Coloured Petri Nets

Privacy enhancing security protocols (PESPs) are a family of protocols that allow secure exchange of sensitive user information. They are important in preserving users privacy in today's open environment. Like other security systems, proof of the correctness of PESPs is necessary before they can be deployed. However, the traditional provable security approach, though well established for verifying cryptographic primitives, is not applicable to PESPs. We apply the formal method of Coloured Petri Nets (CPNs) to construct an executable specification of a representative PESP, namely the Private Information Escrow Bound to Multiple Conditions Protocol (PIEMCP). Formal semantics of the CPN specification allows us to reason about various security properties of PIEMCP using state space techniques. This investigation has also led us to a number of approaches for modeling and verification of PESPs in general, demonstrating the benefit of applying CPN-based formal approach to proving the correctness of security protocols.

We consider the problem of bandwidth allocation in a substrate network as an optimization problem for the aggregate utility of multiple applications with diverse requirements and describe a simulation scheme for dynamically adaptive bandwidth allocation protocols. The proposed simulation model based on Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) is realized using CPN Tools.

This paper presents a fault diagnosis application of the Latent Nestling Method to IGBTs. The paper extends the Latent Nestling Method based in Coloured Petri Nets (CPNs) to hybrid systems in such a manner that IGBTs performance can be modeled. CPNs allow for an enhanced capability for synthesis and modeling in contrast to the classical phenomena of combinational state explosion when Finite State Machine methods are applied. We present an IGBT model with different fault modes including those of intermittent nature that can be used advantageously as predictive symptoms within a predictive maintenance strategy. Ageing stress tests have been experimentally applied to the IGBTs modules and intermittent faults are diagnosed as precursors of permanent failures. In addition, ageing is validated with morphological analysis (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and semiqualitative analysis (Energy Dispersive Spectrometry).

Educational software means the method under which completed computer programmes may be used in terms of teaching contents, as well as programmes assisting and directing individual learning phase. Educational software comprises different teaching programmes, intended to specific users. One kind of educational software is formed of intelligent tutorial systems, i.e. artificial intelligence softwares (UI). According to the definition of one of artificial intelligence hypothesis, the following may be stated: “The engines acting as being intelligent engines may be possible. It is obvious that the answer to the question if UI is possible to occur, depends on relevant definition.” According to very technical point of view, the question of intelligent engines is actually optimization problem of choice of the best software agent for given architecture. Having this in mind, reasoning field is very important for development of UI-based educational software. Research field includes various them...

U ovom istraživačkom radu na temu: »Utvrđivanje važnosti radnih mjesta za realizaciju web projekta na području Podravine« će biti istraženi i dokumentirani: (1) procesi upravljanja projektom koji će se detaljno raščlaniti i pojedinačno objasniti metodom modeliranja i analize sadržaja, (2) učesnici u projektu razvoja web aplikacije i njihove zadaće te će se detaljno razraditi faze kroz koje projekt razvoja web aplikacije prolazi, (3) rezultati postupka anketiranja koji će prikazati: (3.1) informacije o važnosti svakog pojedinog učesnika u realizaciji projekta razvoja web aplikacije, (3.2) informacije o neophodnosti praćenja promjene u okolini kako bi projektni menadžer uspješno izvršio svoje uloge i odgovornosti te prema njima prilagođavao svoje aktivnosti i procese (tj. izvršio prema potrebi reinženjering poslovnih procesa) na projektu razvoja web aplikacije te (3.3) informacije o važnosti pripreme za promjene iz okoline te pozitivan utjecaj na ishod projekta kojim upravlja IT projektni menadžer. Također, u radu će biti primijenjen Hi kvadrat test za statistički postupak u cilju ispitivanja zavisnosti dvaju kvalitativnih obilježja. S obzirom na razvoj studijskog programa Računarstva i informatike u Đurđevcu na području Podravine ovaj članak je od iznimne važnosti jer su u njemu sudjelovali ispitanici s područja Podravine koji se bave razvojem informacijske tehnologije.

Testing the working of the mobile surface water filtration system through the design and simulation of a CPN generated schema Methodology For understanding the required action for different conditions the programming is developed using CPN tools for analysis of different conditions and obtaining a holistic picture of the system. The simulation model has demonstrated how the working of the mobile system is intended and has the actions of a microcontroller clearly cut out for the programmer to understand and write the code. Each module was looked upon in the different scenarios and the changes in the system after simulation were shown, providing a holistic understanding of the entire system. The sensors, microcontrollers and actuators have been discussed to bridge the gap between completely theoretical concepts to an implementable entity. Impending release of tool for direct conversion of Coloured Petri Net simulation into hexadecimal format opens up infinite avenues for system modelling in Coloured Petri Net environment. The model design can be improved upon by adding time dependency property of CPN to simulate more dynamic and time dependant processes, this aspect has not been explored as a holistic illustration, but the system for mobile surface water filtration device has been thoroughly and holistically explained and explored.

Sažetak: Filozofija TQM-modela ISO 9001:2000 bazirana je na procesnom pristupu. Da bismo mogli govoriti o procesnom pristupu nužno je definirati, opisati, izgraditi, implementirati procese u poslovni sustav i njima upravljati. Rijec je o složenoj zadaci za ciju realizaciju je potrebno ispuniti nekoliko preduvjeta: 1) imati opredijeljenost organizacije za implementaciju sustava kvalitete prema modelu ISO 9001:2000, 2) provesti kvalitetno skolovanje radi konzumiranja kriticne mase znanja o procesima, 3) formirati kompetentne timove za izgradnju procesa, 4) ovladati metodologijom izgradnje poslovnih procesa u sustavu kvalitete. Unatoc osiguravanju svih ovih preduvjeta javit ce se tijekom rada na izgradnji procesa najmanje slijedeci problemi, zamke i zablude: 1) razlicitost metodoloskih pristupa, 2) opasnost od “betoniranja” postojeceg stanja, 3) traženje svrhe vlastitog postojanja, 4) nesnalaženje u timskom radu, 5) poistovjecivanje uloga menadžera funkcije i menadžera procesa, 6) nesn...

In order to assist domain experts, several tools exist for the definition of graphical or textual domain specific modeling languages (DSMLs). The resulting models are useful, but not sufficient, for an overall understanding of the system, especially when formal methods are being applied. Indeed, formal methods failures often result from misunderstandings of the requirements, even if the system is entirely proved. This is confirmed by several industrial experiments which showed that the poor readability of the formal notations is not convenient for communication with domain experts and hence the validation activity is often tedious, time consuming and complex. In order to circumvent this shortcoming, we propose to make domain specific models provable and also executable thanks to the animation of their expected behaviour directly in a dedicated DSML tool. Our approach starts from an intuitive description of the system's operational semantics thanks to high-level Petri-nets which abstract away structural constraints and focus on safety-critical behaviours. Then we take benefit of the B method in order to refine and prove these operational semantics on the one hand, and to merge them with the static semantics of a given DSML, on the other hand. This work is applied to the design of ERTMS/ETCS 3 which is an emergent solution for railway system management.

Veliki jezični modeli poput ChatGPT-a mogu se koristiti za mnoge stvari, ali povećanje pouzdanosti novijih verzija također može preurediti praksu korištenja znanja koja je važna za društvo u cjelini.  Dakle, nakon saslušanja i drugih pogrešaka prethodnih verzija, ChatGPT4o može pouzdano primiti svo trenutno akumulirano znanje na brojnim jezicima u roku od nekoliko minuta, samo ga trebate zamoliti za ovu prezentaciju znanja s nizom odgovarajućih pitanja. A budući da ova verzija može doprijeti do interneta ako ne može pronaći informacije za odgovor na pitanje koje je već uneseno tijekom treninga, pa tako može gotovo zadržati trenutno ukupno znanje pri ruci u nekoliko minuta. Na temelju ovog obrasca rudarenja podataka, posljednjih mjeseci počeo sam eksperimentirati s rudarenjem ovog gotovog znanja, a rezultat je sažetak rudarenja znanja iz područja društvenih znanosti i povijesti (Pokol 2024).
      Ali ako želimo formulirati moguću evolucijsku izvedbu takvih velikih jezičnih modela na sveobuhvatnijoj teorijskoj razini, moramo se vratiti ideji temporalizacije složenosti slijedeći Niklasa Luhmanna. (Luhmann 1984) Prema tome, u zemljama zapadne civilizacije, a zatim se odavde širila, nije se odvijala samo horizontalna diferencijacija između funkcionalnih podsistema kao što su pravo, politika, nauka, ekonomija, obrazovanje, zdravstvena sfera, umjetnička sfera itd., već se i vremenska diferencijacija odvijala unutar svakog podsistema, a također i u odnosu između društva u cjelini i podsistema. Luhmann ovu potonju diferencijaciju naziva "temporalizacijom složenosti".

The temporal control of the execution of multimedia processes is a crucial point for a number of application fields. We propose a formalism for authoring multimedia scripts that involves dynamic triggerings. In addition, we propose an abstract machine able to execute these scripts, by adapting the temporal organization of the processes according to the dynamic triggerings. This machine must implement some temporal features such as fast forward or GOTO functionalities. We present some algorithms performing these functionalities. A last, we mention some evaluation by users and possible future works.

I-score is a system for the composition and execution of interactive multimedia scores. It uses Hierarchical Time Stream Petri Nets (HTSPN) to build an execution model of the scores. Nowadays, composers have increasingly needed to represent and manipulate complex data in their multimedia scenarios. However, HTSPN formalism does not allow to handle data. In this work, we propose a model to execute interactive multimedia scores based on Coloured Petri Nets (CPN). Our work extends the current execution model of i-score with the capability to handle complex data. Our approach consists in developing CPN modules for reading, appending and reversing audio files. We use CPN Tools for prototyping, simulating and verifying our model and discuss how to represent fundamental signal processing functions, conditionals or loops.

Previous models of searching behavior have taken as their foundation the Markov model of random processes. In this model, the next action that a user takes is determined by a probabilistic rule which is conditioned by the most recent experiences of the user. This model, which has achieved very limited success in describing real data, is at odds with the evidence of introspection in a crucial way. Introspection reveals that when we search we are, more or less, in a state of expectancy, which can be satisfied in a number of ways. In addition, the state can be modified by the accumulated evidence of our searches. The Markov model approach can not readily accommodate such persistence of intention and behavior. The Petri Net model, which has been developed to analyze the interdependencies among events in a communications network, can be adapted to this situation. In this adaptation, the so-called "transitions" of the Petri Net occur only when their necessary preconditions have been met. We are able to show that various key abstractions of information finding, such as "document relevance", "a desired number of relevant documents", "discouragement", "exhaustion" and "satisfaction" can all be modeled using the Petri Net framework. Further, we show that this model leads naturally to a new approach to the collection of user data, and to the analysis of transaction logs, by providing a far richer description of the user's present state, without inducing a combinatorial explosion.

In this paper, we use a combination of the SysML/KAOS requirements engineering method, an extension of SysML, with concepts of the KAOS goal model, and of the B System formal method. Translation rules from a SysML/KAOS goal model to a B System specification have been defined. They allow to obtain a skeleton of the B System specification. To complete it, we have defined a language to express the domain model associated to the goal model. The translation of this domain model gives the structural part of the B System specification. The contribution of this paper is the description of translation rules from SysML/KAOS domain models to B System specifications. We also present the formal verification of these rules and we describe an open source tool that implements the languages and the rules. Finally, we provide a review of the application of the SysML/KAOS method on case studies such as for the formal specification of the hybrid ERTMS/ETCS level 3 standard.

In this paper, we use a combination of the SysML/KAOS requirements engineering method, an extension of SysML, with concepts of the KAOS goal model, and of the B System formal method. Translation rules from a SysML/KAOS goal model to a B System specification have been defined. They allow to obtain a skeleton of the B System specification. To complete it, we have defined a language to express the domain model associated to the goal model. The translation of this domain model gives the structural part of the B System specification. The contribution of this paper is the description of translation rules from SysML/KAOS domain models to B System specifications. We also present the formal verification of these rules and we describe an open source tool that implements the languages and the rules. Finally, we provide a review of the application of the SysML/KAOS method on case studies such as for the formal specification of the hybrid ERTMS/ETCS level 3 standard.

This paper deals with the creation of a model for predicting the performance of students during their studies using data mining, as well as with the analysis of factors which affect the achieved level of success. The model that is created on the basis of students' socio-demographic data, data on their behaviour, personality characteristics, attitudes towards learning and the entire teaching process organization tends to classify students into one of two categories of success. Performance is measured by students' grade point average achieved over the period of studies. We tested three methods of data mining: logistic regression, decision trees and neural networks. We believe that the presented model would serve as a test for the creation of a broader base of updated data by using some of the information tools and that, based on this model, a number of attributes that would relatively reliably predict the performance in studying will be defined.

Behaviour driven formal model development (BDFMD) enables domain engineers to influence and validate mathematically precise and verified specifications. In previous work we proposed a process where manually authored scenarios are used initially to support the requirements and help the modeller. The same scenarios are used to verify behavioural properties of the model. The model is then mutated to automatically generate scenarios that have a more complete coverage than the manual ones. These automatically generated scenarios are used to animate the model in a final acceptance stage. In this paper, we discuss lessons learned from applying this BDFMD process to a real-life specification: The European Train Control Systems (ETCS) Hybrid Level 3. During the case study, we have developed our understanding of the process, modifying the way we do some stages and developing improved tool support to make the process more efficient. We discuss (1) the need for abstract scenarios during incremental model development and verification, (2) tools and techniques developed to make the running of scenarios more efficient, and (3) improvements to tools that generate new test cases to improve coverage.

Aim Testing the working of the mobile surface water filtration system through the design and simulation of a CPN generated schema Methodology For understanding the required action for different conditions the programming is developed using CPN tools for analysis of different conditions and obtaining a holistic picture of the system. Result The simulation model has demonstrated how the working of the mobile system is intended and has the actions of a microcontroller clearly cut out for the programmer to understand and write the code. Each module was looked upon in the different scenarios and the changes in the system after simulation were shown, providing a holistic understanding of the entire system. The sensors, microcontrollers and actuators have been discussed to bridge the gap between completely theoretical concepts to an implementable entity. Conclusion Impending release of tool for direct conversion of Coloured Petri Net simulation into hexadecimal format opens up infinite avenues for system modelling in Coloured Petri Net environment. The model design can be improved upon by adding time dependency property of CPN to simulate more dynamic and time dependant processes, this aspect has not been explored as a holistic illustration, but the system for mobile surface water filtration device has been thoroughly and holistically explained and explored.

This paper proposes a model for building a flexible system, which accepts and verifies the change on business logic, including both business processes and business rules, while the system has to cover the properties as reliability and reuse. In this model, the business process will be designed with Colour Petri Net and translated into a set of Event-Condition-Action rules, this set will be combined with business rules for checking the respect of a business process to the business rules in design and modifying the process. Hierarchical Colour Petri Net is also used to guarantee the reliability and to reuse properties of the system.

The paper describes the algorithm, which is developed to solve scheduling tasks in Flexible Manufacturing Systems. The algorithm is a combination of Genetic Algorithm and Coloured Petri Nets. It is proposed to use Coloured Petri Nets to tackle the encoding problem in Genetic Algorithm. The objective is to minimize the total make-span subject to different constraints obtained in Flexible Manufacturing Systems.

In this paper, the effect of the protan CVD algorithm is analyzed. Using the protan CVD algorithm, the images are recolored, so that they are suitable for use by protan CVD people. In the first part, a trichromatic anomaly of the protanomaly type is described. After that, the protan CVD algorithm is described. The second part of the paper describes the Experiment in which the effectiveness of the CVD algorithm was tested. The CVD algorithm was applied to images from the Ishihara color blindness test database, which were purposely formed to detect protan CVD persons. The results of the Experiment are shown using images and numerical values of the average chromatic difference between every two pixels of the image. Finally, a comparative analysis of the results using objective (analysis of chromatic differences) and subjective (visual inspection of the image) methods is presented. Based on the analysis, an evaluation of the efficiency of the protan CVD algorithm was given.

In this paper, the effect of the protan CVD algorithm is analyzed. Using the protan CVD algorithm, theimages are recolored, so that they are suitable for use by protan CVD people. In the first part, a trichromaticanomaly of the protanomaly type is described. After that, the protan CVD algorithm is described. The second part ofthe paper describes the Experiment in which the effectiveness of the CVD algorithm was tested. The CVD algorithmwas applied to images from the Ishihara color blindness test database, which were purposely formed to detect protanCVD persons. The results of the Experiment are shown using images and numerical values of the average chromaticdifference between every two pixels of the image. Finally, a comparative analysis of the results using objective(analysis of chromatic differences) and subjective (visual inspection of the image) methods is presented. Based onthe analysis, an evaluation of the efficiency of the protan CVD algorithm was given.

The article describes a method for developing and modelling composite web-services. Web-service composition is used to derive new functionality from the interaction of existing web-services. Composite web-services are built in several stages: specifications (determining the type of service); development of the structure of the service based on the algebra of services; service composition modelling; selecting a service variant and generating a service. The main elements of the proposed approach are the algebra of services and web-services interaction models (basic and composite). The above approach formally presents the consideration of the main aspects in solving problems related to the construction of effective composite web-services and the selection of mathematical models, namely: description of web-services, determining the structure of web-services, taking into account the dynamics of information changes, taking into account the main uncertainties in building the structure web-services. Based on the approach, a method for constructing composite web-services has been developed. The method is based on an algebraic description of a web-service based on a specialized algebra of services. The method consists of the following steps: description of the task of developing a web-service; development of the structure of a web service based on the algebra of services; formal description of the structure and clarification of service operations; building models of functioning and interaction of service components; building simulation models of the composite service; defining the final structure of the composite service; web-service implementation. The main tool for describing composite services is the algebra of services, and the model building tool is coloured Petri nets implemented using СPN Tools. As an example of the application of the developed method, the construction of a pharmaceutical service is described, in which the modelling of the interaction of web-services based on Petri nets is used. The process of building a composite model of a web-service is considered. The process begins with building a pharmaceutical webservice model structure based on the service algebra. Based on the service algebra, operators were developed to implement composite services. The structure of the model is developed, which is presented in the form of a formal description. The process of building pharmaceutical service models in the СPN Tools environment is described in detail.

Electronic nose (array of chemical sensors) are widely used in food industry and pollution control. Also it could be used to locate or detect the direction of the source of emission odors. Usually this task is performed by electronic nose (ENose) cooperated with mobile vehicles, but when a source is instantaneous or surrounding is hard for vehicles to reach, problem occurs. Thus a method for stationary ENose to detect the direction of the source and locate the source will be required. A novel method which uses the ratio between the responses of different sensors as a discriminant to determine the direction of source in natural wind surroundings is presented in this paper. The result shows that the method is accurate and easily to be implemented. This method could be also used in movably, as an optimized algorithm for robot tracking source location.

Izvorni znanstveni rad Optimizacija strukture složenih informacijskih sustava Greške u početnoj fazi projektiranja bitno poskupljuju razvoj te umanjuju učinkovitost primjene novog informacijskog sustava. Zbog toga se u ovom radu analiziraju problemi i mogućnosti optimiranja osnovne strukture lS-a, predlaže drugi pristup i izlaže jedan novi opći algoritam za praktičnu provedbu te optimizacije. Ključne riječi: optimizacija, informacijski sustavi, analiza afiniteta među procesima.

a series of events covering topics related to business process management and intelligence, integration and interoperability of different approaches, technology-oriented business solutions and specific features to be considered in business/technology development. The term Business Intelligence (BI) covers a large spectrum of applications and technologies used to collect, store, interpret and decide on the information about company operations with the aim of helping corporate entities with a comprehensive status and knowledge on their business. BI is integrating with Warehouses (DWs), on-line analytic (OLAPS), corporate performance management (CPM), business process management (BPM), and other technology-oriented business solutions. Web technologies, semantics and ontology mechanisms are now used to mine, integrate and interpret distribute corporate data, either real-time or intermittent, by filtering noisy data, interpreting business data in context, enforcing trust and security in ...

In the actual business world, companies rely more and more on workflows to model the core of their business processes. In this context, the focus of workflow analysts is made on the verification of workflows specifications, in particular of modal specifications that allow the description of necessary or admissible behaviours. The design and the analysis of business processes commonly relies on workflow nets, a suited class of Petri nets. The goal of this paper is to evaluate and compare in a deep way two resolution methods-Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) and Constraint Logic Programming (CLP)-applied to the verification of modal specifications over workflow nets. Firstly, it provides a concise description of the verification methods based on constraint solving. Secondly, it introduces the toolchain developed to automate the full verification process. Thirdly, it describes the experimental protocol designed to evaluate and compare the scalability and efficiency of both resolution approaches and reports on the obtained results. Finally, these obtained results are discussed in detail, lessons learned from these experiments are given, and, on the basis of experiments feedback, directions for improvement and future work are suggested.

I-score is a system for the composition and execution of interactive multimedia scores. It uses Hierarchical Time Stream Petri Nets (HTSPN) to build an execution model of the scores. Nowadays, composers have increasingly needed to represent and manipulate complex data in their multimedia scenarios. However, HTSPN formalism does not allow to handle data. In this work, we propose a model to execute interactive multimedia scores based on Coloured Petri Nets (CPN). Our work extends the current execution model of i-score with the capability to handle complex data. Our approach consists in developing CPN modules for reading, appending and reversing audio files. We use CPN Tools for prototyping, simulating and verifying our model and discuss how to represent fundamental signal processing functions, conditionals or loops.

Petrijeve mreže su moćan grafo-analitički matematički aparat koji može da ima široku primenu u oblasti modeliranja, analize i sinteze različitih sistema. U ovom radu su izložene njihove osnovne definicije i osobine. Ukazuje se na mogućnost primene kod simulacije proizvodnih sistema i procesa. Kao ilustracija prikazani su konkretni primeri.

Za prikupljanje podataka o drumskom saobraćaju koriste se statički senzori integrisani u putnoj infrastrukturi i senzori dostupni na vozilima i uređajima za navigaciju. Senzori različitih vrsta omogućavaju: brojanje i klasifikaciju vozila na saobraćajnicama, merenje prosečne brzine vozila, proveru zauzetosti saobraćajnih traka, kao i automatsku detekciju incidenata (vožnja u suprotnom smeru, objekti pali sa vozila, požar ili saobraćajna nezgoda). Senzorski podaci u drumskom saobraćaju poseduju sva četiri ključna Big Data obeležja, koja se odnose na: količinu, brzinu pristizanja novih podataka, raznovrsnost u pogledu struktuiranosti podataka i nepouzdanost. Ovaj rad istražuje mogućnosti primene softverskog alata Weka u obavljanju data mining poslova u Big Data analizi senzorskih podataka u drumskom saobraćaju. Weka omogućava: pripremu podataka, klasifikaciju, klasterovanje, selekciju relevantnih atributa, učenje pravilom asocijacije i vizuelizaciju podataka. U radu je demonstrirana primena tehnike klasifikacije u alatu Weka, na podacima koji predstavljaju karakteristike intenziteta saobraćajnih tokova, na izabranim deonicama puteva u Republici Srbiji, na mesečnom nivou.

Modeliranje procesa i metodološka istraživanja modeliranja funkcionalnosti (funkcija, procesa, aktivnosti, operacija, itd.) provode se od početaka razvoja i primjene računala. Pritom su predmet interesa metode i tehnike modeliranja, ali i anomalije modela te njihovo otkrivanje i otklanjanje. Suvremene servisno orijentirane arhitekture, razvoj vođen transformacijom modela i općenito težnja prema automatiziranom razvoju, daju novu važnost istraživanjima anomalija modela procesa i drugih modela funkcionalnosti. Rad se bavi istraživanjem anomalija u modelima procesa, njihovim osobinama, zajedničkim obilježjima, podjelom, metodama i metodikama prepoznavanja, te rješavanja uz primjenu uzoraka. Temeljni pristup otkrivanja i rješavanja anomalija u radu je formiranje taksonomije anomalija, te opis njihovih svojstava i uzoraka. Namjera je da se za svaku klasu anomalija odrede metode otkrivanja i rješavanja, s ciljem automatizacije prepoznavanja i rješavanja anomalija.

Gehlot and Nigro CPN models can be constructed using CPN Tools, a graphical software tool used to create, edit, simulate, and analyze models. CPN Tools has a graphical editor that allows the user to create and arrange the various Petri Net components. One of the key features of CPN Tools is that it visually divides the hierarchical components of a CPN, enhancing its readability without affecting the execution of the model. CPN Tools also provides a monitoring facility to conduct performance analysis of a system. In addition, unlike traditional discrete event systems, CPNs allow for state space based exploration and analysis, which is complementary to pure simulation based analysis. State space analysis can be used to detect system properties such as the absence of deadlocks. This tutorial is intended to give the reader a basic introduction to CPNs, as well as CPN Tools, and how they can be used in modeling and simulation. We will introduce the key concepts and vocabulary of CPNs by means of simple illustrative examples. We then present the steps and creation of a CPN model of the call center example discussed in White and Ingalls (2009). This tutorial requires no prior knowledge of Petri Nets, however, a basic understanding of modeling and simulation is assumed. Its emphasis is on the practical use of CPNs and the CPN Tools environment in the simulation of various systems. For sake of brevity, this paper does not discuss state-space based analysis. The rest of the paper will be organized as follows. In section 2 we introduce the details of Petri Nets and CPNs for the purposes of modeling and simulation. In section 3 we describe the CPN model of the call center example. Section 4 will be devoted to the simulation and generation of statistics for the call center example. Details of interacting with the CPN development environment (CPN Tools) are given in section 5.

The work is done to show the modeling of Patil synchronization problem with the support of Colored Petri Net, which was impossible to present with well known P and V operations or through Classical Petri Net [1], as the limitation of the mentioned mathematical properties does not allow to model the mechanisms, where the process must be synchronized with optimal allocation of resources. The work explains the modeling features of the synchronization function with Colored Petri Net. There is a detailed description of Patil proposal on synchronization issue of cigarette smokers with Colored Petri Net (Fig. 2.), which shows due to what exact properties of expansion occurred (guarding types to positions and tokens, guarding logical expressions to transitions and arcs, importing of high-level special properties, special for programming languages) and how to manage the process of resolving such problems through modern mechanisms of modeling. The described model below illustrates the most im...

By growing the use of real-time application on mobile devices, there is a challenge to provide reliable routing algorithm among these devices. We propose a new method in route selection for Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol which increases the reliability of the selected route. In this scheme for each node along route discovery, we determine two parameters, to calculate the routes reliability. To ensure the correctness of our method, we create a Colored Petri Net for the protocol. By applying the model, results show that the routing reliability is increased in comparison with standard AODV.

U ovom radu analizirane su se zaštite na dokumentima i vrijednosnim papirima. Radile su se usporedbe raznih novčanica i osobnih dokunemata u vizualnom i ultraljubičastom dijelu spektralnog područja. Barijerno skaniranje provedeno je na uređaju za digitalnu forenziku Projectina Docucentar 4500, na Tehničkom veleučilištu u Zagrebu. Ovaj sofisticirani instrument omogućuje razdvajanje svjetlosnog spektra u specifičnim rasponima, što ga razlikuje od komercijalno dostupnih uređaja za utvrđivanje autentičnosti dokumenata i novčanica. Rezultati istraživanja koristit će dizajnerima prigodom kreiranja kompleksnih zadatka kao što su dizajn sigurnosne grafike. Ovakva forenzička analitička metoda skaniranja vrijednosnih papira u ultravioletnom i vizualnom spektru, kao sastavni dio analize u postupku dizajna, predstavlja precizan i kvalitetan temelj svakom dizajneru u njegovom kreativnom procesu dizajniranja. Primjeri iz analize pokazuju važnost provjere dokumenata i vrijednosnica izvan područja ...

Behaviour driven formal model development (BDFMD) enables domain engineers to influence and validate mathematically precise and verified specifications. In previous work we proposed a process where manually authored scenarios are used initially to support the requirements and help the modeller. The same scenarios are used to verify behavioural properties of the model. The model is then mutated to automatically generate scenarios that have a more complete coverage than the manual ones. These automatically generated scenarios are used to animate the model in a final acceptance stage. In this paper, we discuss lessons learned from applying this BDFMD process to a real-life specification: The European Train Control Systems (ETCS) Hybrid Level 3. During the case study, we have developed our understanding of the process, modifying the way we do some stages and developing improved tool support to make the process more efficient. We discuss (1) the need for abstract scenarios during incremental model development and verification, (2) tools and techniques developed to make the running of scenarios more efficient, and (3) improvements to tools that generate new test cases to improve coverage.

Formalizing system specification has been highly valuable in demonstrating safety and consistence of safety critical systems. It is undoubtedly the case in railway signalling, especially the European Rail Traffic Management System/European Train Control System (ERTMS/ETCS). However, the complexity of the European standard specification, especially for its highest level, namely level 3, requires a significant overtake in early modelling approaches when it comes to clearly expressing system functionalities along with safety requirements, all towards a concrete safe design. In this regard, our research introduces a Colored Petri net (CPN) sub-class associated to an Event-B machine and annotated by mathematical sequences, which are expressed in the B-language, all in the view of enriching the modelling techniques intended for system formal specification and verification. In this paper, we show through a detailed ERTMS L3 case study, how such featured CPNs fit in the progressive formalization and verification of Movement Authority (MA) computation.

Model transformation is an interesting task, which could take advantage of several modelling languages, and meanwhile should respect all the safety requirements. The presented work studies the translation from a valid design solution to a valid implementation, which is a mapping method from coloured Petri nets to abstract B machines. Both modelling languages are well known formal methods in the context of safety requirement engineering. The Petri nets are widely accepted by French railway engineers because of a fine graphic representation and their dynamic analysis properties. The B machine offers verified software development based on B language, which has already been applied in some safety-critical systems. The proposed model translation technique will help to bridge the gap between these two formal methods. This paper shows the systematic process of the translation, which is also illustrated by several case studies. The limitations and future efforts are discussed at the end of the paper.

In order to assist domain experts, several tools exist for the definition of graphical or textual domain specific modeling languages (DSMLs). The resulting models are useful, but not sufficient, for an overall understanding of the system, especially when formal methods are being applied. Indeed, formal methods failures often result from misunderstandings of the requirements, even if the system is entirely proved. This is confirmed by several industrial experiments which showed that the poor readability of the formal notations is not convenient for communication with domain experts and hence the validation activity is often tedious, time consuming and complex. In order to circumvent this shortcoming, we propose to make domain specific models provable and also executable thanks to the animation of their expected behaviour directly in a dedicated DSML tool. Our approach starts from an intuitive description of the system's operational semantics thanks to high-level Petri-nets which abstract away structural constraints and focus on safety-critical behaviours. Then we take benefit of the B method in order to refine and prove these operational semantics on the one hand, and to merge them with the static semantics of a given DSML, on the other hand. This work is applied to the design of ERTMS/ETCS 3 which is an emergent solution for railway system management.