Coastal Ecology

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In 2012 we conducted an integrated ecological assessment of the marine environment of the Pitcairn Islands, which are four of the most remote islands in the world. The islands and atolls (Ducie, Henderson, Oeno, and Pitcairn) are situated in the central South Pacific, halfway between New Zealand and South America. We surveyed algae, corals, mobile invertebrates, and fishes at 97 sites between 5 and 30 m depth, and found 51 new records for algae, 23 for corals, and 15 for fishes. The structure of the ecological communities was correlated with age, isolation, and geomorphology of the four islands. Coral and algal assemblages were significantly different among islands with Ducie having the highest coral cover (56%) and Pitcairn dominated by erect macroalgae (42%). Fish biomass was dominated by top predators at Ducie (62% of total fish biomass) and at Henderson (35%). Herbivorous fishes dominated at Pitcairn, while Oeno showed a balanced fish trophic structure. We found high levels of regional endemism in the fish assemblages across the islands (45%), with the highest level observed at Ducie (56% by number). We conducted the first surveys of the deep habitats around the Pitcairn Islands using drop-cameras at 21 sites from depths of 78 to 1,585 m. We observed 57 fish species from the drop-cams, including rare species such as the false catshark (Pseudotriakis microdon) and several new undescribed species. In addition, we made observations of typically shallow reef sharks and other reef fishes at depths down to 300 m. Our findings highlight the uniqueness and high biodiversity value of the Pitcairn Islands as one of the least impacted in the Pacific, and suggest the need for immediate protection.

This article documents the widespread absence of sessile species in bedrock intertidal habitats at the head of the St. Lawrence Estuary, a large macrotidal estuary located in eastern Canada. Extensive observations revealed that no seaweeds or sessile invertebrates occurred anywhere (including cracks and crevices) on substrate areas that become exposed to the air during low tides. Only one sessile species, a green filamentous alga, was found submerged in tidepools. The lack of truly marine sessile species is likely explained by the very low water salinity of this coast, while the absence of sessile freshwater species on intertidal substrates outside of tidepools likely responds to a combination of oligohaline conditions during high tides and daily exposures to the air during low tides, which freshwater species are typically not adapted to. Influences of winter ice scour and coastal suspended sediments are likely secondary. Experimental research could unravel the interactive effects of these abiotic stressors. Overall, this "intertidal desert" could be a useful model system to further explore the boundaries of life on our planet.

In 1870, Ludimar Hermann reported an optical illusion that has been popularized thereafter after his name. In this Hermann Grid illusion, we see either white grid upon the background of complete black or black grid on the background of complete white. If we watch the grid, we see blobs of darkness or blobs of white smudges appearing at the intersections of the white or black grid respectively that are more prominent at peripheral view. A number of approaches to explain this illusion have been ventured in course of time. In this article, we will take the endeavor to explain it from the angle of familiarity with the previous associated memories of grid views. To summarize our view, we can say that we see Hermann grid illusion because of the impossibility of the Hermann grid in reality.

Recruitment is a key demographic step for the persistence of populations, so understanding its drivers has traditionally been a relevant goal of ecology. On marine rocky shores, coastal oceanography is an important driver of the recruitment of intertidal invertebrates that reproduce through pelagic larvae by affecting larval transport and delivery. The intermittent upwelling hypothesis (IUH) posits that coastal pelagic larvae are driven offshore under intense upwelling or to depths under intense downwelling, while weak upwelling allows larvae to stay near the shore, thereby facilitating intertidal recruitment. The IUH thus predicts a unimodal relationship between Bakun's upwelling index (BUI) and intertidal recruitment. The IUH has been supported by studies that plotted simultaneously single average values of recruitment and BUI for various coastal locations that collectively span downwelling to upwelling conditions. Based on its theoretical foundations, the IUH should also hold for a target location analyzed over the years provided enough interannual variation in BUI. On the Atlantic Canadian coast in Nova Scotia, upwelling varies interannually depending on wind patterns. Therefore, for a location that is representative of the abiotic and biotic conditions on this coast (Western Head), we tested the IUH by measuring annual intertidal barnacle recruitment and BUI for the pelagic larval season of barnacles for a period of 10 years (2014-2024). On this coast, BUI averaged for the barnacle larval season varied among years from mild downwelling to clear upwelling. Generalized additive modelling revealed a unimodal relationship between intertidal barnacle recruitment and BUI, thereby supporting the IUH. These results add this western ocean boundary to the known list of coastal systems where upwelling may influence intertidal invertebrate recruitment.

Environmental gradients and wastewater discharges produce aggregated effects on marine populations, obscuring the detection of human impact. Classical assessment methods do not include environmental effects in toxicity tests designs, which could lead to incorrect conclusions. We proposed a modified Whole Effluent Toxicity test (mWET) that includes environmental gradients in addition to effluent dilutions, together with the application of Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) to assess and decouple those effects. We tested this approach, analyzing the lethal effects of wastewater on a marine sandy beach bivalve affected by an artificial canal freshwater discharge used for rice crops irrigation. To this end, we compared bivalve mortality between canal water dilutions (CWd) and salinity controls (SC: without canal water). CWd were prepared by diluting the water effluent (sampled during the pesticide application period) with artificial marine water. The salinity gradient was included in the design by achieving the same final salinities in both CWd and SC, allowing us to account for the effects of salinity by including this variable as a random factor in the GLMM. Our approach detected significantly higher mortalities in CWd, indicating potential toxic effects of the effluent discharge. mWET represents an improvement over the internationally standardized WET tests, since it considers environmental variability and uses appropriate statistical analyses.

Pengukuran kualitas perairan dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas perairan berdasarkan aspek fisik, kimia, dan biologi dan membandingkan hasil pengukuran tersebut dengan kualitas baku sesuai dengan ekosistem dan peruntukan perairan tersebut. Pengukuran faktor fisik dan kimia perairan dilakukan dengan mengukur suhu air, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (oksigen terlarut), salinitas, kejernihan (kecerahan), kecepatan aliran, dan kedalaman.

Arctic coastal biodiversity faces increasing threats from anthropogenic activities and climate change. However, the effects on biodiversity are still poorly under-stood, hindering actions aimed at mitigating the impacts at a pan-Arctic scale. We present the results of a horizon scan that provides a road map to address knowledge gaps on the influence of anthropogenic activities, from increased shipping and harvesting to consequences of climate change including increas-ing temperatures, cryosphere loss, and freshwater runoff. Predictions on ecolog-ical change, species range expansions, and anthropogenic impacts on Arctic coasts are hampered by the lack of biodiversity data and scarcity of biological long-term monitoring programs. Filling these knowledge gaps will require coordi-nated international efforts and standardized experiments across the diverse eco-systems characterizing the Arctic.

Beserta perangkat yang ada (jika diperlukan). Dengan Hak Bebas Royalti Nonekslusif ini Universitas Sriwijaya berhak menyimpan, mengalihmedia/formatkan, mengelola dalam bentuk pengkalan data (database), merawat, dan mempublikasikan skripsi saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai pemilik Hak Cipta. Demikianlah pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Debris is a waste that generated by human activities. Debris differentiated into land debris and marine debris. Marine debris is defined as any persistent solid material that is manufactured or processed and directly or indirectly, intentionally or unintentionally, disposed of or abandoned into the marine environment. Marine debris generally comes from anthropogenic activities. Marine debris are classified into micro debris, meso debris, macro debris, and mega debris. Macro debris is a waste that has a size 2.5 cm – 1 m. the purpose of this research is to identified, knowing the abundance of macro debris at coastal land of Sungsang Village and Musi River Estuary as well as do the load analysis of macro debris at Musi River Estuary. This research was conducted at December 2018. The sampling was done at coastal land of Sungsang Village using standings stock techniques and on the Musi River Estuary using trash net that was taken at spring tide. Sample analysis was committed at Oceanogr...

Plankton is essential to estuarine food webs, providing key food for species like fish larvae, and understanding their dynamics helps us comprehend ecological interactions and energy transfer in aquatic ecosystems. This study examined the plankton community structure, diversity, variability and the environmental variables of water that influenced these communities in a freshwater-dominated estuary along the Northern Bay of Bengal during the dry season. A variety of tools were employed, including a dissecting microscope, a Sedgwick-Rafter cell, and a Hanna multi-parameter meter, to obtain detailed and comprehensive data. From the analyses, in total 37 genera of phytoplankton belonging to 11 classes such as Bacillariophyceae (66%), Coscinodiscophyceae (28%), Fragilariophyceae (1%), Euglenophyceae (1%), Cyanophyceae (1%), others (3%) were recorded. Zooplankton, consisting of multicellular organisms, was represented by 11 genera across five classes, with Monogononta (53%) and Insecta (29%) being the most prevalent. Phytoplankton exhibited a mean abundance of 180,000 ± 20,200 cells l-1 whereas zooplankton showed a mean abundance of 3,000 ± 200 cells l-1. The diversity indices (H′), evenness (J′) and dominance (D) ranged from 1.188 ± 0.015 to 0.19 ± 0.006, 0.9377 ± 0.002 to 0.5118 ± 0.006, 0.365 ± 0.001 to 0.143 ± 0.002 respectively, suggested low to moderate plankton diversity with a suppressed community and moderate to high dominance in the river water. Based on the similarity percentage (SIMPER) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), Phytoplankton and zooplankton varied significantly between stations while non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) indicated greater consistency in phytoplankton communities across stations compared to zooplankton. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation coefficient (rs) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified transparency, sulfates, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, TDS, pH, and salinity as major influencers of plankton abundance; nitrate had a moderate effect. Spearman's rank correlations showed significant positive (p < 0.05) correlations between diversity indices and environmental variables. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring and the potential impacts of environmental changes on plankton communities.

Tajwid Lake is an oxbow lakes that located in the Langgam District, Pelalawan Regency,Riau Province. The potency of the Tajwid Lake is currently under reviewed by the governmentof Pelalawan as it will be developed into a tourist destination. Water quality in the lake Tajwidmight be changed as a result of human activities conducted around the lake. A study aims toprovide basic information on water quality and determine the trophic status of the lake wasconducted in February 2016. There are three stations (Station 1, Station 2 and Station 3) and thewater was sampled from three depths, surface, middle and the bottom of the lake. The samplingswere conducted 3 times, once / week. The water quality parameters measured were depth,transparency, temperature, pH, free CO2-, DO, Nitrate and Phosphate concentration. Resultsshown that the depth of the lake was ranged from 6.3 to 12.3 m, transparency 51.3- 69 cm,temperature 27.7-30.3 °C, pH 5, dissolved oxygen 2.3-8.3 mg / L. Free carbon dioxide ...

In vegetation science and forest management, tree density is often used as a variable. To determine the value of this variable, reliable field methods are necessary. When vegetation is sparse or not easily accessible, the use of sample plots is not feasible in the field. Therefore, plotless methods, like the Point Centred Quarter Method, are often used as an alternative. In this study we investigate the accuracy of different plotless sampling methods. To this end, tree densities of a mangrove forest were determined and compared with estimates provided by several plotless methods. None of these methods proved accurate across all field sites with mean underestimations up to 97% and mean overestimations up to 53% in the field. Applying the methods to different vegetation patterns shows that when random spatial distributions were used the true density was included within the 95% confidence limits of all the plotless methods tested. It was also found that, besides aggregation and regular...

The importance of soil phosphorus (P) is likely to increase in coming decades due to the growing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition originated by industrial and agricultural activities. We currently lack a proper understanding of the main drivers of soil P pools in coastal dunes, which rank among the most valued priority conservation areas worldwide. Here, we evaluated the joint effects of biotic (i.e. microbial abundance and richness, vegetation and cryptogams cover) and abiotic (i.e. pH and aridity) factors on labile, medium‐lability and recalcitrant soil P pools across a wide aridity gradient in the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Climate determined the availability of medium‐lability, recalcitrant and total P, but had a minor net effect on labile P, which was positively and significantly related to the presence of plants, mosses and lichens. Medium‐lability P was significantly influenced by soil bacterial richness and abundance (positively and negatively, respectively)...

Wetland ecosystems are some of the most threatened ecosystems in the World. These systems are of great ecological importance since they provide many ecosystem services including high biological productivity, hydrological flux regulation, shoreline protection against sea-level rise, phytoremediation of contaminated areas, storage and recycling of carbon, nutrients and trace-elements, and provide habitat for aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. Special attention is warranted for these unique ecosystems and their examination through both laboratory and field-based studies. This special issue of STOTEN presents a collection of multidisciplinary research topics to help better understand the role of wetlands in the environment and how they are altered under the pressure of human activities. The manuscripts represent wetland research around the world with a wide diversity of ecosystems such as Arctic wetlands, Italian coastal lagoons, the Florida Everglades, and Egyptian saltmarshes. Topics covered include both spatial and temporal studies on nutrient and contaminant biogeochemistry, food web development, coastal ecology, and policy implications. While we cannot overview all of the significant findings in this short editorial, a few of the conclusions from the manuscripts in this special issue include the following: Several manuscripts examine the biogeochemistry of nutrients and the relationships with vegetation. Yan et al. found that nitrogen loading affects microbes, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers attached to submerged macrophytes in constructed wetlands. Zhou et al. found that nitrogen release from the decay of P. crispus had an influence on Anammox bacteria. Bonometto et al. found that salt marshes in the Venice lagoon acted alternately as a source and a sink of sediment and nutrients and that vegetated intertidal areas provided the most nitrogen removal. Some of the manuscripts in this special issue examine industries and their relationship with biogeochemical processes. Hayward et al. found that in Arctic tundra wetlands impacted by municipal wastewater, antibiotic resistant gene distribution is affected by hydrology and spring runoff. Glavas et al. found that salt production on microbial mats in Slovenia is favored by cyanobacterial sheaths that sequester magnesium. Many of the manuscripts in this issue examined the fate of metals in wetland ecosystems. Zhou et al. found that decomposition rates and subsequent nutrient ad metal release varied by species in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida USA. Negrin et al. found that concentrations of trace metals were higher in below-ground biomass in S. alterniflora in a South American Estuary.

Along the Swedish northwest coast, over 60% of the eelgrass meadows have been lost since the 1980s. Despite improved water quality, no recovery has occurred, and restoration is presently considered to mitigate historical losses. However, the factors preventing natural recovery of eelgrass are not known, and it is not clear if conditions would allow restoration. Here, we present the results from 5 years of field studies with the aim of identifying the key processes affecting eelgrass growth and survival at historical eelgrass areas. Continuous light measurements and comparison with historic eelgrass distribution indicate that maximum depth distribution has decreased locally with 1.5-2.3 m in areas that have lost large eelgrass beds in the last 10-30 years. Field studies suggest that wind-driven local resuspension of sediments that are no longer stabilized by eelgrass beds is the main cause behind the deteriorated light conditions. Field experiments show that a combination of low light condition and disturbance from drifting algal mats prevents eelgrass recovery in these areas, whereas the sulfide intrusion from the sediment and dislodgement of shoots by waves had little effect on growth and survival. These results suggest that local regime shifts acting on a scale of 40-200 ha have occurred after the loss of eelgrass beds, where increased sediment resuspension and proliferation of drifting algal mats act as feedback mechanisms that prevent both natural recovery and restoration of eelgrass. The feedbacks appear to be interacting and causing an accelerating loss of eelgrass that is presently spreading to neighboring areas.

Marine canopies formed by seagrass and other coastal vegetated ecosystems could act as sinks of microplastics for being efficient particle traps. Here we investigated for the first time the occurrence of microplastic retention by marine canopies in a hydraulic flume under unidirectional flow velocities from 2 to 30 cm s À1 . We used as model canopy-forming species the seagrass Zostera marina with four canopy shoot density (0, 50, 100, 200 shoots m À2 ), and we used as microplastic particles industrial pristine pellets with specific densities from 0.90 to 1.34 g cm À3 (polypropylene PP; polystyrene PS; polyamide 6 PA; and polyethylene terephthalate PET). Overall, microplastics particles transported with the flow were retained in the seagrass canopies but not in bare sand. While seagrass canopies retained floating microplastics (PP) only at low velocities (<12 cm s À1 ) due to a barrier created by the canopy touching the water surface, the retention of sinking particles (PS, PA, PET) occurred across a wider range of flow velocities. Our simulations revealed that less dense sinking particles (PS) might escape from the canopy at high velocities, while denser sinking particles can be trapped in scouring areas created by erosive processes around the eelgrass shoots. Our results show that marine canopies might act as potential barriers or sinks for microplastics at certain bio-physical conditions, with the probability of retention generally increasing with the seagrass shoot density and polymer specific density and decreasing with the flow velocity. We conclude that seagrass meadows, and other aquatic canopy-forming ecosystems, should be prioritized habitats in assessment of microplastic exposure and impact on coastal areas since they may accumulate high concentration of microplastic particles that could affect associated fauna.

In 2014 a DNA-based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus, including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina, Calamovilfa, and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 years. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus. We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina.

Kata kunci : fitoplankton, kerang simping, kesuburan perairan, Pemalang Pengantar Kabupaten Pemalang merupakan salah satu kawasan yang mempunyai potensi perikanan tangkap di Pantai Utara Jawa Tengah. Kabupaten Pemalang mempunyai panjang garis pantai 34,69 km dan luas wilayah laut (4 mil) yaitu 249,12 km 2 (Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Jawa Tengah, 2012). Perkembangan perikanan tangkap di Kabupaten Pemalang juga memberikan dampak yang bagus pada penangkapan kerang simping yang merupakan salah satu komoditi potensi perikanan tangkap. Kerang simping merupakan nama lokal dari Amusium pleuronectes di Indonesia. Menurut Susilowati et al. (2008), kerang simping termasuk bagian dalam sumberdaya perikanan tangkap, yang mempunyai potensi besar dan nilai ekonomis yang tinggi, namun belum banyak dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Kesuburan perairan merupakan suatu indikator yang dapat memprediksi penangkapan sumberdaya perikanan (Kasma et al., 2007). Kesuburan perairan sangat bergantung dengan keberadaan fitoplankton dan parameter fisika-kimia perairan. Menurut Yuliana et al. (2012), peranan fitoplankton sangat penting di suatu perairan, selain sebagai dasar rantai makanan (primary producer) juga berperan sebagai salah satu parameter tingkat kesuburan. Fitoplankton didominansi oleh pigmen klorofil-a, dimana sebaran klorofil-a sangat berkaitan dengan parameter fisika-kimia perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas fitoplankton dari kelimpahan, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keseragaman, indeks dominansi serta parameter biofisika-kimia perairan sebagai indikator kesuburan perairan dalam memprediksikan daerah penangkapan kerang simping (Amusium pleuronectes) di Perairan Pemalang.

The coastal region is a meeting point of land and sea. The coastal area utilization has developed intensively, which causes the sustainability or capacity of coastal ecosystems, and the pollution potential in this area exceeded due to various human activities. This condition affects the existence of microalgae, which play an important role not only in the food chain in the aquatic environment but also in humans at the end. This research was carried out in Sendang Biru Waters, South Malang Regency. The purpose of this study was to map and determine the biodiversity as well as the distribution of microalgae in coastal waters using in situ data. The data were analyzed using geographic information system techniques in the form of microalgae distribution and biodiversity maps. The results showed that the microalgae identified from the genera Chaetoceros and Navicula showing the highest frequency. The biodiversity index value at station 1 was 3,312, at station 2 was 3,184. These values in...

Located at the interface between land and sea, mangroves develop both near the sea and inland. However, mangroves that develop inland have to cope with variable, high salinity; and urban pollution, as is the case with the mangroves of the Ambowé lagoon in Greater Libreville. Salinity is an important parameter for mangrove growth. The aim of this work was; yes itto show the impact of salinity on the density and mechanical strength of A. germinans wood exposed to hydrocarbon pollution. To this end, wood samples taken from the polluted Ambowé site were analyzed in the laboratory for wood and physical-mechanical properties. The data obtained were compared with wood samples taken from the unpolluted Oveng site, which has a higher salinity. The results show that for the polluted wood showed wider rings, lower wood density and mechanical strength with values of 0.91 ± 0.05 and 70.28 MPa, respectively. Also, the rings and vessels of Oveng wood are narrower than those of Ambowé wood. These differences are linked to salinity. Salinity therefore affects the density and mechanical strength of A. germinans wood exposed to hydrocarbon pollution.

This study compares the Lepidoptera diversity at two sites at Cotton Tree, Mahaica-Berbice, Guyana. This research was conducted in three phases. Phase one included the collection of Lepidopteran specimens from the sites. Phase two consisted of data identifying the sampled lepidopteran specimens and phase three included the data analysis to compare the results and determine which of the two sites had the highest Lepidopteran diversity. Sampling plots of 1000-meter squares were taken at each of the two sites. During this field investigation, one thousand four hundred fourteen (1,449) lepidopteran specimens composing of seventeen (17) families, forty-one (41) genera, and forty-four (44) species were recorded from the two (2) study sites. In addition, of the overall results of this study, eighteen (18) species of butterflies from sixteen (16) genera and five (5) families were sampled and recorded, whereas, twenty-six (26) species of moths from twenty-five (25) genera and twelve (12) families were documented and reported on. Site No. #1 and Site No. #2 both recorded thirty-six (36) lepidopteran species. The communities were compared using Simpson's Diversity Index. Results showed that Site No. 2 lepidopteran community had a higher species richness, species evenness, species diversity, and abundance than Site No. 1.

This study evaluates and compares lichen diversity at two coastal sites at No. 63 Benab, Berbice, Guyana. The study was completed in three phases. Phase one included the collection of the lichen specimens from the sites; Phase two consisted of the identification of the lichen specimens obtained from field visits and Phase three included the analysis of the data done on R version 4.2.2 (R-Studio) and Microsoft Excel to determine which of the sites had the highest lichen diversity. Sampling plots of 2000 meter square (2000 m 2 ) for each of the two agroecosystems was demarcated and at both locations, 50 m x 40 m study plots were established, and samples of healthy mature trees were identified from each plot to determine species richness, evenness, and diversity of the lichen communities. The trunks of 40 healthy individual trees were intercepted with twine in the North, South, East, and West quadrants (each measuring 50 by 100 cm). A total of fifty-two thousand three hundred eleven (52,311) lichens were identified belonging to fifteen (15) families, twentythree (23) genera and thirty (30) species. This research based on the available literature has reported seventeen (17) new species of lichens from eleven (11) families as first-time record of species that were not previously identified for Guyana and so adds to the biodiversity of lichen flora in the country. First time records for Guyana included four (4) species of lichens from the family Parmeliaceae; one (1) species from the family Chrysotrichaceae; one (1) species from the family Teloschistaceae; two (2) species from the family Lecanoraceae; one species from the family Arthoniaceae; two (2) species from the family; one (1) species from the family Stereocaulaceae; two (2) species from the family Phlyctidaceae; one species from the family Collemataceae; one species from the family Cladoniaceae and one species from the family Lichinaceae. The lichen communities were compared using the Simpson's Diversity Index, Shannon Diversity Index, Menhinick's Index and Pielou's Index. Statistical analyses were executed with the help of the R and Excel software and it was possible to distinguish between the two sites' species distribution, diversity, and abundance. The results showed that site # 1 lichen community had a higher species richness, species evenness, species diversity and abundance than site # 2. Four (4) species of lichens showed specificity towards twelve (12) species of host trees.

This was a preliminary study into host-plant lichen specificity at two coastal agroecosystems sites at No. 63 Benab, Berbice, Guyana. For each of the two sites, sampling plots of 2000 meter square (2000 m2) were demarcated and at 50 m × 40 m study plots were established. Healthy mature trees were identified in each plot to assess the lichen communities host-plant specificity. Twine was used to mark the trunks of 40 healthy individual trees in the North, South, East, and West quadrants (each measuring 50 by 100 cm). A total of 52,311 lichens were recorded and these were placed into fifteen (15) families, twenty-three (23) genera, and thirty (30) species. Crustose lichens were the most abundant in the study. Cocos nucifera had the highest average number of lichens recorded and accounted for forty-five percent (45 %) of the overall host trees that were sampled. Four (4) species of lichens (Flavoparmelia soredians, Dirinaria applanate, Lecanora muralis and Lecanora conizaeoide) showed specificity towards all host trees in the study. Twenty-six (26) species did not show specificity to all twelve (12) of the host tree species sampled. Twelve (12) species of lichens (

Meta-analysis; Mediterranean; Macaronesia effective for (iv) augmenting local fishery yields through biomass exportation from the protected area, and (v) inducing shifts in fish assemblage structure by increasing the dominance of large predator species. However, the attraction for tourism and diving due to ecological benefits of protection can cause damages likely to reverse some of the MPA effects. Other expected effects are more subject to uncertainty, and hence need more research, such as (vi) causing density-dependent changes in life history traits and (vii) protecting the recruitment of commercially important species, (viii) protecting marine biodiversity (including genetic diversity), (ix) causing ecosystem-wide effects such as trophic cascades, and (x) increasing community and ecosystem stability, thus promoting resilience and faster recovery from disturbance. Meta-analysis of data arising from these case studies are used to establish the overall effect of MPAs, and its relationship to MPA features, such as size of no-take area or time since protection. Based on the review and the metaanalyses, specific recommendations are provided for MPA management, regarding the establishment of goals and objectives, site selection, MPA design and zoning, planning, and monitoring. Finally, a series of recommendations for MPA research are offered to drive future research in MPA issues in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia.

Brangkal River is one of river where located in Mojokerto. Beritajatim.com has reported on Tuesday, August 18 that Brangkal River flow brings white foam which had about 20 cm in thickness and caused thousands fish getting dead. Foam flow comes from hazardous and poisonous spilled which is presented by chemistry substance warehouse fire a day before Brangkal River contamination phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to understand water quality of Brangkal River after contaminated by fire waste based on microalgae as bioindicators. Sample was taken using purposive sampling. The result of this study indicates that microalgae had been discovered about 25 species. The highest abundance species value is the second stasiun. The lowest abundance species value is the third station. The highest diversity index value is the second station. The highest Domination index value is the second station. The conclusion is Brangkal River has heavy contaminated water quality.

Brangkal River is one of river where located in Mojokerto. Beritajatim.com has reported on Tuesday, August 18 that Brangkal River flow brings white foam which had about 20 cm in thickness and caused thousands fish getting dead. Foam flow comes from hazardous and poisonous spilled which is presented by chemistry substance warehouse fire a day before Brangkal River contamination phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to understand water quality of Brangkal River after contaminated by fire waste based on microalgae as bioindicators. Sample was taken using purposive sampling. The result of this study indicates that microalgae had been discovered about 25 species. The highest abundance species value is the second stasiun. The lowest abundance species value is the third station. The highest diversity index value is the second station. The highest Domination index value is the second station. The conclusion is Brangkal River has heavy contaminated water quality

Sumber Sira is one of the springs used by the community for consumption, tourism and rice irrigation. Excessive community activities such as the use of pesticides in rice fields that are directly discharged into river bodies and other activities that can reduce the quality of water in Sumber Sira. Phytoplankton are members of plant-like plankton. Phytoplankton can be used as an indicator of determining the quality of waters because of the high sensitivity to environmental changes. This study aims to determine the quality of water in Sumber Sira Gondanglegi District Malang Regency so that it can be used as a source of learning biology. The research variables were chlorophyll water levels measured using UV-VIS 1800 spectrophotometry and found phytoplankton. Sampling was carried out at 4 different stations with 3 repetitions. Sumber Sira&#39;s water quality is based on chlorophyll content, including oligotrophic in the range of 0.58-1.40 and included in natural waters, while based on p...

Coastal ecosystems are often stressed by non-point source and cumulative effects that can lead to local-scale community homogenisation and a concomitant loss of large-scale ecological connectivity. Here we investigate the use of b-diversity as a measure of both community heterogeneity and ecological connectivity. To understand the consequences of different environmental scenarios on heterogeneity and connectivity, it is necessary to understand the scale at which different environmental factors affect b-diversity. We sampled macrofauna from intertidal sites in nine estuaries from New Zealand's North Island that represented different degrees of stress derived from land-use. We used multiple regression models to identify relationships between b-diversity and local sediment variables, factors related to the estuarine and catchment hydrodynamics and morphology and land-based stressors. At local scales, we found higher b-diversity at sites with a relatively high total richness. At larger scales, b-diversity was positively related to c-diversity, suggesting that a large regional species pool was linked with large-scale heterogeneity in these systems. Local environmental heterogeneity influenced b-diversity at both local and regional scales, although variables at the estuarine and catchment scales were both needed to explain large scale connectivity. The estuaries expected a priori to be the most stressed exhibited higher variance in community dissimilarity between sites and connectivity to the estuary species pool. This suggests that connectivity and heterogeneity metrics could be used to generate early warning signals of cumulative stress.

Esta publicacion ha sido preparada por las Asociaciones GloBallast, la IOI, el CSIR-NIO y la UICN para que sirva de orientacion a quienes tienen previsto hacer un reconocimiento biologico portuario de referencia, en especial en relacion con la gestion del agua de lastre.

A significant percentage of the global oil transport goes through the Mediterranean sea. Most of the maritime traffic carrying oil and other dangerous liquid substances travels across the Malta Channel. The risk of marine spillages within the stretch of sea between Malta and Sicily is very high and beaching on the Maltese shores can cause irreversible environmental damage at the detriment of important economic resources. The aim of this work is to determine the probability and volume percentage of oil that would reach the coast in case of an accident in the proximity of the Maltese Islands. Various spill scenarios are considered to get a realistic estimate as much as possible. 1 1 1 1 1 1 In this work the MEDSLIK Oil Spill Model is used to perform an assessment on the vulnerability of the Maltese coast to potential impacts of marine oil spillages. Although similar risk analysis have been performed in other regions, quantitative assessments are still lacking for the Maltese Islands. ...

Algae play a very important role as feed and shelter for fish, crustacean and gastropods. Thus, this study was carried out to know dynamics of epiphytic microalgae and their host macroalgae of Florideophyceae at Jeddah coast, the Red Sea. The water temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen varied from 21.6 to 32.30°C, 36.40 to 39.70 ppt, 8.04 to 8.60, and 3.00 to 8.90 mg/L, respectively. A total of 10 seaweeds species of Florideophyceae was found, and among them Gracilaria corticata was found throughout the year. Gracilaria tikvahiae and Digenea simplex occurred from spring to autumn, and Acanthophora muscoides occurred from winter to summer. A total of 108 taxa of epiphytes were identified; 95 belong to Bacillariophyceae, 9 Cyanophyceae, 2 Dinophyceae, 1 Chlorophyceae and 1 Raphidophyceae. The epiphytes on A. muscoides varied from 9.50 to 66.10×10 cells/100 g of A. muscoides, and the highest cell abundance was in spring. Epiphytic cell abundance on Amphiroa sp., fluctuated fro...

Multi-decadal increase in shell removal by tourists, a process that may accelerate degradation of natural habitats, was quantified via two series of monthly surveys, conducted thirty years apart (1978-1981 and 2008-2010) in one small embayment on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Over the last three decades, the local tourist arrivals have increased almost three-fold (2.74), while the area has remained unaffected by urban encroachment and commercial fisheries. During the same time interval the abundance of mollusk shells along the shoreline decreased by a comparable factor (2.62) and was significantly and negatively correlated with tourist arrivals (r = 20.52). The strength of the correlation increased when data were restricted to months with high tourist arrivals (r = 20.72). In contrast, the maximum monthly wave energy (an indirect proxy for changes in rate of onshore shell transport) was not significantly correlated with shell abundance (r = 0.10). Similarly, rank dominance of common species, drilling predation intensity, and body size-frequency distribution patterns have all remained stable over recent decades. A four-fold increase in global tourist arrivals over the last 30 years may have induced a comparable worldwide acceleration in shell removal from marine shorelines, resulting in multiple, currently unquantifiable, habitat changes such as increased beach erosion, changes in calcium carbonate recycling, and declines in diversity and abundance of organisms, which are dependent on shell availability.

This study investigates the effects of tidal cycles on the zooplankton community within the Cotonou Channel, an important waterway connecting the large Nokoué Lagoon to the Atlantic Ocean in Benin. From the determination of zooplankton composition from 25-hour samples collected in July 2020, alpha diversity indices and abundance were assessed, while relationships between biotic and abiotic parameters were analyzed through Pearson correlation, analysis of variance, and principal component analysis. A total of 66 zooplankton taxa were identified, with rotifers exhibiting the highest species richness (35 taxa), while copepods dominated in abundance (71%). Zooplankton abundance varied significantly, ranging from 2 to 95 ind/L depending on the tidal phase. A negative correlation was found between species richness (r = −0.51, p < 0.01) and increasing salinity (3–37), indicating that higher salinity reduced diversity (r = 0.06, p > 0.05). Resilient species like Synchaeta bicornis persisted despite salinity changes. The tidal cycle structurally altered the zooplankton community, with abundance and diversity peaking at different phases, notably higher at high tide (15 ind/L) These initial findings underscore the complex interactions between tidal dynamics and estuarine biodiversity, suggesting the need for further research across different tidal and seasonal conditions to inform effective management and conservation efforts.

The multiannual dynamic of the cyst-forming and toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum was studied over a time scale of about 150 years by a paleoecological approach based on ancient DNA (aDNA) quantification and cyst revivification data obtained from two dated sediment cores of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France). The first genetic traces of the species presence in the study area dated back to 1873 ± 6. Specific aDNA could be quantified by a newly-developed real-time PCR assay in the upper core layers, in which the germination of the species (in up to 17-19 year-old sediments) was also obtained. In both cores studied, our quantitative paleogenetic data showed a statistically significant increasing trend in the abundance of A. minutum ITS1 rDNA copies over time, corroborating three decades of local plankton data that have documented an increasing trend in the species cell abundance. By comparison, paleogenetic data of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella donghaienis did not show...

The marine biodiversity of Gabon, West Africa has not been well studied and is largely unknown. Our examination of marine communities associated with oil platforms in Gabon is the first scientific investigation of these structures and highlights the unique ecosystems associated with them. A number of species previously unknown to Gabonese waters were recorded during our surveys on these platforms. Clear distinctions in benthic communities were observed between older, larger platforms in the north and newer platforms to the south or closer to shore. The former were dominated by a solitary cup coral, Tubastraea sp., whereas the latter were dominated by the barnacle Megabalanus tintinnabulum, but with more diverse benthic assemblages compared to the northerly platforms. Previous work documented the presence of limited zooxanthellated scleractinian corals on natural rocky substrate in Gabon but none were recorded on platforms. Total estimated fish biomass on these platforms exceeded one ton at some locations and was dominated by barracuda (Sphyraena spp.), jacks (Carangids), and rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata). Thirty-four percent of fish species observed on these platforms are new records for Gabon and 6% are new to tropical West Africa. Fish assemblages closely associated with platforms had distinct amphi-Atlantic affinities and platforms likely extend the distribution of these species into coastal West Africa. At least one potential invasive species, the snowflake coral (Carijoa riisei), was observed on the platforms. Oil platforms may act as stepping stones, increasing regional biodiversity and production but they may also be vectors for invasive species. Gabon is a world leader in terrestrial conservation with a network of protected areas covering .10% of the country. Oil exploration and biodiversity conservation currently co-exist in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in Gabon. Efforts to increase marine protection in Gabon may benefit by including oil platforms in the marine protected area design process.

Seagrasses and bare sediment represent alternative stable states, with sediment resuspension being a key driver of system stability via the Seagrass-Sediment-Light (SSL) feedback. We explore the SSL feedback by quantifying the sediment stabilization by seagrass, and using these measurements to calculate under which conditions seagrass ends up in a turbid environment. We quantified in-situ sediment resuspension velocity thresholds (u cr) for Zostera marina growing in medium to fine sand, using a field flume inducing near-bed wave motion. u cr was determined for full length shoots, shoots clipped to 0.08 m, and removed shoots. We found that rhizomes did not influence u cr of the top sediment layer. Overall, u cr was linearly related to blade area, which became independent for sediment type when normalizing u cr for the resuspension threshold after shoot removal. Comparing measured u cr against natural wave conditions showed that the seagrass meadow at the study site is currently stable. Exploring the effects of changing hydrodynamic conditions revealed that effects of increasing storminess has limited influence on sediment resuspension and thus the SSL-feedback. Increasing mean wind velocity had a stronger influence on SSLfeedback dynamics by causing more frequent exceedance of u cr. The response of seagrasses to increasing wind pressure depends on bay topography. A fully exposed Z. marina meadow under low initial turbidity pressure trended toward bistability, as turbidity pressure increased mainly on bare sediments. The study site and a fully exposed Z. marina meadow under high initial turbidity pressure saw an increase in turbidity across all blade areas.

How is the beach to be represented? How indeed is it to be experienced? It may be easy enough to walk on the sands, when the tide is out. But when, on certain coasts, the tide is in, there may be no beach to walk on-or not to speak of. Speaking of the beach is not a simple matter. The part adjacent to the land that is left uncovered even at high tide is often known as the foreshore, though this is incorrect; the foreshore properly designates the part that remains wet when the tide withdraws, which is the extent of the beach covered at high tide though it is only visible at low tide. What lies above the high-water line, unwashed by the tide, is technically the backshore, though one seldom hears that word used by anyone on the beach. The term 'backshore' was coined as recently as 1919 (OED), and was clearly devised by a hydrographer, not by a geographer: that is, by one who looks at the world from a nautical viewpoint, with the backshore filling so to say the background, the horizon made by the ground where the water ceases. 'Shore' denotes, strictly, not the edge of the land we are on, but the utmost reach of the water towards the land.

Perairan estuari Gembog merupakan perairan yang menggambarkan adanya pemusatan berbagai macam kegiatan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam yang berdampak pada peningkatan atau penurunan kualitas perairan dan terganggunya plankton dan sumberdaya ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui parameter fisika dan kimia, mengidentifikasi jenis dan menghitung indek struktur komunitas plankton, serta menganalisis hubungan struktur komunitas plankton dengan parameter lingkungan perairan. Pengambilan dan pengukuran data parameter fisika (suhu, kecerahan, kecepatan arus, TSS) kimia (DO, salinitas, pH, BOD, nitrat, fosfat, silikat) biologi (plankton) dilakukan pada 5 titik stasiun dengan tiga kali pengulangan dan dikompositkan. Identifikasi plankton mengacu pada buku The Plankton Of South Vietnam dan Australian Marine Zooplankton. Hasil parameter lingkungan perairan didapatkan rata-rata suhu sebesar 33,78ºC, kecepatan arus sebesar 0,136 m/s, kecerahan sebesar 0,29 m, TSS sebesar 8,26 mg/l, pH ...

Situ Panjalu merupakan badan air yang secara administratif terdapat di Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat dengan luas 45 ha. Produktivitas primer adalah laju produksi karbon organik per satuan waktu pada suatu ekosistem akuatik yang merupakan hasil penangkapan energi matahari oleh tumbuhan hijau untuk diubah menjadi energi kimia melalui fotosintesis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui produktivitas primer fitoplankton di Situ Panjalu. Penelitian di lakukan pada bulan Agustus 2010. Pengukuran produktivitas primer fitoplankton horisontal dilakukan pada tiga stasiun penelitian yaitu Kampung Duku, Banjar Waru, dan Simpar sedangkan secara vertikal pada kedalaman 0,5 m (permukaan) dan 2 m dengan metode botol gelap dan terang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Situ Panjalu merupakan perairan yang subur (eutrofik dan hipertrofik) dengan nilai produktivitas primer kotor, bersih, dan respirasi masing-masing berkisar antara 47, 1-207,8; 2,2-193,8; dan 9,4-173,3 mgC/m 3 /jam. Kelimpahan individu fitoplankton berkisar 1.006-437.610 ind./L dengan genera yang banyak ditemukan adalah genera Closterium dari kelas Chlorophyceae, genera Oscillatoria dari kelas Cyanophycea, dan genera Peridinium dari kelas Dinophyceae.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesuburan perairan yang dilaksanakan di kolong Kecamatan Cempaka Kotamadya Banjarbaru Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan dan di Laboratorium Kualitas Air Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan. Kesuburan perairan berdasarkan pada kelimpahan plankton serta indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman dan dominasi. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan terhadap 3 stasiun berdasarkan lama pascatambang yaitu selama 2 tahun (stasiun 1), 7 tahun (stasiun 2) dan 10 tahun (stasiun 3). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan kriteria kelimpahan plankton, perairan kolong pascatambang 2, 7 dan 10 tahun tergolong sebagai perairan dengan tingkat kesuburan sedang. Berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman, stabilitas struktur komunitas plankton setiap stasiun tergolong sedang dan dengan kesuburan sedang. Indeks keseragaman, penyebaran struktur komunitas plankton pada stasiun 1 dan 2 adalah sangat merata dengan katagori sangat baik, sedangkan pada stasiun 3 tergolong lebih merata dengan kategori baik. Indeks dominasi plankton pada ketiga stasiun pengamatan adalah rendah.

Artikel ini mengungkap implementasi kegiatan pemanfaatan buah mangrove menjadi pangan bernilai ekonomi, dan kegiatan rehabilitasi kawasan mangrove. Tujuannya adalah, mendorong kaum perempuan pesisir melakukan konservasi hutan mangrove melalui usaha pengolahan buah mangrove menjadi penganan. Pendekatan kegiatan yaitu pelatihan ketrampilan dan pendampingan kelompok perempuan pesisir serta penguatan kelompok sadar lingkungan. Kegiatan ini telah dilakukan di tiga desa pesisir di Kabupaten Pohuwato, Provinsi Gorontalo. Hasil implementasi kegiatan adalah, terbentuknya tiga kelompok perempuan pesisir yang terampil membuat penganan berbahan dasar buah mangrove, memasarkan produk, dan rehabilitasi tujuh hektar lahan mangrove. Melalui kegiatan ini diharapkan penduduk pesisir memperoleh nilai ekonomi dari hasil hutan mangrove, menghindari penebangan mangrove, dan melakukan konservasi hutan mangrove sebagai upaya menekan emisi karbon yang berdampak pada pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim.

Adult birds tend to show high fidelity to their breeding territory or disperse over relatively short distances. Gene flow among avian populations is thus expected to occur primarily through natal dispersal. Although natal dispersal is a critical demographic process reflecting the area over which population dynamics take place, low recapture rates of birds breeding for the first time have limited our ability to reliably estimate dispersal rates and distances. Stable isotope approaches can elucidate origins of unmarked birds and so we generated year-and age-specific d 2 H and d 34 S feather isoscapes (ca. 180 000 km 2) of coastal-breeding Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) and used bivariate probability density functions to assign the likely natal areas of 35 males recruited as first-year breeders into a population located in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. Most individuals (80-94% depending on the magnitude of an age correction factor used; i.e. 28-33 out of 35) were classified as residents (i.e. fledged within our study area) and estimated minimum dispersal distances of immigrants were between 40 and 240 km. Even when considering maximum dispersal distances, the likely origin of most first-year breeders was,200 km from our study area. Our method identified recruitment into our population from large geographic areas with relatively few samples whereas previous mark-recapture based methods have required orders of magnitude more individuals to describe dispersal at such geographic scales. Natal dispersal movements revealed here suggest the spatial scale over which many population processes are taking place and we suggest that conservation plans aiming to maintain populations of Ovenbirds and ecologically-similar species should consider management units within 100 or at most 200 km of target breeding populations.

Produktivitas primer di perairan Komodo cukup tinggi, hal ini dibuktikan dengan produksi perikanan laut di perairan tersebut. Fitoplankton merupakan agen dari produktivitas primer dan dalam melakukan fotosintesis fitoplankton membutuhkan unsur hara yang terkandung dalam perairan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada tanggal 15-16 September 2013. Materi yang digunakan berupa sampel air laut, arus laut dan parameter kimia-fisika perairan seperti salinitas, suhu, DO dan pH. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode deskriptif dan pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi nitrat (NO 3-) dan kelimpahan fitoplankton di perairan Komodo, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi nitrat terendah 0,005 mg/l, dan tertinggi 0,102 mg/l, sebaran konsentrasi nitrat dominan ke arah barat. Hasil analisis kelimpahan fitoplankton terendah 100 sel/ml dan tertinggi 1050 sel/ml, sebaran kelimpahan fitoplankton dominan ke arah selatan. Sebaran konsenrasi nitrat dipengaruhi oleh sumber asal nitrat tersebut dan pola arus, sedangkan sebaran kelimpahan fitoplankton lebih dipengaruhi oleh pola arus. Tidak begitu tampak keterkaitan antara konsentrasi nitrat yang tinggi dengan kelimpahan fitoplankton.

WhatsApp to send a his toric map of Mumbai har bor to Ganesh Nakhwa, a young fisher from a fish ing fam ily in Karanja vil lage, in Uran. Ganesh was active in fisher move ments. Nikhil met him at the pro tests against the Ministry of Surface Transport's Sagarmala pro ject in Sep tem ber 2018. Years later, in the win ter of 2021, Ganesh was excited to receive the map. Responding in a WhatsApp mes sage, he replied, "Clearly seen our fish ing areas marked. That's incred i ble. My grand fa ther always told [us that] old nets were at Mazgaon basin till entry point." Ganesh was notic ing the fish ing stakes, vis i ble in fig ure 1, above Bombay Island and below Coronja. In focus ing on the nets in the Mazgaon basin, Ganesh was both remem ber ing his grand fa ther's har bor and draw ing atten tion to the absence of nets-their unthink abil ity-in the amphib i ous mixes that now com pose a matrix of port infra struc tures in Mumbai, includ ing the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust and the Bombay Port Trust. The nets are no lon ger there. Initially, they were likely removed or banned with the con struc tion of port infra struc ture and its demands to host mas sive war and con tainer ships in the nineteenth and twen ti eth cen tu ries. This is an absence that has been maintained since-a pro cess that we describe, build ing on Vinay Gidwani and Rajyashree Reddy's work, as evis cer a tion. 1 The map Nikhil gave to Ganesh was a recip ro cated gift. Previously, in 2018, Ganesh had given Nikhil a dif er ent map-a nav i ga tion chart of Mumbai-that had grounded their friend ship. His trawl ers' cap tains used this map to know not just where to fish but also where they may not go. That map describes how the sea has since been filled with oil fields and ship ping infra struc ture. Nikhil couldn't stop looking at this map for weeks after Ganesh shared it. He did not expect the sea to be as marked as it was, to be so full of exclu sions. The con struc tion of Mumbai's ports in the nineteenth and twen ti eth cen tu ries, the leas ing of the Bombay High of shore oil and gas plat forms in the late twen ti eth cen tury, and the devel op ment of the trans port cor ri dors of the Sagarmala pro ject in the twentyfirst cen tury have fur ther eviscerated the sea while mak ing it ame na ble to hosting largescale ships and con tainer traf c. Mumbai, the his to rian Gyan Prakash argues, has been made by a dou ble col o ni za tion: a mil i tary col o ni za tion of Indi ans by the Brit ish, and a col o ni za tion of nature-the sea in par tic u lar-by cul ture. 2 While Brit ish col o ni za tion ended in 1947, the ter res trial city's col o ni za tion of the sea con tin ues to this day. Scholars have shown how the doc trine of terra nullius-"land claimed by no one"-was key to the estab lish ment of set tler col o nies and the dis place ment of Indigenous pop u la tions in the Americas, Asia, and Australia. 3 Just like land, so with water; and not just in the New World, but also in many other worlds. The world's greatest colo nial cit ies-Mumbai, New York, Singapore, and oth ers-have long been made by declar ing their seas, wet lands, inter tidal regions, and riv ers use less, empty-claimed by no one. Not terra nullius, but aqua nullius. 4 This is a wide spread phe nom e non. In her work on Indigenous water rights in Australia, Indigenous legal scholar Virginia Marshall describes an ongo ing set of legal maneu vers by the Aus tra lian state to, on the one hand, not see prior uses of water bod ies and, on the other hand, to see land and water as dis tinct for ma tions in prop erty law, even though the real i ties are always

Cahaya matahari merupakan sumber energi utama yang menentukan produktivitas suatu ekosistem akuatik. Ketersediaan cahaya akan menentukan kecepatan fotosintesis yang akan menentukan kecepatan pertumbuhan produsen primer. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efisiensi pemanfaatan cahaya matahari oleh fitoplankton di Waduk Malahayu. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Waduk Malahayu, Kabupaten Brebes, Jawa Barat, pada bulan Oktober 2010. Pengamatan produktivitas primer kotor, kelimpahan fitoplankton, intensitas cahaya, dan klorofil-a dilakukan pada dua stasiun yaitu stasiun keramba jaring apung dan dam pada kedalaman 0,5; 2; dan 4 m dengan metode survei berstrata. Pengukuran produktivitas primer kotor dilakukan dengan metode botol gelap dan terang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai produktivitas primer kotor diWadukMalahayu berkisar 45,6-121,9 mgC/jamdan konsentrasi klorofil-a berkisar 3,7-11,8mg/m3. Kelimpahan individu fitoplankton diWaduk Malahayu berkisar 100,6-112,67 ind./l denga...

Situ Panjalu merupakan badan air yang secara administratif terdapat di Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat dengan luas 45 ha. Produktivitas primer adalah laju produksi karbon organik per satuan waktu pada suatu ekosistem akuatik yangmerupakan hasil penangkapan energimatahari oleh tumbuhan hijau untuk diubahmenjadi energi kimia melalui fotosintesis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui produktivitas primer fitoplankton di Situ Panjalu. Penelitian di lakukan pada bulanAgustus 2010. Pengukuran produktivitas primer fitoplankton horisontal dilakukan pada tiga stasiun penelitian yaitu Kampung Duku, BanjarWaru, dan Simpar sedangkan secara vertikal pada kedalaman 0,5 m(permukaan) dan 2 mdenganmetode botol gelap dan terang. Hasil penelitian inimenunjukan bahwa Situ Panjalu merupakan perairan yang subur (eutrofik dan hipertrofik) dengan nilai produktivitas primerkotor, bersih, dan respirasi masing-masing berkisar antara 47,1-207,8; 2,2-193,8; dan 9,4-173,3 mgC/m3/jam.Kelimpahan individu fit...