Coal Gasification

Background Paraffinic Oil Distillate (POD) is a fraction derived from long residue processing in the Heavy Vacuum Unit III of Balikpapan Refinery I. Historically, POD was used as feedstock for the Wax Plant, and later for the Hydrocracking Unit (Unibon) to produce fuels and petrochemicals. Since the shutdown of the Wax Plant in 2006, POD has had limited utilization pathways, often being downgraded to residue streams when the Hydrocracking Unit is offline. Meanwhile, the current Solar-48 (diesel fuel, cetane number ≥ 48) specification still provides a margin to extend its boiling range, presenting the opportunity to incorporate POD fractions (cut point 375-510 °C) into its formulation.

In this study the merits of hydrogen production using solar energy are discussed. The primary focus of the paper is to perform thermodynamics analysis of coal gasification via solar energy. Initially the chemical properties of coal are determined using proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorimeter. Using the coal properties a thermodynamics model bases on equilibrium constant approach is developed. The model is tested against the experimental data and further exergetic and cold gas efficiency is calculated. The effect of temperature and moisture contents is studied which shows that efficiency as high as 70% can be achieved with hydrogen yield of around 57% by volume. The model is further used to explore the potential of solar energy along with the partial combustion of coal. The result shows a sharp decline in the CO 2 emission, while 43% increase in the yield of Hydrogen is calculated.

The entrained flow gasification of two feedstocks (Kentucky coal and wood waste) had been conducted in this study with numerical modelling. The main objective of this work is to determine the gasification behaviour of Kentucky coal and wood waste along the gasifier, and to evaluate the effect of gasification parameters such as equivalence ratio, pressure and temperature on the gasification metrics. The experimental study was conducted in the air-blown atmospheric drop tube experimental facility at the Waste-2-Energy Laboratory at Masdar Institute. The numerical model, which was based on the Lagrangian-Eulerian scheme, predicted the experimental results reasonably. The effect of the fuel type on the gas composition along the centreline of the gasifier indicated that Kentucky coal produced a higher efficiency when compared to that of wood waste. Moreover, the gasification efficiency was most sensitive to the equivalence ratio.

Women constitute 32% of global employment in the energy sector. Unsupportive environments, social biases, and lack of role models are some of the factors deterring females from pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Gender equality is necessary for sustainable growth and representation in the STEM field and can only be achieved through active effort to change outdated mindsets and defeat harmful stereotypes. This Research Topic invited contributions to highlight, showcase, and celebrate the work of female researchers across all fields of Energy Research. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of Wind and Ocean Energy research and presents advances in theory, experiment, and methodology with applications to compelling problems. After rigorous review, 5 high-quality articles contributed by 25 authors were finally accepted for their contributions to the Research Topic. In the paper Challenge and strategy for the successful application of CCUS-EOR in China, Kang et al. explore the opportunities for carbon capture, utilization and storage for enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) in China. Challenges include lack of clarity in the specific development scheme of CCUS-EOR, cost, and technical constraints. Suggested strategies include state cooperation to clarify responsibilities and obligations of different industries and enterprises around carbon emission reduction targets; improvement of economic policies, such as tax, credit, land, carbon market trading, environmental protection, project approval, etc., as well as storage, monitoring and carbon trading standards; and the implementation cost of the CCUS-EOR project should be reduced by strengthening technology research and development. In the paper, Reduced order modeling of non-linear monopile dynamics via an AE-LSTM scheme, Simpson et al. demonstrate the application of a recently developed reduced order modelling (ROM) methodology to approach soil structural analysis in offshore wind turbine structures. The ROM is trained to emulate a steel monopile foundation constrained by nonlinear soil and is subjected to forces and moments at the top of the foundation, which represents the equivalent loading of an operating turbine under wind and wave forces. The ROM approximates the time domain and frequency domain over a range of different wind and wave loading regimes, while reducing the computational toll by a factor of 300.

Coal gasification in steam and air atmosphere under arc plasma conditions has been investigated with Podmoskovnyi brown coal, Kuuchekinski bituminous coal and Canadian petrocoke. It was found that for those coals the gasification degree to synthesis gas were 92.3%, 95.8 and 78.6% correspondingly. The amount of produced syngas was 30-40% higher in steam than in air gasification of the coal. The reduction of the carbon monoxide content in the hydrogen-rich reformate gas for low-temperature fuel cell applications normally involves high-and low-temperature water gas shift reactors followed by selective oxidation of residual carbon monoxide. It is shown that the carbon monoxide content can be reduced in one single reactor, which is based on an iron redox cycle. During the reduction phase of the cycle, the raw gas mixture of H 2 and CO reduces a Fe 3 O 4 .CeO 2 .ZrO 2 sample, while during the oxidation phase steam re-oxidizes the iron and simultaneously hydrogen is being produced. The integration of the redox iron process with a coal plasma gasification technology in future allows the production of CO x -free hydrogen.

Gas hydrates have been and still remain a difficult problem in the oil and gas industry, solution of which requires considerable efforts and resources. In this work, the mechanism of phase transformations at negative temperatures in the formation of the solid phase is preliminarily studied using the reservoir system models consisting of a gas mixture and a solution of gas hydrate formation inhibitor of thermodynamic action with high concentration in distilled water. A system of three-dimensional lighting and image magnification is used to visually detect phase boundaries by creating optical effects. Thus, in the system “inhibitor solution – gas hydrate – gas” in the process of gas hydrate recrystallization in the conditions close to equilibrium, microzones of supercooled water may occur, which in the absence of gas molecules access is crystallized into ice. The result of such solid phase structure formation is its increased stability in nonequilibrium conditions for a relatively lon...

Entrained flow gasification of coal/bio-oil slurries Coal/bio-oil slurry (CBS) is a new partial green fuel for bio-oil utilization. CBS reacts with gasification agents at high temperatures and converts into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This paper provides a feasibility study for the gasification of CBS in an atmospheric entrained flow reactor for syngas production. Experiments have shown that CBS can be successfully processed and gasified in the entrained flow reactor to produce syngas with almost no tar content and low residual carbon formation. High reactor temperature and steam/carbon ratio is favourable for H2 production. At 1400 °C with steam/carbon ratio of 5, the syngas components are similar with that in equilibrium. A synergistic effect exists between coal and bio-oil in coal/bio-oil slurry gasification which might be caused by the catalysis effect of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals in bio-oil.

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In this study, a pragmatic and robust technique has been developed to experimentally and numerically evaluate solid particle erosion in an internal flow passage within a drilling bit. Experimentally, a field-scaled three-dimensional (3D) experimental setup is developed to perform erosion experiments, while the erosion rate of the internal flow passage is continuously monitored and measured. Numerically, a two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is employed to describe the liquid-solid flow in the internal flow passage, while a commonly used erosion model is then utilized to quantify solid particle erosion. The good agreements between experimental measurements and theoretical calculation results indicate that such integrated techniques can be used to accurately evaluate the complicated erosion behaviour. The erosion is found to be mainly distributed on the contraction surface, while, at the inlet velocity greater than 6.0 m/s, the average erosion rate is dramatically increased. The maximum unit erosion rate is ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 increased quickly as the particle concentration is smaller than 5.0 vol%, while it is increased as the inlet angle is smaller than 23°. At a low erosion rate, the optimal particle diameter is found to be 2.0 mm.

In this study, computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) simulations optimized the aerodynamic properties of wood chips which are a key biomass fuel for sustainable power generation by the addressing of challenges in fluidization. Using both fixed and bubbling fluidized beds, the study focused on particle adhesion and agglomeration, which cause channeling and voids, thus reducing gas-particle contact. Additionally, solid bridges or agglomerates from uneven bed distribution were shown to decrease fluidization efficiency and heat transfer. Coarse particles (2-2.5 mm) were selected to establish the optimal operational range for effective fluidization. Reducing particle aggregation and adhesion through collisions promoted a uniform distribution, enhanced thermal energy storage and stabilizing bed temperature, and benefited in combustion control in green chemical engineering applications. The commercial CPFD software Barracuda was used for simulations at an inlet pressure of 300 Pa above atmospheric and an atmospheric outlet pressure. These simulations provided good insight into wood chip fluidization behavior by the establishment of operating parameters for fluidized bed reactors and were validated using a lab-scale model with consistent parameters. This study concludes that wood chip fluidization can be represented in distinct operating zones and clarifies optimal design considerations for reactors suited to biomass combustion. These findings significantly advance the understanding of wood chip aerodynamics by giving a sustainable fuel option for efficient thermal energy production.

The effect of coal rank (from sub-bituminous to semi-anthracite) and type of fuel feeding technology (slurry and dry) on the production of substitute natural gas (SNG) in entrained flow gasifiers is studied. Ten coals from important Colombian mines were selected. The process is modeled under thermochemical equilibrium using Aspen Plus, and its performance is evaluated in function of output parameters that include SNG heating value, Wobbe index, coal conversion efficiency, cold gas efficiency, process efficiency, global efficiency, and SNG production rate, among others. In descending order, the coal-to-SNG process improves energetically with the use of coals with: higher volatile-matter to fixed-carbon ratio, lower ash content, higher C+H/O ratio, and higher coal heating value. The overall energy efficiency of the slurry-feed technology (S-FT) to produce SNG by gasification is 17% higher than the dry-feed technology (D-FT), possibly as a consequence of the higher CH 4 concentration in the syngas (around 7 vol. %) when the coal is fed as aqueous slurry. As the simulated SNG meets the natural gas (NG) quality standards in Colombia, the substitute gaseous fuel could be directly transported through pipelines. Therefore, the coal-to-SNG process is a technically feasible and unconventional alternative for NG production.

The main objective of this work was to determine the effects of pyrolysis heating rate on intrinsic O 2 reactivity of coal chars. Relationships of intrinsic reactivity to other pyrolysis conditions and char physical and chemical structure were also investigated, and empirical correlations were obtained. Two different entrained flow reactors (a flat flame methane/air burner and a drop tube reactor) were used to prepare chars under a variety of different pyrolysis conditions at maximum particle temperatures and heating rates of 840-1627 K and 10 4 to 2 × 10 5 K/s, respectively. Intrinsic reactivities of a lignite and two bituminous coal chars decrease with increasing preparation heating rate. Maximum particle temperature and heating rate are difficult preparation parameters to separate and were closely coupled in this work, as in most entrained flow coal research. Indeed, much of the work described in the literature defining the effects of pyrolysis heating rate on coal char reactivity has utilized vast residence time differences, comparing data from fixed bed (residence time of ∼1 h) and entrained flow reactors (residence time of ∼100 ms). It is concluded from this work that observations made on the basis of such experimentation are a function more of residence time and reactor variations (packed or fixed bed, as opposed to entrained flow) than particle heating rate. This work also provides evidence that intrinsic reactions of O 2 with coal char (for the three coals observed in this study) are not significantly influenced by large differences in char meso-or micropore surface area obtained by varying pyrolysis conditions.

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a promising clean coal technology to convert unmineable and deep coal reserves into syngas, which can be used in many industrial applications. In UCG field, real time monitoring of hydrological and geological conditions such as water influx rate, cavity growth and its interaction with overburden is a formidable task. UCG project Thar (UPT) lacks real time data acquisition system to monitor those parameters. In this work, a 3D axisymmetric cavity simulation model (CAVSIM) is parameterized with operating conditions of UPT and properties of Lignite B coal of Thar coal fields. For model validation with the UPT field data, a comparison has been made between the field and simulated data for the composition and heating value of syngas. The results of CAVSIM are also compared with our previous ID packed bed model, which show the superiority of CAVSIM model. Moreover, a comprehensive simulation study has been carried out to predict the cavity growth and its interaction with overburden. The effect of operating parameters of UPT on volumetric cavity growth and heating value of syngas are also investigated.

An Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Experiment has been modified in a laboratory scale conducted to produce of synthesis gas and to purify of synthetic gas. Synthetic Gas produced from modified UCG reactor composed of hydrogen gas (H2), carbonmonoxide (CO), methane (CH4), are the main gas, mixed with carbondioxide gas (CO2), Nitrogen gas (N2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other gases. All three of hydrogen gas (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) are combustible gas as a fuel. While non fuel gas containing CO2 is that high enough as one of the undesirable gas. CO2 gas content can reduce heating value from syngas, so do gas absorption CO2 process in syngas using K2CO3 solution with 4 N with concentration 0.5 Litres volume by using column bubble (bubble coulum). Variables used are syngas flow rate by total of air plus oxygen from 5 litre per minute to 15 litre per minute and absorption time 10 to 30 minutes with range 10 minutes. The occur mechanisms is process CO2 absorption by K2CO3 solution and with reaction between the two compounds. The results experiment showed optimal conditions is syngas flowrate 15 litres per minute with total air input 5 litres/minute plus oxygen input 10 litres/minute in 20 minutes time absorption can absorb CO2 gas 25% with escalation gas CH4 content 40.6%mole, syngas caloric value 441.1 Btu/Scf with ratio fuel gas/non fuel gas 1.02.

The goal of gasification is the conversion of solid fuels or carbonaceous wastes to gas that can be further used energetically or for chemically utilisation. Due to cost-effectiveness and gaining experience, the industrial application of new systems and raw materials or mixtures must be preceded by laboratory-scale experiments. The manuscript presents the laboratory scale gasification systems that were designed and used in the Institute of Energy, Ceramics and Polymer Technology at the University of Miskolc, as well as the difficulties experienced during the implementation (e.g. water introduction, sealing, etc.). In addition to these, the results of one-, two-and three-stage experiments are presented as examples, where different materials such as a mixture of wood and canteen waste, brown coal and refuse derived fuel (RDF) were used for testing the system.

Currently, gasification of coal is considered the centre of the clean coal technology. In this study, there were two coal samples from the magnetite heavy suspension separated process used in the single stage fixed bed gasification within the non-moving of material. These two types of samples were marked as A1 and A2 sample, with the specific densities of ≤1.8 g/cm 3 and ≤1.6 g/cm 3 , respectively and diameters 1-20 mm. The gasification experiments were conducted at steam flow rates of 5 and 10 g/min and gasification temperatures of 700, 800, and 900°C. The main purpose of the experiments was to consider the effects of temperature and steam flow rate during the coal gasification from both, the energetic and chemical utilisation point of views. With higher temperature and steam flow rate, the experiments within A1 sample performed a better char yield and higher volume of produced syngas. In the case of A1 sample, the lowest char yield was 23.78 wt% at 900°C gasification temperature and 10 g/min steam flow rate. At 900°C of gasification temperature, the range of low heating value of synthesis gas were from 9.13 to 9.49 MJ/Nm 3 within 5 and 10 g/min of steam flow rate, indicating that the produced syngas is sufficient for energetic application. The range of H 2 /CO ratio were from 1.96 to 2.52 at 900°C of gasification temperature, which has a great potential for a further chemical application process.

Coal gasification is considered a promising solution for the production of synthetic fuels and eventually as a fuel for combined heat and power systems and heating buildings. There are several factors that affect the gasification efficiency and syngas quality, such as gasification parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.), reactants and their ratio, utilisation of catalysts, and gasifier design. The multi-stage gasifier is known as a promising approach in the enhancement of process efficiency, as well as the syngas quality. In this study, the Hungarian brown coal was gasified in a two-stage gasifier. The pyrolysis stage was kept at 600 °C. The gasification stage was conducted at 700, 800, and 900 °C. The steam per carbon (S/C) ratio was examined at 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25. The positive effects of increasing gasification temperature on char and dry gas yield were obviously shown at all S/C ratios. The increase in the S/C ratio did not show a positive effect at all temperature conditions,...

The entire slurry preparation facility is paved and curbed to collect spills, leaks, wash down, and rain water. A trench system carries this water to a sump where it is pumped into the recycle water storage tank. A.3.4.2 AREA 300 -Gasification, High Temperature Heat Recovery, and Particulate Removal Global Energy s E-GAS TM Gasification process consists of two stages, a slagging first stage and an entrained flow non-slagging second stage. The slagging section, or first stage, is a horizontal refractory lined vessel into which oxygen and preheated coal slurry are atomized via opposing mixer nozzles. The coal slurry, recycle solids, and oxygen are fed in partial combustion quantities at an elevated temperature and pressure to produce a high temperature syngas. The oxygen feed rate to the mixers is carefully controlled to maintain the gasification temperature above the ash fusion point thereby ensuring good slag removal while producing high quality syngas. The coal is almost totally gasified in this environment to form a synthetic fuel gas consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water. Sulfur in the coal is converted to primarily hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) with a small portion converted to carbonyl sulfide (COS) both are easily removed by downstream processing. Mineral matter in the coal forms a molten slag which flows continuously through the tap hole into a water quench bath located below the first stage. The slag is then crushed and removed through a continuous pressure let-down system as a slag/water slurry. This continuous slag removal technique eliminates high-maintenance, problem-prone lock hoppers and completely prevents the escape of raw gasification products to the atmosphere during slag removal. This slag is then dewatered and removed from the process. The raw synthetic gas generated in the first stage flows up from the horizontal section into the second stage of the gasifier. The non-slagging second stage of the gasifier is a vertical refractory-lined vessel into which additional coal slurry is in ected via an atomizing nozzle to mix with the hot syngas stream exiting the first stage. This additional coal feed serves to lower the temperature of the gas exiting the first stage by the endothermic nature of the equilibrium reactions, thereby generating more gas at a higher heating value. The syngas temperature is further reduced by the addition of syngas from the syngas recycle compressor. No oxygen is introduced into the second stage. The gas and entrained particulate matter exiting the gasifier is further cooled in a firetube heat recovery boiler system where saturated steam at 1650 psia is produced. Steam from this high temperature heat recovery system is super-heated in the gas turbine heat recovery system for use in power generation. The raw gas leaving the high temperature heat recovery unit passes through a barrier filter unit to remove particulates. The recovered particulates are recycled to the gasifier.

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) utilizing solid and unconventional liquid fuels has now reached commercial stage as evidenced by their world wide construction and successful operation. The proposed ASME Performance Test Code 47 (PTC47) provides the users and owners of these new power plants, the guidance and procedures on conducting a performance test and evaluate the deviation from the performance guarantees. This paper reports the use of PTC47 codes in evaluating the test correction factors for the Wabash River IGCC Power Plant

Gasification is making a strong comeback as a sustainable energy source in clean energy systems such as IGCC, as a renewable source utilizing millions of tons of waste dumped in the landfill, and as a solution to the ground water leaching and CO 2 & CH 4 emission that risking our ecological system. In this paper, thermodynamic equilibrium and numerical analyses of the gasification of coal and tire crumbs in an entrained flow gasifier is presented. This work seeks to obtain a comparative analysis between the optimum operation conditions for the two feedstocks. The numerical model uses an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach with discrete phase model of feedstock in a continuous model of oxidant. This model also takes into account the turbulent flow (SST k-ω model), gas phase gasification (Species Transport model), tire particles devolatilization (Kobayashi Two-Competing Rate model), heterogeneous char reaction (Multiple Surface reaction model), particle dispersion by turbulent flow (Stochastic Discrete Random Walk model), radiation (P1 model) and particle distribution (Rosin Rammler model). The temperature distribution and product distribution of the developed model is also presented in this paper.

Gasification is a thermochemical pathways used to convert carbonaceous feedstock into syngas (CO and H2) in deprived oxygen environment. The process can accommodate conventional feedstock such as coal as well as discarded waste including plastics, rubber, and even MSW due to the high reactor temperature of 1000 to 1600oC. Pyrolysis is another conversion pathway yet it is more selective to the carbonaceous feedstock as it proceeds at relatively low process temperature (350 to 550oC). Discarded tires can be subjected to pyrolysis however the yield involves the formation of intermediates radicals, remaining in additional to unconverted char. Also due to continuous Random Fission/Radical Recombination, β-Scission/Radical Addition, Depropagation/Propagation, Hydrogen Abstraction devlatilization and recombination, pyrolysis fails to follow equilibrium and very complex to model. Gasification, however, due to their higher temperature and shorter residence time is more opted to follow quasi-...

Р одиной тигельных узорчатых булатных сталей счи-тается Индия и Персия. Сырьевые и оружейные производственные центры возникали и исчезали в разных Индо-Персидских регионах вследствие войн, миграции ремесленников, потери технологий, истощения запасов руды и топлива. В целом это не мешало тому, что в этих регионах в течение нескольких сотен лет, с IX в. до середины XIX в., изготавливали холодное оружие высокого для своего времени качества как из местной железной руды, так и из привозного сырья.

This study analyzed various significant parameters of the low-rank coal (LRC) grinding process, which involves a hammer mill and prepares coal for the KBR transport gasifier (TRIG TM ). In order to decrease product loss, an attempt has been made to optimize the settings of the LRC grinding process. Effective particle sizes for TRIG TM range from 0.043 mm to 1.0 mm. The parameters considered by this study included the aperture size of the screen in the first and second hammer mill, moisture content, and the Hardgrove Grindability Index. The effects of the main parameters and their interactions on the ratio of product loss were investigated using Taguchi's experimental design methods. The selected parameters significantly affected the ratio of product loss, and all interactions were insignificant. Among the parameters, aperture size of screen in the second hammer mill was the most significant factor.

Biomass has the advantage of net zero carbon emissions and can even achieve negative carbon emission using oxy-fuel combustion with CO2 capture. More than ten million tons of Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (PEFB) annually produce in Indonesia and Malaysia as agricultural residues, which can be used as biofuel. Co-combustion of Palm empty fruit bunches (PEFB) and coal can make up for the adverse effects of high pollutant and high ash content of coal. Oxy-fuel combustion and CO2 capture from flue gases is a near-zero emission technology that can be adapted to both new and existing pulverized coal-fired power stations. In this study, the combustion characteristics of PEFB, Australian coal and their blend with various blending ratios are investigated. First, the feedstock is analyzed via proximate analysis, elemental analysis and calorimetry. The pyrolysis and combustion behavior of PEFB in the air and Oxy-fuel conditions are then investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combusti...

Bu araştırmada, ülkemizde yakıt olarak imalatı ve satışı yapılan odun peletlerinin kalite özellikleri belirlenmiş ve katı biyo-yakıtların yakıt özelliklerine yönelik farklı standartlara (DIN51731, DIN Plus, ÖNORM 7135, ISO 17225-2) uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu peletler için baca gazı analizleri de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen emisyon sonuçları, Avrupa Birliği 2015/1185 ve 2015/1189 yönetmelikleri, TS EN 303-5 standardı, Sanayi Kaynaklı Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği (SKHKKY)" ve "Isınmadan Kaynaklanan Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği" (IKHKKY) tarafından belirlenen emisyon sınırları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Türkiye'de 5 farklı şehirden odun peleti imalatı ve satışı yapan 10 farklı firmadan örnekler toplanmış ve alınan örneklerin standartlarda limit değerleri belirtilen özelliklerden olan uzunluk, çap, yoğunluk, mekanik dayanıklılık, nem içeriği, kül içeriği, ısıl değer ve baca gazı emisyon değerleri saptanmıştır. Ölçüm sonuçlarına göre, pelet örneklerinde uzunluk değeri 15.69-30.82 mm, çap değeri 6.06-10.39 mm, pelet yoğunluk değeri 944.91-1148.23 kg/m 3 , yığın yoğunluk değeri 482.8-641.8 kg/m 3 , mekanik dayanıklılık değeri %95.11-99.22, nem içerikleri %4.32-5.72, kül içerikleri %1.03-2.16, ısıl değerleri 18.08-18.49 MJ/kg arasında saptanmıştır. Baca gazı emisyon değerlerinden O2 içeriği %12.7-71.7, CO miktarı 1443-2127 ppm, NOx miktarı ise 83.7-213.0 ppm arasında ölçülmüştür. Ülkemizde de geçerli olan ISO 17225-2 standardında belirtilen kalite özelliklerine ilişkin sınır değerler açısından da pelet örneklerinde uzunluk, nem içeriği, ısıl değer açısından örneklerin %100'ünün uygun; çap, yığın yoğunluğu açısından da örneklerin %80' inin standartlara uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan kül içerikleri incelendiğinde, örnekler içinde ENplusA1 sınıfına uygun pelet örneği olmadığı, %40' ının ENplusA2 sınıfına ve %80'inin ise ENplusB sınıfına girdiği, %20'sinin standart dışı olduğu saptanmıştır. Pelet örneklerinin CO emisyon değerleri AB yönetmeliklerinde belirlenen emisyon sınır değerini aşmıştır dolayısıyla AB Ekodesigndirektifinde belirtilen hiçbir ısıtma sisteminde bu çalışma kapsamında incelenen örneklerin uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Aynı şekilde IKHKKY ve SKHKKY'de belirlenen emisyon limitleri incelendiğinde de bu yönetmeliklerde belirtilen yakma sistemlerinde pelet örneklerinin CO emisyonu açısından uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir. TS EN 303-5 standardında belirtilen CO emisyon değerlerine göre incelediğimiz tüm pelet örneklerinin sadece "Sınıf 3"'e 50 kW ısıl güç değerine kadar tüm ısıtma sistemlerinde kullanılabileceği, peletlerin %80'inin 50kW-150 kW ısıl güce sahip sistemlerde kullanılabileceği fakat daha yüksek ısıl güce sahip sistemler için hiçbirinin kullanımının uygun olmadığı saptanmıştır.

Bu araştırmada, ülkemizde yakıt olarak imalatı ve satışı yapılan odun peletlerinin kalite özellikleri belirlenmiş ve katı biyo-yakıtların yakıt özelliklerine yönelik farklı standartlara (DIN51731, DIN Plus, ÖNORM 7135, ISO 17225-2) uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu peletler için baca gazı analizleri de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen emisyon sonuçları, Avrupa Birliği 2015/1185 ve 2015/1189 yönetmelikleri, TS EN 303-5 standardı, Sanayi Kaynaklı Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği (SKHKKY)" ve "Isınmadan Kaynaklanan Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği" (IKHKKY) tarafından belirlenen emisyon sınırları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Türkiye'de 5 farklı şehirden odun peleti imalatı ve satışı yapan 10 farklı firmadan örnekler toplanmış ve alınan örneklerin standartlarda limit değerleri belirtilen özelliklerden olan uzunluk, çap, yoğunluk, mekanik dayanıklılık, nem içeriği, kül içeriği, ısıl değer ve baca gazı emisyon değerleri saptanmıştır. Ölçüm sonuçlarına göre, pelet örneklerinde uzunluk değeri 15.69-30.82 mm, çap değeri 6.06-10.39 mm, pelet yoğunluk değeri 944.91-1148.23 kg/m 3 , yığın yoğunluk değeri 482.8-641.8 kg/m 3 , mekanik dayanıklılık değeri %95.11-99.22, nem içerikleri %4.32-5.72, kül içerikleri %1.03-2.16, ısıl değerleri 18.08-18.49 MJ/kg arasında saptanmıştır. Baca gazı emisyon değerlerinden O2 içeriği %12.7-71.7, CO miktarı 1443-2127 ppm, NOx miktarı ise 83.7-213.0 ppm arasında ölçülmüştür. Ülkemizde de geçerli olan ISO 17225-2 standardında belirtilen kalite özelliklerine ilişkin sınır değerler açısından da pelet örneklerinde uzunluk, nem içeriği, ısıl değer açısından örneklerin %100'ünün uygun; çap, yığın yoğunluğu açısından da örneklerin %80' inin standartlara uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan kül içerikleri incelendiğinde, örnekler içinde ENplusA1 sınıfına uygun pelet örneği olmadığı, %40' ının ENplusA2 sınıfına ve %80'inin ise ENplusB sınıfına girdiği, %20'sinin standart dışı olduğu saptanmıştır. Pelet örneklerinin CO emisyon değerleri AB yönetmeliklerinde belirlenen emisyon sınır değerini aşmıştır dolayısıyla AB Ekodesigndirektifinde belirtilen hiçbir ısıtma sisteminde bu çalışma kapsamında incelenen örneklerin uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Aynı şekilde IKHKKY ve SKHKKY'de belirlenen emisyon limitleri incelendiğinde de bu yönetmeliklerde belirtilen yakma sistemlerinde pelet örneklerinin CO emisyonu açısından uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir. TS EN 303-5 standardında belirtilen CO emisyon değerlerine göre incelediğimiz tüm pelet örneklerinin sadece "Sınıf 3"'e 50 kW ısıl güç değerine kadar tüm ısıtma sistemlerinde kullanılabileceği, peletlerin %80'inin 50kW-150 kW ısıl güce sahip sistemlerde kullanılabileceği fakat daha yüksek ısıl güce sahip sistemler için hiçbirinin kullanımının uygun olmadığı saptanmıştır.

Bu calismada celtik saplari farkli katki maddeleri katilarak peletlenip prototip olarak imal edilen sabit yatakli gazlastiricida gazlastirilmistir. Bu amacla katkisiz referans pelet (PRF), %3 PVA (Polyvinyl acetat) katkili (PVA3), %5 melas katkili (PM5), %5 komur tozu katkili (PC5) ve %15 komur tozu katkili (PC15) peletler kullanilmistir. Gazlastirma islemi ustten hava uygulanarak 0.20 hava fazlalik katsayisinda yapilmistir. Ayrica, reaktor icerisinde kor bolgesindeki sicakligin camlasma ve aglomerasyon uzerine etkileri gozlenmistir. Arastirmanin sonucunda kor bolgesindeki sicakligin 800 o C’yi asmasi durumunda camlasma olayinin basladigi saptanmistir. Karistirma isleminin celtik sapinin gazlastirilmasinda olumlu sonuc vermedigi gozlenmistir. Pelet ornekleri belirlenen en uygun yontemle gazlastirilmis ve elde edilen sentez gazin verimleri karsilastirilmistir. En yuksek alt isil deger 4,430 MJ.Nm -3 ile yalnizca celtik sapi kullanilan (PRF) peletlerle, en dusuk alt isil deger 3,899 M...

Se desarrolló un modelo multicriterio para la toma de decisiones en la gestión de residuos de envases de vidrio en una cadena de suministro de ciclo cerrado en Colombia, bajo la mirada del eslabón fabricante, identificando 5 criterios y 25 subcriterios. Luego, se aplicó el método AHP con los actores involucrados en la cadena de suministro. El modelo arrojó que los criterios más importantes son el criterio legal y el social, la mejor alternativa es reciclaje con recolección indirecta. Palabras clave Logística Inversa; Cadenas de Suministro de ciclo cerrado; gestión de residuos; técnicas multicriterio. ABSTRACT:

This is the fifth Quarterly Technical Report for DOE Cooperative Agreement No: DE-FC26-00NT41047. The goal of the project is to develop and demonstrate a computational workbench for simulating the performance of Vision 21 Power Plant Systems. Within the last quarter, our efforts have become focused on developing an improved workbench for simulating a gasifier based Vision 21 energyplex. To provide for interoperability of models developed under Vision 21 and other DOE programs, discussions have been held with DOE and other organizations developing plant simulator tools to review the possibility of establishing a common software interface or protocol to use when developing component models. A component m odel that employs the CCA protocol has successfully been interfaced to our CCA enabled workbench. To investigate the software protocol issue, DOE has selected a gasifier based Vision 21 energyplex configuration for use in testing and evaluating the impacts of different software interface methods. A Memo of Understanding with the Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable Development (CCSD) in Australia has been completed that will enable collaborative research efforts on gasification issues. Preliminary results have been obtained for a CFD model of a pilot scale, entrained flow gasifier. A paper was presented at the Vision 21 Program Review Meeting at NETL (Morgantown) that summarized our accomplishments for Year One and plans for Year Two and Year Three. A Memo of Understanding (MOU) has been completed between REI and the Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable Development (CCSD) located at Newcastle University in Australia (formerly the Black Coal Research Centre). The CCSD is one of the premier academic groups performing research on coal gasification. They have substantial experience and data on gasifier operation, fuel conversion and ash/slag issues. The CCSD researchers have used this data to develop sub-models for items such as high pressure reaction kinetics and slagging that would be of use to our V21 project. This collaborative effort will provide our project with early access to research and reports from CCSD. Note that both organizations will cover their own costs associated with this collaborative effort.

Se ha estudiado la oxidación del carbón en aire a 270°C en tres carbones bituminosos durante 2-6 días. La microestructura de las muestras oxidadas se estudió mediante XRD y la evolución de la porosidad por adsorción de CO 2 a 298 K. Se encontró que bajo estas condiciones, los carbones pierden peso debido a reacciones químicas. El análisis de XRD de estos materiales reveló que en las primeras etapas de oxidación, los grupos alifáticos del carbón desaparecen dejando una estructura más aromática. También en los pasos iniciales, los apilamientos de pocas capas de grafeno reaccionan aumentando el número promedio de capas en la estructura apilada y disminuyendo la fracción de estructura ordenada. La disminución de la distancia interplanar entre capas, d 002 , y el aumento en el número medio de capas por apilamiento, sugiere una reorganización en el carbón, dejando una estructura más ordenada en los carbones oxidados. El análisis del área superficial disponible para la adsorción de CO 2 reveló que la porosidad no era accesible en las muestras oxidadas. Palabras clave: oxidación de carbón, difracción de rayos X, estructura de apilamiento, porosidad del carbón.

CFD modeling and simulation are made on the key flow elements, vertical, horizontal pipes and elbow pipes, used in the pneumatic coal-transport system of fluidized-bed gasification test facility. The coal-gas flow inside the flow elements are modeled by combining Reynolds-stress Averaged Navier-Stokes equations Solver (RANS), k-εturbulence model and Discrete Phase Model (DPM) in the ANSYS Fluent code. Using the developed coal-gas flow analysis model, computations are carried out to investigate the gas flow path, the coal particle behavior and the pressure loss characteristics in flow element at various coal/gas loading ratio and coal mass flux. The present prediction results show the coal-gas flow behavior of each flow element is changed from dilute-flow to dense-flow pattern at a specific coal/gas loading ratio where pressure loss is abruptly increased. From the numerical results, the present study also provides the limiting coal/gas loading conditions to secure stable coal feeding and the correlations for pressure losses in horizontal, vertical and elbow pipes, which can be suitable for the design guidelines of actual fluidized-bed coal gasification.

Pakistan is one of the coal rich countries but only adds 10% of electricity to the national grid from coal fired power plants while major sources are, Hydel, LNG, Furnace oil, and natural gas. Prior to the discovery of Thar coal reservoirs, Lakhra was the largest coal field of Brown Lignite coal with high ash and sulfur contents, i.e. 30% and 7%, respectively. The power generation capacity of the plant is 150 MW. Study conducted revealed that all the existing values of un-washed coal found (High Ash, Low Moisture, Low Fixed Carbon, High Sulfur, and Low Calorific value) while the washed coal values found (Low Ash, Low Moisture, High Fixed Carbon, Low Sulfur, and High Heating value). The emission of hazardous gases and particles by using unwashed coal adversely affect the environment and human health whereas washed coal exhibited relatively low level emissions of these pollutants. It was observed that the washed coal of Lakhra is more feasible to save the environment as well as Cost Benefit for production of electricity.

Bu çalışma kapsamında, Trakya Bölgesi'nde yoğun olarak yetiştirilen çeltik bitkisinin hasattan sonra tarlada kalan saplarının gazlaştırılarak enerji içeriklerinin değerlendirilmesi için laboratuvar tipi bir gazlaştırıcı tasarlanmış ve imalatı yapılmıştır. Bölgeden toplanan çeltik sapları %100 sap ve %15 oranında kömür tozu ile karıştırılmış şekilde peletlenmiş ve peletlerin analizleri yapılmıştır. Gerek hammadde ve gerekse pelet örnekleri için gazlaştırma denemeleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen gaz örneklerinin içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Gazlaştırma denemeleri sonucunda, kömür katkısının çeltik sapı peletleri için sentez gaz ısıl değerini arttırdığı (3,686 MJ/Nm 3 değerinden 3,71 MJ/Nm 3 değerine) ancak özgül gazlaşma hızının da artmasıyla beraber verime etkisinin olumsuz olduğu gözlemlenmiştir (katkısız peletlerde maksimum %61,9, kömür katkılı peletlerde en fazla %57,41). Çeltik sapı peletlerinin içerdiği yüksek silisyum sebebiyle 800C ve yukarı sıcaklık değerlerinde camla...

The extraction of minerals continues to face rising costs, but advancements in engineering and technology help reduce these costs, making efficiency improvement a critical goal for mining enterprises. The integration of additional technologies is one approach to achieving increased efficiency, though it presents challenges in accounting for the parameters of these technologies and determining their influencing factors. This paper proposes a methodical approach to developing performance indicators for mining enterprises under such conditions. Based on previous research, the mining enterprise is divided into subsystems, allowing for detailed analysis and the creation of indicators that represent the overall operations. Scientific studies on the definition and application of indicators in production enterprises are examined and adapted to mining enterprises, where the synthesis of multiple technologies is feasible. The paper introduces a methodology for determining integral performance indicators, which is tested through a case study using the “Heroiv Kosmosu” mine, applying both traditional longwall coal mining and coal seam well gasification technologies. This selection of technologies facilitates a detailed description of the necessary equipment, extraction methods, and organizational measures for safe operations. It also offers insights into the potential for scaling the analysis of multiple technologies operating simultaneously. The integration of a consistency coefficient in the model allows for more accurate final values of the indicators, reflecting their qualitative homogeneity.

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) has developed a high-pressure hydrogen production system that reforms a liquid organic feedstock and water at operating pressures up to 800 bar (~12,000 psig). The advantages of this system include the elimination of energy-intensive hydrogen compression, a smaller process footprint, and the elimination of gaseous or liquid hydrogen transport. This system could also potentially enable distributed hydrogen production from centralized coal. Processes have been investigated to gasify coal and then convert the syngas into alcohol or alkanes. These alcohols and alkanes could then be easily transported in bulk to distributed high-pressure water-reforming (HPWR)-based systems to deliver hydrogen economically. The intent of this activity was to utilize the EERC's existing HPWR hydrogen production process, previously designed and constructed in a prior project phase, as a basis to improve operational and production performance of an existing demonstration unit. Parameters to be pursued included higher hydrogen delivery pressure, higher hydrogen production rates, and the ability to refill within a 5-minute time frame. i LIST OF FIGURES .

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) has developed a high-pressure hydrogen production system that reforms a liquid organic feedstock and water at operating pressures up to 800 bar (~12,000 psig). The advantages of this system include the elimination of energy-intensive hydrogen compression, a smaller process footprint, and the elimination of gaseous or liquid hydrogen transport. This system could also potentially enable distributed hydrogen production from centralized coal. Processes have been investigated to gasify coal and then convert the syngas into alcohol or alkanes. These alcohols and alkanes could then be easily transported in bulk to distributed high-pressure water-reforming (HPWR)-based systems to deliver hydrogen economically. The intent of this activity was to utilize the EERC's existing HPWR hydrogen production process, previously designed and constructed in a prior project phase, as a basis to improve operational and production performance of an existing demonstration unit. Parameters to be pursued included higher hydrogen delivery pressure, higher hydrogen production rates, and the ability to refill within a 5-minute time frame. i LIST OF FIGURES .

The Government Work Reports (GWRs) of China are important documents conveying the government's voice and publicising the tasks they set for the country, and they attract much attention from diverse sectors of the community. Merging corpus methodology and critical discourse analysis, this study* focuses on 10 years of GWRs to observe the dialectical relationship between discourse and social change. It shows that the discourses represented in the GWRs result in new concerns, which in turn affect the recipients of the discourse and their actions and create new discourses.

The explosion of plastic waste generation, approaching 400 million tons per year, has created a worldwide environmental crisis that conventional waste management systems cannot handle. This problem can be solved through gasification, which converts nonrecyclable plastics to syngas with potential applications in electricity generation and synthetic fuel production. This study investigates whether syngas production from plastic waste by gasification is environmentally and economically feasible. Environmental impacts were assessed through a life cycle assessment framework using a life cycle impact assessment approach, ReCiPe 2016, with 10 midpoint/endpoint categories. Midpoint results of the baseline scenario with grid-mix electricity revealed climate change (GWP) of 775 kg CO 2 equivalent and fossil depletion potential (FDP) of 311 kg oil equivalent per ton of plastic waste. Meanwhile, a solar scenario showed GWP as 435 kg CO 2 equivalent and FDP as 166 kg oil equivalent per ton of plastic waste. Switching to solar energy cut GWP 44% and FDP 47%, respectively. However, the tradeoffs were higher human toxicity potential (HTP) and marine ecotoxicity potential (METP) due to upstream material extraction of renewable systems, respectively. Among environmental performance drivers, electricity inputs and operating materials were identified through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Syngas production from a plant of 50 tons per day can yield electricity sales revenue of USD 4.79 million, excluding USD 4.05 million in operational expenditures. Financial indicators like a 2.06-year payback period, USD 5.32 million net present value over a 20-year project life, and 38.2% internal rate of return indicate the profitability of the system. An external cost analysis showed emissions-related costs of USD 26.43 per ton of plastic waste processed, dominated by CO 2 and NO x emissions. Despite these costs, the avoided impacts of less landfilling/incineration and electricity generation support gasification. Gasification should be promoted as a subsidy and incentive by policymakers for wider adoption and integration into municipal waste management systems. Findings show it can be adapted to global sustainability goals and circular economy principles while delivering strong economic returns. The study findings also contribute to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for instance, SDG 7 by promoting clean energy technologies, SDG 12 by implementing circular economy, and SDG 13 by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Three kinds of lignite were mixed with K 2 CO 3 and Ca(OH) 2 and were gasified with CO 2 to investigate the effect that the addition of Ca(OH) 2 had on the gasification kinetics. K 2 CO 3 and Ca(OH) 2 were impregnated and dried, their mixing ratio was varied, and the gasification experiments were conducted over a temperature range from 850 to 950 °C at atmospheric pressure. The modified volumetric reaction model was applied as the gas-solid reaction model to analyze the carbon conversion results and thus obtain the kinetic parameters. The results indicate that the catalytic activity based on carbon conversion followed the order of K 2 CO 3 5 wt% ? Ca(OH) 2 3 wt% [ K 2 CO 3 8 wt% [ K 2 CO 3 3 wt% ? Ca(OH) 2 5 wt% [ K 2 CO 3 1 wt% ? Ca(OH) 2 7 wt%. The reaction rate was also influenced by the type of lignite, with a higher reactivity observed for Adaro lignite. The highest reaction rate constant was of 44.25 min -1 with Adaro lignite and K 2 CO 3 5 wt% ? Ca(OH) 2 3 wt% at 950 °C. The lowest activation energy of 44.49 kJ/min was calculated for Mongolia lignite with K 2 CO 3 8 wt%. The reaction rate was enhanced by partly substituting K 2 CO 3 with Ca(OH) 2 , but further substitution resulted in a decrease in the reaction rate compared to that of K 2 CO 3 alone.

Three kinds of lignite were mixed with K 2 CO 3 and Ca(OH) 2 and were gasified with CO 2 to investigate the effect that the addition of Ca(OH) 2 had on the gasification kinetics. K 2 CO 3 and Ca(OH) 2 were impregnated and dried, their mixing ratio was varied, and the gasification experiments were conducted over a temperature range from 850 to 950 °C at atmospheric pressure. The modified volumetric reaction model was applied as the gas-solid reaction model to analyze the carbon conversion results and thus obtain the kinetic parameters. The results indicate that the catalytic activity based on carbon conversion followed the order of K 2 CO 3 5 wt% ? Ca(OH) 2 3 wt% [ K 2 CO 3 8 wt% [ K 2 CO 3 3 wt% ? Ca(OH) 2 5 wt% [ K 2 CO 3 1 wt% ? Ca(OH) 2 7 wt%. The reaction rate was also influenced by the type of lignite, with a higher reactivity observed for Adaro lignite. The highest reaction rate constant was of 44.25 min -1 with Adaro lignite and K 2 CO 3 5 wt% ? Ca(OH) 2 3 wt% at 950 °C. The lowest activation energy of 44.49 kJ/min was calculated for Mongolia lignite with K 2 CO 3 8 wt%. The reaction rate was enhanced by partly substituting K 2 CO 3 with Ca(OH) 2 , but further substitution resulted in a decrease in the reaction rate compared to that of K 2 CO 3 alone.

Gasification uses steam increases H2 content in the syngas. Kinetics of gasification process can be improved by using K2CO3 catalyst. Controlled heating rate in pyrolysis step determines the pore size of charcoal that affects yield gas and H2 and CO content in the syngas. In previous research, pyrolisis step was performed without considering heating rate in pyrolysis step. This experiment was performed by catalytic steam gasification using lignite char from pyrolysis with controlled heating rate intended to produce maximum yield of syngas with mole ratio of H2/CO 2. Slow heating rate (3 o C/min) until 850 o C in the pyrolysis step has resulted in largest surface area of char. This study was performed by feeding Indonesian lignite char particles and K2CO3 catalyst into a fixed bed reactor with variation of steam/char mole ratio (2.2; 2.9; 4.0) and gasification temperature (750 C, 825 C, and 900 C). Highest ratio of H2/CO (1.682) was obtained at 750 C and steam/char ratio 2.2. Largest gas yield obtained from this study was 0.504 mol/g of char at 900 C and steam/char ratio 2.9. Optimum condition for syngas production was at 750 C and steam/char mole ratio 2.2 with gas yield 0.353 mol/g of char and H2/CO ratio 1.682.