlike the Chinese case, in which the inclusion of nomadic elements for the making of the bow is more segmented and spaced over the centuries, in the Korean case there has always been a continued influence and innovations in the field of archery, To the level of erecting itself, as one of the countries with the best arquera tradition in the field of composite bows. A vital arcade, as we will see throughout the article, to understand the complex universe and development of archery tradition and "composite" typology.

SUMMARY
This thesis shall identify the date origin of the composite bow within Mesopotamia and Elam. and both identify and quantify the design factors which lead to increased performance possible with composite construction. To accomplish this, the thesis begins by summarizing the problems and flaws that currently exist in the field of history as it applies specifically to archery and bow use. With problems identified, the thesis will then introduce the reader to the basics of bow mechanics, thereby laying the basis for physical testing. This in turn will empirically demonstrate flaws in the current iconographical method of bow identification. The thesis will then devise a new method for iconographic identification of composite construction that has greater proven accuracy, based upon proportional length, which will link extant artifacts with both physical test results and iconographic evidence.

The reader shall then be led through a complete reevaluation of iconographical evidence for Mesopotamia and Elam starting at the beginning of the second millennium BCE and working backwards using this new method of iconographic evaluation to determine the point at which composite bow technology first appears in the ancient Near East. The thesis will finish with an overview of the above accomplishments and their potential impact on the study of ancient and military history.

KEY TERMS
Ancient History, Military History, Archery, Bow, Composite, Experimental Archaeology, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Elam, Arrow

El hombre siempre ha tenido la necesidad de conservar su vida y de protegerse de animales salvajes y de otros adversarios. Debido a esto desarrollo técnicas de defensa con manos desnudas y con armas sencillas. Pero el origen de las artes marciales se asocia a la necesidad ancestral del hombre de no solo defenderse, sino de desarrollar su cuerpo y su mente. Inicialmente se tradujo en la forma de actividades deportivas generalmente relacionadas con los ritos religiosos El arte marcial coreano tiene sus orígenes en el año 57 A.C y aunque con los avances de la tecnología moderna se ha descubierto que los dibujos y estatuillas en forma de guerreros en posición de combate con antigüedad de 2333 A.C. Para ese entonces corea lleva el nombre de CHOSON O "Tierra del amanecer tranquilo" o " La tierra de la calma matutina " Durante el siglo VII (hace aproximadamente 1300 años) por esa época la península de corea se dividía en tres reinos.