Clutch Systems

Alhamdulillah, puji dan syukur kita panjatkan kepada Allah Swt., karena rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik dan tepat pada waktunya. Tak lupa shalawat serta salam selalu tercurahkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah membimbing umatnya dari kegelapan menuju terang benderang. Saya ucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang ikut mengambil bagian dalam pembuatan makalah ini, kepada para penulis buku-buku yang telah menjadi acuan perancangan makalah ini. Makalah ini disusun guna memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Sistem Penggerak Sepeda Motor. Saya menyadari bahwa makalah ini mempunya kekurangan, karena pepatah mengatakan "tak ada gading yang tak retak". Oleh karena itu, Saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang mendukung demi tercapainya kesempurnaan dalam makalah ini. Semoga makalah ini bermanfaat bagi saya khususnya dan bagi yang membacanya.

Driveline vibrations of a truck are a cause of strong discomfort for drivers, and have to be investigated in pre-design phases. In order to develop numerical and analytical tools for the prediction of noise and vibration of such a complex structure, a deep knowledge of the physical phenomena involved is imperative. Few experimental studies have been performed on truck vibrations, and they mostly concerned single components of a vehicle. Therefore an Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) of a complete truck has been performed in order to observe vibratory phenomena and determine influencing parameters involved in the vibration transmission. This study brings new insights into the field of truck vibrations. The results of the test campaign have been used for correlation with a numerical model and for the identification of dynamic behaviour and related frequency ranges. This work constitutes the preliminary part for an on-going project aiming at the development of reduced numerical models ...

A computational approach employing the boundary element method (BEM) and a deep artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to accurately predict the real contact area (RCA) for rough surfaces. A BEM-generated dataset is utilized to develop an optimized ANN model for the prediction of RCA based on surface topography parameters and applied load. The Bayesian optimized ANN model, employing a logsig transfer function in hidden layers and having a 5-44-44-1 architecture, predicts the RCA with a mean error of ≈6%. Shapley values are utilized for global sensitivity analysis, revealing that applied load and surface roughness are the most influential factors affecting RCA. The generalization capability of the ANN model is validated through comparisons with predictions on test data, demonstrating superior accuracy and computational efficiency over traditional numerical methods. The influence of surface topography parameters reveals that the higher surface roughness reduces RCA due to increased asperity interaction, while higher skewness promotes a larger RCA by increasing the number of contact points. Kurtosis influences RCA nonlinearly, with higher kurtosis yielding lower RCA at low loads but higher RCA at high loads due to asperity distribution characteristics. The optimized deep neural network model not only predicts the real contact area with high accuracy but also is significantly faster than boundary element simulations, conclusively demonstrating its potential to accelerate the design and optimization process in rough surface contact mechanics.

Positive clutches used to transmit power between coincident shafts. The positive Engagement between clutch element ensure 100% torque transmission but occasionally the output shaft may be subjected to sudden overload which May make driving motor or engine to stall, which will lead to burn out electric Motor. In extreme cases this overload will lead to breakage of drive elements or clutch itself. In order to avoid this damage, it is needed that the input and output shafts be disconnected in case of sudden overload. Torque tender is overload safety devices which provide the reliable overload protection. Torque tender is tamper proof. Generally whenever overload occurs in any shaft drive mechanism there is failure of following components possible-1) Shaft / Coupling / Belt Drive 2) Machine shaft 3) Motor (Burning of electrical motor) Due to Overloading In any case this damage leads to Replacements of machine parts and Ultimately Replacement cost increases. To overcome all this problem ...

Kopling adalah suatu elemen mesin yang berfungsi sebagai penerus putaran dan daya dari poros penggerak ke poros yang digerakkan,di mana sumbu kedua poros tersebut terletak pada satu garis lurus atau dapat sedikit berbeda sumbunya.

Kopling (clutch) terletak di antara mesin dan transmisi. Kopling berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dan memutuskan putaran mesin ke transmisi.

Automotive clutches are prone to rigid body torsional vibrations during engagement, a phenomenon referred to as take-up judder. This is also accompanied by fore and aft vehicle motions. Aside from driver behaviour in sudden release of clutch pedal (resulting in loss of clamp load), and type and state of friction lining material, the interfacial slip speed and contact temperature can significantly affect the propensity of clutch to judder. The ability to accurately predict the judder phenomenon relies significantly on the determination of operational frictional characteristics of the clutch lining material. This is dependent upon contact pressure, temperature and interfacial slip speed. The current study investigates the ability to predict clutch judder vibration with the degree of complexity of the torsional dynamics model. For this purpose, the results from a four and nine degrees of freedom dynamics models are compared and discussed. Subsequently, the predictions are compared with the acquired data from an automotive driveline test rig. It is shown that the complexity of the dynamic model, intended for the study of a clutch system, can be as important as the thermo-mechanical and frictional properties of the clutch friction lining material.

Take-up judder is the first rigid body torsional mode of the clutch system, which occurs during clutch engagement. This phenomenon is induced by stick-slip oscillations at the friction lining interfaces between the clutch disc and flywheel, and the pressure plate. The phenomenon is influenced by the clutch lining friction characteristics, the topography of the mating-sliding surfaces and the operational conditions during the engagement process. Therefore, the interfacial characteristics are affected by contact pressure, interfacial slip speed and surface temperature. Take-up judder causes driver and vehicle occupant discomfort, as well as gradual wear of contacting surfaces. The response frequency of the system is reported to be in the range 5-20Hz, depending on the clutch system and vehicle inertia. In this paper the measured interfacial friction characteristics together with clamp load variation (contact pressure) under different surface temperatures are included in a multidegree of freedom dynamic analysis to obtain torsional vibrations of the system, pertaining to take-up judder conditions. Such an in-depth investigation has not hitherto been reported in literature. The paper shows that take-up judder is omnipresent under all clutch engagement conditions, but its poignancy is most evident at cold surface temperatures. It is also shown that the transient judder response has a broader spectral content that is generally acknowledged.

Lightly damped non-linear systems such as vehicular drivelines undergo a plethora of Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) problems. The clonk phenomenon is one concern which occurs as the result of impulsive torque input in the form of sudden clutch actuation or throttle tip-in and back-out. The resulting impact of meshing gear pairs propagate structural waves down the driveline. With lightly damped thin-walled tubes having high modal density, elasto-acoustic coupling occurs. High frequency noise emission is of metallic nature and quite disconcerting to vehicle occupants as well as passers-by. It is perceived as structural failure and/or poor-quality build. Therefore, the occurrence of the phenomenon is a concern to vehicle manufacturers and progressively constitutes a warranty concern. This paper investigates the clonk phenomenon through use of a long-wheel base rear drive light truck test rig. The investigation uses psychoacoustic metrics to establish the severity of clonk noise in different maneuvers. This is an attempt to quantify the effect of transient clonk event which is usually ascertained through subjective evaluation ratings in a customer/jury clinic in industry. Alternatively, detailed numerical analysis is carried out with parametric studies to quantify different clonk events, a very time consuming approach which is not usually correlated with occupants' perception of the event. Therefore, the experimental NVH monitoring-psycho-acoustic approach is new for the case of clonk and not hitherto reported in literature. The study corroborates the results and conclusions of previous work, pointing to the loudness and sharpness of high frequency short-lived "metallic" response, which is attuned to human aural perception. The psychoacoustic analysis has shown this to be as the result of short duration hard impact (accelerative period). This hard impact duration accounts for the bulk loudness and sharpness of the overall event. Therefore, effective palliation should focus on the attenuation of particular frequency bands, which carry the main contribution to loudness and sharpness.

Optimum operation of clutch systems is dictated by their dynamic as well as thermal performance. Both of these aspects are closely related to the interfacial frictional characteristics of the clutch lining material, which also affects the noise, vibration and harshness response of the entire vehicular powertrain system. Severe operating conditions such as interfacial clutch slip and increased contact pressures occur during clutch engagement, leading to generation of contact heat, and higher clutch system temperature. Therefore, any undesired oscillatory responses, generated during clutch engagement, such as take-up judder phenomenon can exacerbate generated heat due to stick-slip motion. The paper presents an integrated thermal, and 9-DOF dynamic model of a rear wheel drive light truck powertrain system. The model also includes experimentally measured clutch lining frictional variations with interfacial slip speed, non-linear contact pressure profile and generated surface flash temperature. It is shown that severe torsional oscillations known as take-up judder lead to an increased overall clutch temperature. It also shows that ageing of clutch lining material alters its dynamic and thermal performance.

The working characteristic features of a process can be synthetically expressed as a mathematical model. For the technical systems, this model can be obtained based on the mathematical expressions that describe the working way of the system’s components. The mathematical model can be used to analyse the dynamic performances of the system or a proper way to improve them, as far as the actual evolution of the system is accurately enough described. The paper makes an analysis using modelling and simulating techniques of a special clutch servomechanism. The modern simulation software allows studying the complex automotive systems; at the same time allows the fast variation of the system’s parameters and the study of all modifications that appear within the working system.Some of dynamic charts are presented and improvement of the dynamic performances methods are given.

Modeling physical systems is an essential skill for a control engineer, since it enables to achieve a deep understanding of their dynamic behavior and, consequently, the development of effective control strategies. The first part of this article provides a tutorial description of the fundamental principles and properties of the Power-Oriented Graphs (POG) modeling technique. Various case studies in different energetic domains are then presented to consolidate the fundamental principles, each highlighting different features of the POG modeling technique. The latter is then compared with the other two main graphical modeling techniques available in the literature, namely Bond Graph (BG) and Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR). The second part of this article assumes once again a tutorial nature, in order to introduce the new Fast Modeling POG (FMPOG) procedure. The FMPOG, which operates in the POG framework, is a methodical step-by-step procedure that enables the readers to quickly derive the power-oriented graphical model of physical systems starting from their schematics. From the power-oriented graphical model, the state-space model can then be directly determined. To ensure the FMPOG procedure is easily usable by the entire community, we apply it to three examples in different energetic domains in this article, guiding the reader step-by-step through the derivation of the physical systems models.

In this memory, we study the problem of optimal control for an electric vehicle, by minimizing the energy consumed with a direct method which consists of transforming an optimal control problem into a nonlinear optimization problem in finite dimension by discretizing the status and control. This type of problem is generally modeled using localized controlled systems. We then applied it to our model by carrying out simulations in Matlab to illustrate the results. Imposing constraints on speed can lead to either an increase or a decrease in energy consumption.

In this paper, a gear shifting mechanism was designed and applied to make the shifting process more expeditious and less destructible for the driver. The incipient contrivance must be reliable, has a diminutive dimensions, low construction and maintenance cost. This paper aims to gear shifting process utilizing contrivances as: a manual four speed gear box, two pneumatic double acting cylinders, , an electrical motor , limit switches, buttons, , a table (holder) and power supply. According to suggested gear shifting mechanism the control unit select optimum gear shifting ratio for an automobile without operating it manually (utilizing relays). Utilizing this method leaves to the driver the exhilaration of selecting the shifting moment.

Belt-driven mechatronic systems are popular for a range of applications. A modified robotic manipulator was adapted to allow different belt-drive faults to be incorporated into the mechanism, with additional sensors to characterize the compromised kinematics. Different data-driven models were used studied to detect anomalies in motor power consumption and end-effector motion; and a physics-based, lumped-parameter dynamic model was used to identify different faults. Comparative assessment metrics were sdused to compare the performance of different fault models from sets of laboratory test data.

Dry dual clutches are widely used in automated manual transmissions. In such systems the clutch engagement maneuvers require a precise knowledge of the characteristics that relate the frictional torque transmitted by the clutches with the corresponding actuators variables. In this paper a temperature and slip speed dependent model of the torque characteristic for dry dual clutches is proposed. Dynamic models of the temperature evolution are determined and linked to the characteristics of the mechanical components influencing the torque. The models, whose parameters are tuned with dedicated experiments and realistic data coming from an industrial automotive environment, show the temperature influence on the torque transmitted by the clutch. Real time simulation results, obtained through a detailed software in the loop driveline model, show that, if not compensated, the temperature variation can determine critical degradations of the clutch engagement performances. It is shown how the use of the clutch temperature estimation in the torque transmissibility model allows to compensate for such negative effects. The torque model is also exploited for the realization of a decoupling clutch engagement controller. The corresponding closed loop results show the effectiveness B A. Senatore

Wet-running multi-plate clutches fulfill a major safety-relevant role in drive trains and, as a result, damage to and failure of the clutch system must be strictly avoided, especially spontaneous damage. This paper deals with spontaneous damage to wet-running multi-plate clutches with paper friction lining with respect to spontaneous damage behavior. The paper presents a comparison method, by means of which the load-carrying capacity of various multi-plate clutches can be compared with regard to spontaneous damage based on experimental data and recommendations can be formulated. The experiments were performed on six different clutch variants, and the results were examined for significant differences. Various statistical tools were used to detect statistically significant variations. The experiments showed that higher load levels have a greater dispersion of the measured values, thus making comparisons more difficult. In the clutch variants investigated, significant changes in spontaneous damage behavior could only be detected when the cooling plate thickness or the carbon content was changed.

For wet disk clutches, the energy input is strongly influenced by its friction behavior. However, the friction behavior cannot be simulated and therefore is mostly derived from experimental data for specific clutch systems. This paper presents a new approach for the identification and validation of linear friction models using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and stepwise regression. Therefore, we use experimental data of three different friction systems with paper- and carbon-based friction lining. The designed experiments support an efficient parameter-based analysis of the friction behavior. The obtained models can be used as an input for thermal simulations, for example, but can also support a better understanding of the main influencing factors and are applicable to various friction systems. For validation, the obtained models are applied to measured data. A good correspondence between the simulated and measured friction behavior can be shown for speeds in the investigated operatin...

This paper summarizes the development of the automatic Electro-Mechanical single plate clutch with the overload protection roller clutch. The major challenges in a Single Plate Clutch automation are the clutch control, which is presently manual. It increases the manual effort and complication during its operation. Due to the complex structure and high cost, the clutch control system used in an advanced vehicle cannot use in economical Vehicles. This situation forces us to develop a Special electromechanical clutch that controls automatically. The rarely occurring overload on machines, create some malfunctioning in the System, which may damage its members. By using an overload protection clutch, such overload can neutralize. We develop an Automatic Engage-disengage Overload Protection Roller Clutch. The facility provided to change its torque carrying capacity make this roller clutch special. Thus the combination of the automated single-plate clutch and the overload protection clutch is a desirable one and also essential. After the market survey, it observed that there is no such combined system is available. If we install these two devices separately, it will require more space and cost, which is infeasible.

Tribological investigation of polymeric shift fork contact pad: design guidelines, performance validation and mechanism analysis of shift-fork pad wear in the gear actuation system of a dual-clutch transmission. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Machine mechanisms play a crucial role in the functioning of various mechanical systems, including internal combustion engines. The efficiency of these mechanisms directly affects the overall performance and power consumption of the system. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate and improve the efficiency of machine mechanisms to improve the performance of machines and engines.
In this paper, we propose a new method to evaluate the efficiency of machine mechanisms and reduce parasitic forces that can reduce the overall efficiency of the system. We provide a theoretical justification for our methodology and practical recommendations for its implementation in the design and optimization of complex systems.

A novel pressure-controlled hydro-mechanical transmission (PHMT) is studied in this paper. The PHMT consists of a pressure-controlled hydraulic transmission (PCT) and a variable displacement hydraulic motor. The PCT functions like a conventional hydrostatic transmission (HST) but has a different form. It uses a double-acting vane pump with a floating ring. By coupling the floating ring to an output shaft, the vane pump becomes a hydraulic transmission. The PCT combines the pumping and motoring functions in one unit, making it much simpler than a conventional HST. By controlling the pressure in the PCT, the output shaft torque and speed can be adjusted. By feeding the PCT control flow to a variable displacement motor coupled to the PCT output shaft, a PHMT is constituted. In this paper, the fundamental principle of the PHMT is studied. To demonstrate its advantage, the PHMT is applied to a fan drive system and the transmission efficiency is compared to a conventional HST. Preliminary experimental results show that the input power of the fan drive system with a PHMT is lower than that with an HST given the same output fan speed and torque.

A dry clutch model with thermal dynamics is added to a driveline model of a heavyduty truck equipped with an automated manual transmission. The model captures driveline oscillations and can be used to simulate how different clutch-control strategies affect vehicle performance, drivability and comfort. Parameters are estimated to fit a heavy-duty truck and the complete model is validated with respect to shuffle, speed trajectory, clutch torque and clutch lock-up/break-apart behavior. The model shows good agreement with data. Furthermore the model is used to study the effect of thermal expansion in the clutch on launch control. It is shown that the effect of thermal expansion, even for moderate temperatures, is significant in launch control applications.

Positive clutches are used to transmit power between two coincident shafts. The positive engagement between the clutch elements ensures 100% torque transmission on but occasionally the output shaft may the subjected to a sudden overload which may make the driving motor or engine to stall; which will lead to burnout of the electric motor. In extreme cases this overload will lead to the breakage of drive elements or the clutch itself. Which increases due to damage cost and time of operation in order to avoid the damage of the transmission elements it is necessary that the input and output shafts be disconnected in case of sudden overloads. The isolation of the input driver member i.e. motor from the output member is absolutely necessary to avoid damage and it is possible by called ball clutch or electromechanical clutch. Torque limiters are overloading safety devices with Torque limiters which provide reliable overload protection. When overload or excessive loading occurs the Torque L...

The friction clutch design strongly depends upon the frictional heat generated between contact surfaces during slipping at the beginning of the engagement. Firstly, the frictional heat generated reduces the performance of the clutch system and then leads to premature failure for contacting surfaces in some cases. The experimental effort in this work included manufacturing friction facing from functionally graded material (FGM) (aluminum and silicon carbide) for the clutch system. For this purpose, a special test rig was developed to investigate the thermal behavior of FGM and compare it with other frictional materials. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal design was selected to analyze the effect of the three factors (rotational, speed, torque, and the type of the frictional material) with three levels on the surface temperature of the contacting surfaces. A three-dimensional finite element model was built to validate the experimental results where the difference between them did not exceed 5....

The friction clutch design strongly depends upon the frictional heat generated between contact surfaces during slipping at the beginning of the engagement. Firstly, the frictional heat generated reduces the performance of the clutch system and then leads to premature failure for contacting surfaces in some cases. The experimental effort in this work included manufacturing friction facing from functionally graded material (FGM) (aluminum and silicon carbide) for the clutch system. For this purpose, a special test rig was developed to investigate the thermal behavior of FGM and compare it with other frictional materials. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal design was selected to analyze the effect of the three factors (rotational, speed, torque, and the type of the frictional material) with three levels on the surface temperature of the contacting surfaces. A three-dimensional finite element model was built to validate the experimental results where the difference between them did not exceed 5....

This paper describes an investigation of the energy dissipated and the surface temperature at any instant of dry friction clutch assuming torque being a function of time during the slipping. The equations of the thermal loads, total energy dissipated and relative velocity between contact surfaces are presented. Two-dimensional axisymmetric heat conduction problem of dry friction clutch is modeled mathematically and solved numerically using the finite element method to determine the temperature distribution during a single engagement assuming uniform wear between the contact surfaces. The comparison is made between temperature field assuming the torque varying with time and when it's constant with time. Moreover, the effects of slipping time and dimensionless thickness of the pressure plate λ are to be investigated as well.

A Clutch is a machine member used to connect the driving shaft to a driven shaft, so that the driven shaft may be started or stopped at will, without stopping the driving shaft. A clutch thus provides an interruptible connection between two rotating shafts. The present used material for friction disc is Cast Iron and aluminum alloys. In this thesis analysis is performed using composite materials. The composite materials are considered due to their high strength to weight ratio. In this thesis composite materials CFRP, GFRP, Boron Epoxy and HT graphite Composite are taken. A single plate clutch is designed and modelled using Solid works. Static analysis and Dynamic analysis is done on ANSYS 12.0 to determine stresses and deformations using materials Grey Cast Iron, Boron Epoxy and HT graphite Composite. Theoretical calculations are also done to find out weight saving, strength to weight ratio, stress, strain and displacement.

COVID-19 became a household name globally in the year 2020 after it was first discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It is a global pandemic that shut the economy of all nations in the larger part of year 2020 by forcing a compulsory holiday on mankind due to its threat of mass death. The menace of this pandemic was combated with the total arsenal in human capacity. One of such weapons is case detection that leads to either self-isolation or quarantine. This weapon helps to reduce the number of new cases that may arise from undetected asymptomatic/symptomatic carriers within a population. In this article, the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission were studied by developing a mathematical model incorporating case detection, the impact of sensitization, and role of early diagnosis in curbing the spread of this disease. The basic properties in terms of existence, uniqueness, and boundedness of solution for the formulated model were discussed. Also, the model was found to exhibit two ...

Clutch components rotating at high speed remains under the influence of high centrifugal forces. Therefore; it should be known that the speed at which damage will begin. For this purpose, the burst test is performed. Besides this test by using finite element method, this test could be done in virtual environments. Thus, it is saving time and money. This paper presents an approach for validation process of tractor clutch cover. Firstly the real burst test setup is defined and the test conditions are described. Secondly developed finite element model which simulate the real test conditions is defined. As a result of the study, the tractor clutch cover stays durable at 6560 rpm. When it is compared real working conditions the safety factor of 3.5 is calculated for the clutch cover.

The study of reliability is an important part of engineering design process which forms the basis of analysis and judgement on future performance of the product. Since the future could not be predicted with an absolute certainty, the nature of reliability would lead us to probability theory and uncertainty modelling. The quantitative calculation of this parameter for mechanical systems within different steps of production requires an analytical and systematic approach which has been focused in this paper. The proposed approach has been applied for calculating reliability of a clutch system as a case study. The system reliability in this work is determined based on the block diagram method as a function of individual component reliabilities which are calculated by statistical analysis of life test results. Using Weibull model, reliability of a typical clutch system has been formulated based on durability bench test and results have been interpreted to estimate field reliability.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC.

Dynamic behaviour of automotive dry clutches depends on the frictional characteristics of the contact between the friction lining material, the flywheel and the pressure plate during the clutch engagement process. During engagement due to high interfacial slip and relatively high contact pressures, generated friction gives rise to contact heat, which affects the material behaviour and the associated frictional characteristics. In practice excess interfacial slipping and generated heat during torque transmission can result in wear of the lining, thermal distortion of the friction disc and reduced useful life of the clutch. This paper provides measurement of friction lining characteristics for dry clutches for new and worn state under representative operating conditions pertaining to interfacial slipping during clutch engagement, applied contact pressures and generated temperatures. An analytical thermal partitioning network model of the clutch assembly, incorporating the flywheel, friction lining and the pressure plate is presented, based upon the principle of conservation of energy. The results of the analysis show a higher coefficient of friction for the new lining material which reduces the extent of interfacial slipping during clutch engagement, thus reducing the frictional power loss and generated interfacial heating. The generated heat is removed less efficiently from worn lining. This might be affected by different factors observed such as the reduced lining thickness and the reduction of density of the material but mainly due to poorer thermal conductivity due to the depletion of copper particles in its microstructure as the result of wear. The study integrates frictional characteristics, microstructural composition, mechanisms of heat generation, effect of lining wear and heat transfer in a fundamental manner, an approach not hitherto reported in literature.

The friction clutch design strongly depends upon the frictional heat generated between contact surfaces during slipping at the beginning of the engagement. Firstly, the frictional heat generated reduces the performance of the clutch system and then leads to premature failure for contacting surfaces in some cases. The experimental effort in this work included manufacturing friction facing from functionally graded material (FGM) (aluminum and silicon carbide) for the clutch system. For this purpose, a special test rig was developed to investigate the thermal behavior of FGM and compare it with other frictional materials. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal design was selected to analyze the effect of the three factors (rotational, speed, torque, and the type of the frictional material) with three levels on the surface temperature of the contacting surfaces. A three-dimensional finite element model was built to validate the experimental results where the difference between them did not exceed 5....

A comparison study of traditional disc clutch and hybrid composite was made considering mechanical performance. Mechanical test were performed to evaluate the best characteristics .Hardness and damping tests (as the most affected properties on disc clutch) were calculated. The test results of hardness and damping ratio showed an increase in damping ratio when replacing the traditional disc clutch with hybrid composite. Amplitude of vibration is decreased due to the usage of reinforcing materials. Hardness of hybrid composite was increased compared with traditional disc.

During the engagement, the thermo-elastic behavior of the friction clutches over specific sliding periods was taken into consideration as an essential factor to obtain a successful design based on interactive approach for automotive engineers that voided premature failure. It is worth mentioning that the finite element technique was adopted in the current study to investigate and analyze the angular sliding speed influence on the generated heat due to friction among the elements of friction clutch at the initial period of engagement. The distributions of the heat generated during the complete sliding periods were achieved via coupling between the thermal and the elastic models analyses to obtain the solution that required by automotive designers. Results in the form of the distributions of generated heat due to friction, temperatures of surface, and contact pressure are presented for different values of sliding speed. Obviously, the results showed that the frictional heat generated was increased dramatically when the sliding speed increased too. Also, it was proved that the proposed interactive design approach succeeded to detect the status of the friction clutch system if it's stable or not.

The aim of this study is to develop an analytical model to determine temperature and thermal stresses distributions in a single plate clutch during the slipping phase. Proposed expressions enable calculation of temperature and thermal stresses on the contact surface as well as at any depth inside the friction material and at any instant during the slipping period. It was investigated how the maximum temperature on the friction surface varies with the thickness of the friction facings of the clutch disc and the intensity of convective cooling.

The friction clutch design is strongly dependent upon the frictional heat generated between contact surfaces during the slipping at beginning of engagement. Because of that the frictional heat generated firstly will reduce the performance of clutch system and then will lead to premature failure in some cases. Finite element method was used to investigate an effect of thermal load type on the temperature field of the clutch system. Two-dimensional axisymmetric model was used to study the temperature distribution for the clutch system (pressure plate, clutch disc and flywheel) during heating phase (slipping period) and in the cooling phase (full engagement period). Depending on basic friction clutch design two types of thermal loads were applied; load type A (uniform pressure) and load type B (uniform wear). Repeated engagements made at regular interval were considered in this work. ANSYS13 has been used to perform the numerical calculation in this paper.

The automobile contains several very important parts, one of which is the friction clutch. Its importance comes from being it is a mechanical coupling device that plays the role of connecting and transmitting the torque generated in the engine to the gear set in the gearbox. The friction material is an important parameter due to withstand the mechanical and thermal load generated in the clutch system. This paper focused on studying the thermal behavior of four different friction lining materials (LUK, Tiger, G95, and HCC) to identify the temperature distribution for each material separately and then compare these materials to arrive at the best material that you can choose in the dry clutch design. Modeling of the model was done by the method of finite element and with the help of the ANSYS program to perform numerical simulations and show results. It may be determined that the thermoelastic behavior of the clutch is influenced by the type of frictional lining material used. After comparing the data, it was discovered that the materials (HCC and G95) were vulnerable to clutch activation for long periods. In the current investigation, the lining materials stood out because they demonstrated a high thermal efficiency when compared to the other materials in the prior study.

This paper describes an investigation of the energy dissipated and the surface temperature at any instant of dry friction clutch assuming torque being a function of time during the slipping. The equations of the thermal loads, total energy dissipated and relative velocity between contact surfaces are presented. Two-dimensional axisymmetric heat conduction problem of dry friction clutch is modeled mathematically and solved numerically using the finite element method to determine the temperature distribution during a single engagement assuming uniform wear between the contact surfaces. The comparison is made between temperature field assuming the torque varying with time and when it's constant with time. Moreover, the effects of slipping time and dimensionless thickness of the pressure plate λ are to be investigated as well.

The friction clutch is considered a very important element of machines, as it plays a major role in transferring power from the driving part to the driven part. A common application of the friction clutch is in vehicles to connect between the gearbox and the engine. Fast wear occurs as a result of frictional heating that is generated when the clutch is starting to engage. This wear, in addition to the high thermal stresses, will lead to premature failure in the contacting surfaces. The present review highlights the most important studies of the thermal and thermoelastic problems of friction clutches during the last 10 years to show the challenges that were overcome and also the other challenges that needed to find solutions. The present paper will discuss in detail the influence of the frictional heat generated between contact surfaces during slipping and the main factors affecting the thermal behavior of dry friction clutches, such as sliding speed, friction materials, applied pressure, and so on. Furthermore, significant conclusions and remarks based on the available solutions to the thermal problem of the clutch are presented.

An accurate estimation of temperature distribution is considered necessary to avoid the premature failure of friction clutches. In this work, different approaches were used to compute the surface temperatures of the friction clutch disc. The results presented the maximum surface temperature when the contact occurs between the rubbing surfaces during a single engagement and repeated engagements. Two approaches were used to simulate the thermal models of the automotive clutches to obtain the temperature field are heat partitioning approach and total heat generated approach. The analysis was conducted using developed axisymmetric finite element models to study the thermal behavior of the friction clutches during multi-engagements. The comparison was made between the temperature distributions based on the proposed approaches to show the accuracy of each approach. It was found that the heat partitioning approach was not accurate to investigate the thermal problem of the friction clutch during the multi-engagements.

Inlet and outlet orifices in an actuation chamber are sources through which the supply and exhaust pressures pass during the actuation process in clutch systems. They are key ingredients in an actuation chamber and are very phenomenal in heavy-duty vehicle operation. It is these pressures that initiate linear or rotary motions in drive systems. The pressure actions are processed in an enclosure termed an actuation chamber. Oftentimes, the forces or pressures produced in an actuation chamber are unknown and immeasurable owing to a lack of precise instruments to accomplish them. This challenge can only be approached via an improvised technique that requires experimentation. This is precisely what this presentation is all about. The knowledge of these parameters is important in the study of the actuation process in electro-pneumatic clutch systems of heavy-duty vehicles. The study was done with a Mercedes Benz Actros Truck Model MP 2, 2031 Actuator chamber. An empirical and analytical approach was adopted. Meter rule, Venire Callipers and Mass Spring Balance were deployed for the experiments. Piston coil or spring, clutch distance in the actuator, the cross-sectional diameter of the actuator, and displacement in the free lengths of the coils among others were measured. The results of the experiments were analysed and used to determine the values of the supply (inlet) and exhaust (outlet) pressures which results stood at 9.61 bars and 11.299 bars, respectively.

This paper presents a methodology for redesigning a failed tractor transmission component subjected to cyclic loading. Unlike other vehicles, tractors cope with tough working conditions. Thus, it is necessary to redesign components by using modern optimization techniques. To extend their service life, we present a design methodology for a failed tractor clutch power takeoff finger. The finger was completely redesigned using topology and shape optimization approach. Stress-life based fatigue analyses were performed. Shape optimization and response surface methodology were conducted to obtain optimum dimensions of the finger. Two design parameters were selected for the design of experiment method and 15 cases were analyzed. By using design of the experiment method, three responses were obtained: Maximum stresses, mass, and displacement depending on the selected the design parameters. After solving the optimization problem, we achieved a maximum stress and mass reduction of 14% and 6%, respectively. The stiffness was improved up to 31.6% compared to the initial design.

The working characteristic features of a process can be synthetically expressed as a mathematical model. For the technical systems, this model can be obtained based on the mathematical expressions that describe the working way of the system’s components. The mathematical model can be used to analyse the dynamic performances of the system or a proper way to improve them, as far as the actual evolution of the system is accurately enough described. The paper makes an analysis using modelling and simulating techniques of a special clutch servomechanism. The modern simulation software allows studying the complex automotive systems; at the same time allows the fast variation of the system’s parameters and the study of all modifications that appear within the working system.Some of dynamic charts are presented and improvement of the dynamic performances methods are given.

1, 2, 3 PG Student, DKTE Society’s Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji, India-416116 4 Asso. Professor, Mechanical Department, DKTE Society’s Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract First car was invented by Karl Benz in 1887 and car is modifying day by day from last 130 years. Although today’s automobile looks different from that first invented, the power transmission system has not changed enough. The engine, clutch, gear box, propeller shaft and simple differential are being used from last 130 years have some limitations as today’s lifestyle is 130 year ahead of that system. Generally, some limitations regarding differential can be observed such as one or both wheels of drive system lifted up, on slippery track, stucked into mud or stucked to obstacle then, vehicle struggles to move further. In said situations ...