Civil Discourse

Monologic follow-ups in political legitimization discourse: The case of the Iraq war Framing as a continual and repetitive process in political communication Quotations in monologic and dialogic political discourse Establishing intertextual references in Austrian parliamentary debates. A pilot study "I have nothing to do but agree": The reciprocal positioning of journalists and experts in broadcast television news discourse Metadiscourse in follow-ups: Crossing the micro-macro divide in political dialogue Janney, Richard W. 134 Columbine revisited: Follow-ups and the fractalization of events in the modern media Editorial and its comments: Follow-ups in a discussion forum Follow-ups in a loose argumentative context: The pragmatic effectiveness of figurative analogy Mikalayeva, Liudmila 178

Increased polarization and divisive political speech threaten meaningful civic discussion. This study examines a campus public dialogue to understand how dialogic commitments sustained discursive openings for talking across polarizing positions. Specifically, our analysis identifies three patterns of interaction that constituted sustained openings: conceptual expansion, deliberation of meaning, and dialogic moments. Additionally, we contend two communicative practices extended dialogic commitments: discursive vulnerability and critical reflexivity. Finally, we draw on structuration theory to explain how participants disrupted polarizing political tropes to instead enact rules and resources associated with dialogue. Our analysis asserts a rethinking of polarization as communicative that is, an enactment of dominant political discourses and elucidates how students with limited instruction instead sought mutual understanding and authentic engagement.

As the number of freelance journalists increases, the changing nature of work in journalism has effects and possible implications for the kinds of news discourses that are circulated. This paper explores the experiences of freelance journalists in the Republic of Ireland in the context of increasing casualised work. We consider whether challenging working conditions impacts the type of journalism work carried out by freelancers and by extension influences the construction of news and wider discourse. Following the constructionist school, this paper explores the journalistic routines and practices employed by freelancers who are often constrained by resources and time. We do so to consider the impact of these influences on discourse before the text. The study was conducted by interviewing freelance journalists about their lived experiences. This paper contributes to debates around journalism's so called 'fourth estate' function. In particular we question if this role is undermined by changes in the working environment of freelance journalists and posit that growing precarity in the news industry may act to constrain journalism that challenges power.

Employing a realist ontology of discourse, this theoretical paper aims to
clarify some assumptions that form the theoretical backdrop of the
authorised heritage discourse (AHD) that remain under-theorised, parti
cularly its philosophical under-labouring that draws on critical realism (CR)
and critical discourse analysis (CDA). The review conducted for this paper
on studies utilising the concept of the AHD demonstrated that despite the
efforts to examine the ‘extra-discursive’, the emphasis placed on this
concept has resulted in various forms of reductionism. This uncritical use
often blurs our understanding regarding the processes underlying the
reception, contestation, appropriation, hybridisation and domination of
the AHD in different regional settings. The paper advocates for the need
to recontextualise the AHD within a dialectical-relational approach that
would flesh out the agency of non-semiotic entities (e.g. actors and
organisations) in conservation planning and overcome limitations that
arise from nominalisation and presuppositions. Such an approach would
enhance the explanatory scope of the AHD by making more robust
arguments on how heritage practices are crafted, retained and contested.

People, as members of a society and members of the intelligentsia, are, inevitably, involved in discourse and conversational systems which define their diverse positions of power in the discourse. The term "discourse" is used mostly to label the forms of representation and routines of language that yield certain reactions and customarily located denotations. This article examines the unsuccessful discourse attempts by university management, education authorities and students in South Africa during the #FeesMustFall campaign. It analyses the forms of engagement used by the parties involved in the campaign by means of Critical Discourse Analysis. It suggests that contradictory discourses may lead to conflict, instability and intolerance amongst the parties involved.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحليل ركائز تركيبة الامتحانات الرسمية لمادة اللغة العربية وأهدافها في نماذج امتحانات البكالوريا الجديدة في الجزائر، واعتمدت الدراسة منهجية تحليل المحتوى للأسئلة المقررة في الامتحانات الرسمية، مستخدمةً أداة تحليل نصوص لتصنيف الأسئلة بناءً على نوعها (فكري، لغوي، تقويم نقدي)، ومحتواها ومدى توازن الأسئلة وشمولها لمواضيع البرنامج، والكفاءات والمهارات المقصودة في الأدب والنصوص (الشعر، النثر)، وتم تطبيق الدراسة على عينة تضمنت (6) نماذج امتحانات بكالوريا جديدة للأعوام 2008-2010. كشفت النتائج أن الأسئلة تركز بشكل رئيسي على قياس المهارات الفكرية واللغوية، بينما تُمثل الأسئلة التطبيقية والتقييمية نسبة أقل، كما أظهرت الدراسة أن الأهداف التعليمية للامتحانات تتماشى بشكل عام مع تعزيز قدرة الطلاب على التحليل النقدي وتطبيق المفاهيم اللغوية في سياقات متنوعة، بناء على النتائج أوصت الباحثتان بتطوير الامتحانات وشمولها لمختلف المهارات، كما قدمت مقترحات بدراسات مستقبلية في الموضوع.
الكلمات المفتاحية: تقويم الامتحانات، بكالوريا العربية، المحتويات والمضامين، معايير التوازن والشمول.
///This study aimed to analyze the foundations and objectives of the official Arabic language exam composition in several new Algerian baccalaureate models. The study used a content analysis methodology for the questions included in the official exams, employing a text analysis tool to classify questions by type (cognitive, linguistic, critical evaluation), content, balance, and coverage of program topics, as well as the competencies and skills intended in literature and texts (poetry, prose). The study was applied to a sample of six new baccalaureate exam models from 2008 to 2010. The results revealed that the questions primarily focus on measuring cognitive and linguistic skills, with a smaller proportion dedicated to applied and evaluative questions. Additionally, the study found that the educational objectives of the exams generally align with enhancing students' critical analysis abilities and applying linguistic concepts in various contexts. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended developing the exams to include a wider range of skills and suggested future studies on the topic.
Keywords: Exam Evaluation, Arabic Baccalaureate, Content and Themes, Balance and Inclusivity Criteria

Journalistic discourse is a fertile through which most of the segments of the society interact in all their platforms: intellectual, cultural, social, and various settings between the vital structures of the state; which makes it the link between the groups and segments of the society. The role of discourse, moreover, engages in a vital way by establishing a culture of debate on controversial issues that provided a space in the different visions and differing perceptions on how to formulate the discourse and the magnitude of vocabulary for the diagnosis of these issues. Since there is no system of any community empty of the emergence of issues reflecting the public interest which is necessarily is reflected in the context discourse of press especially after promises that call package of reforms at the level of the political system in addition to the atmosphere and the process of providing. Such atmosphere has provided a kind of margin of freedom for the media men by which the can produce opinions and ideas. Those opinions and ideas in turn have created insights and differences in the content of press discourse.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological approach with a range of conceptual and methodological perspectives on discourse and global journalism. Thus, concept definitions, data selection and data analysis become three vital methodological decision making areas. This methodological paper describes and explains an empirical research design that operationalizes four positions on discourse as a facet of globalization: discourse as objective fact, discourse as social practice, discourse as power relations and discourse as discursive legitimation strategies. Discourse is analysed as objective fact through thematic analysis of discourse beyond the sentence level. Discourse as social practice is revealed at three levels of analysis: text analysis, discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis. Discourse as power relations is operationalized between local identities and global identities manifested as competing legitimation 'social act...

This article focuses on the English-language migration discourse and aims to develop its methodology through the lens of cognitive pragmatics and cognitively oriented critical discourse analysis. The analysis is underpinned by understanding of discourse against a social, pragmatic, and cognitive background, which postulates the unity of cognitive and pragmatic aspects of migration discourse. This paper focuses on the 2024 USA presidential election as a case study. First, I studied the discourse-generating concept of migrant represented in Donald Trump's utterances by lexemes, word-combinations, and cognitive metaphors. Then with the help of critical discourse analysis framework I singled out discourse strategies of migration discourse in the Republican Party Platform and in Harris-Trump presidential debate. In the 2024 USA presidential election campaign, the written migration discourse of the Republican Party sought to evoke negative emotions and included populist content. I argue that in his speeches at public events, Donald Trump often generated dramatization, both verbally and non-verbally, and engaged in negative campaigning concerning the issues of migrants and migration. Migration discourse that involved negative campaigning and evoked negative emotions towards migrants yielded high voters engagement. Negative, exaggerated, and sensationalized style of argumentation in migration issues is a strategic tool of Donald Trump's political discourse, intentionally meant to reach the voters both rationally and subconsciously. Republican migration discourse is ethno-and culturally specified; its strategies bear the features of xenophobic ethno-cultural stereotypes that are underpinned by cognitive 'immigrants-as-home-invaders' scenario based on discursive narrowing of the conceptual space of migrant as compared to that of citizen.

The article considers some peculiarities of manipulation and pragmalinguistic aspects of political discourse. The purpose of the article is to study and make clear the role of use of manipulative and pragmalinguistic elements in political discourse. First of all, there is given comprehensive definitions of discourse, then author gradually moves to political discourse. He dwells on what kind of factors dramatically influence on manipulation in political discourse and gives exact definitions of them. Moreover author touches pragmalinguistic factors that play the main role in manipulation processes, in particular main units of pragmalinguistics such as informema and pragmema. There is given analysis of an election which was held in Kazakhstan this year and candidates' political discourse. What kind of pragmalinguistic elements do they prefer to use in their political discourses. By the end of the article, author shows the importance of political discourse in society, how it makes remarkable contribution to the society and even it creates the managing system of the country.

Although both are fundamental terms in the humanities and social sciences, discourse and knowledge have seldom been explicitly related, and even less so in critical discourse studies. After a brief summary of what we know about these relationships in linguistics, psychology, epistemology and the social sciences, with special emphasis on the role of knowledge in the formation of mental models as a basis for discourse, I examine in more detail how a critical study of discourse and knowledge may be articulated in critical discourse studies. Thus, several areas of critical epistemic discourse analysis are identified, and then applied in a study of Tony Blair's Iraq speech on March 18, 2003, in which he sought to legitimatize his decision to go to war in Iraq with George Bush. The analysis shows the various modes of how knowledge is managed and manipulated of all levels of discourse of this speech.

This paper explores a new approach to researching leadership in organizations by drawing on cognitive maps of individuals within two school settings who articulate what ‘leadership’ means for them. This study through a critical discourse lens using the method of cognitive mapping and taking a social constructionist approach to leadership presents a different account of leadership practice and reveals how it is co-constructed and functions in powerful ways. The existence of leadership is subject to a number of factors such as task(s), individuals, culture, relationships, knowledge etc. Leadership is defined in terms of being able to influence the management of meaning through these. In this way, certain meanings are privileged over others and so the meaning is managed (Clifton, 2012). However, to scrutinize the complexity of the process of leadership it is necessary to unpack individuals’ language-in-use (Gee, 2005). Cognitive mapping as a method is used as a tool for externalizing t...

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ДИСКУРС-АНАЛІЗУ В СУЧАСНИХ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ У статті розглянуто основні теорії дискурсу (підходи Фуко, Лакло і Муфф та критичний дискурс-аналіз) і застосування запропонованих цими теоріями підходів до дискурс-аналізу в сучасних соціальних дослідженнях. Показано, що всі теорії дискурсу ґрунтуються на принципах соціального конструктивізму: сконструйованість знання; існування множинних варіантів знання; одночасно конструювання і відтворення соціальної реальності в процесі соціальної взаємодії; ідея про те, що суб'єкти конструюють значення всередині дискурсу, у свою чергу дискурс конструює соціальну реальність. Виділено такі ознаки основних дискурсивних теорій: рівень інклюзивності дискурсу, функції дискурсу, сталість дискурсивної структури, рівень агентності суб'єктів. Для проведення соціального дослідження найбільш оптимальним є критичний дискурс-аналіз за Норманом Феркло: дискурс сприймається водночас як соціальна практика, як тип мовлення, характерний для окремої галузі знань, і як артикуляція життєвого досвіду людини чи категорії людей, що перебувають у певній структурній позиції. Наведено приклади й поширені напрями застосування критичного дискурс-аналітичного дослідження структурної соціальної нерівності.

It is an accepted truth that Discourse Analysis is the analysis of language in use. The results of the study showed how discourse analysis can be used in decoding facts and fore-grounded information in Imam Khomeini's will. The discourse description strategy was used to bring out the messages, patterns and themes. This study aims to discuss the realization of Islam and Islamic thought by means of language use in a political discourse that is primarily stranded in Norman Fairclough's tristratal framework in critical discourse analysis. For this, the discursive strategies of the Imam Khomeini the founder of Islamic republic of Iran were examined. In conclusion, the researcher showed that Imam Khomeini's will had a significant inclination toward applying verb tense as a means for ideological act in the text as well as action sentences and passive sentences. Moreover, Imam Khomeini enhanced pluralism against individualism. It seems that the contribution of critical discourse analysis in EFL refers to text appreciation, text critics, as well as enhancement of language competence in political and religious fields.

This article aims to clarify the meaning of “renovation of religious discourse”, specifically by defining the disciplines of this renovation and their importance in determining its meaning. The disciplines play a pivotal role in determining the nature, meaning, and possibilities of renovating religious discourse. To demonstrate this thesis, the article will first make some conceptual distinctions between ‘discourse of religion’ and ‘religious discourse’, between ‘religion’ and ‘religiosity’, between ‘renovation in religious discourse’ and ‘renovation of religious discourse’. Secondly, it will make a distinction between internal and external disciplines. Internal disciplines lie within the religious text itself and in the hermeneutic circle between understanding parts of the text and understanding it as a whole, between understanding and pre-understanding, between the inside and the outside. In doing so, the paper focuses mainly on the role of the ruling political and economic powers...

Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method is a systematic introduction to discourse analysis as a body of theories and methods for social research. It brings together three central approaches, Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory, critical discourse analysis and discursive psychology, in order to establish a dialogue between different forms of discourse analysis often kept apart by disciplinary boundaries.

GAGIK TUMANYAN-Modern Conceptions of Civil Society in the Context of Democratisation Discourse.-As we know nowadays in many publications of social sciences, as well as in mass media and public discourse, the idea of civil society often associated with the process of democratization. Thus, in the processes of democratization the limitations of liberalistic paradigm, which dominates in CS sphere, actualize the extension of organizational framework of the CS by combining the critical and analytical potential of liberal democratic discourse with actionalistic and functional meanings, which are crucial in neoclassical conceptions of CS. The model, which is elaborated through this synthesis, will promote a formulation of new mechanisms between CS and governmental institutions, which in turn will increase CS influence on the process of democratization of the governmental policy.

Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method is a systematic introduction to discourse analysis as a body of theories and methods for social research. It brings together three central approaches, Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory, critical discourse analysis and discursive psychology, in order to establish a dialogue between different forms of discourse analysis often kept apart by disciplinary boundaries.

We propose a unified model of syntax and discourse in which text structure is viewed as a tree structure augmented with anaphoric relations and other secondary relations. We describe how the model accounts for discourse connectives and the syntax-discourse-semantics interface. Our model is dependency-based, ie, words are the basic building blocks in our analyses. The analyses have been applied cross-linguistically in the Copenhagen Dependency Treebanks, a set of parallel treebanks for Danish, English, German, Italian, and Spanish which are currently being annotated with respect to discourse, anaphora, syntax, morphology, and translational equivalence.

Дискурс-аналіз як метод дослідження прихованих семіотичних аспектів текстів ЗМІ останнім часом поширюється в українській соціологічній науці. Це позначається на актуалізації специфічних проблем його використання. У статті запропоновано спосіб визначення номінації об'єкта дослідження в українській дискурс-аналітичній традиції. Цей спосіб розроблений автором за результатами досліджень англомовної та україномовної академічної літератури, присвяченої дискурс-аналізу (зокрема, дискурсу про мусульман і дискурсу, що створений мусульманами). У роботі наведено результати опитування експертів щодо особливостей сприйняття номінацій об'єкта дослідження в англійській та українській мовах та адекватного перекладу цих номінацій українською мовою з урахуванням відтінків смислу; розглянуто різні варіанти суб'єкт-об'єктного характеру творення номінацій об'єкта дослідження у вивченні різних дискурсів, які потенційно призводять до академічної нечіткості. Запропоновано та аргументовано таку стандартизацію творення номінацій об'єкта дискурс-аналітичного дослідження (на прикладі дискурсу мусульман): словосполучення "дискурс мусульман" позначає дискурс з вузловим знаком "мусульмани", тобто дискурс про мусульман; дискурс, де мусульмани виступають суб'єктом говоріння-це "мусульманський дискурс", тобто створений мусульманами дискурс з будь-яким вузловим знаком. Ключові слова: номінація об'єкта дослідження, дискурс-аналіз, суб'єкт та об'єкт дискурсу, стандартизація наукової термінології, дискурс мусульман.

Сборник по результатам LV заочной научной конференции International Research Journal. За достоверность сведений, изложенных в статьях, ответственность несут авторы. Журнал имеет свободный доступ, это означает, что статьи можно читать, загружать, копировать, распространять, печатать и ссылаться на их полные тексты с указанием авторства без каких либо ограничений. Тип лицензии CC поддерживаемый журналом: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Журнал входит в международную базу научного цитирования Agris. Номер свидетельства о регистрации в Федеральной Службе по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций: ПИ № ФС 77-51217.

The article outlines the field of FOUCAULTian discourse analysis. The FOUCAULTian concept of discourse is introduced, and methodological positions and methodological developments are sketched. Compared to other qualitative social research approaches, the different researchers and research groups that have adopted the FOUCAULTian concept of discourse are not linked by a fully integrated common research paradigm. However, they share common methodological problems and areas of methodological research resulting from various references to FOUCAULTian positions. In the last decade, different research groups have become aware of these shared commonalities, so that one can speak of an emerging field of FOUCAULTian discourse analysis rather than an emerging paradigm. The article gives insight into the discourse analytic research in selected countries, discusses the internationalisation of FOUCAULTian discourse analysis and highlights current trends and perspectives.

Discourse analysis can reveal what texts leave out, and how texts transform and evaluate the social realities they represent but critical discourse analysis must also evaluate the findings of discourse analysis, and, this paper argues, this cannot be done on discourse-internal grounds alone. To develop this argument, the paper will first discuss how critical discourse analysts might establish whether misrepresentations have taken place, and then how they might assess whether such misrepresentations legitimate and promote unacceptable forms of inequality, in other words, how discourses might be morally evaluated. Special reference is made to the issue of 'marriage equality' as it has recently played out in Australia.

The Handbook is divided into four sections. Part I, Domains of Discourse, focuses on specific discursive domains or 'forms' of organizational discourse. Part II, Methods and Perspectives, plots the contrasting methodological approaches and epistemological views that may be discerned among those studying organizational discourse. Part III, Discourses and Organizing, comprises chapters that draw on a variety of discursive perspectives and approaches in order to show how discursive activity produces and mediates different organizational phenomena. Part IV, the final section of the Handbook, is titled Reflections. It comprises three pieces in which eminent contributors consider the value of organizational discourse to the broader field of organizational studies, reflect on chapters presented in the Handbook and suggest future avenues of research. The remainder of this chapter provides an introductory overview of the field of organizational discourse by using the structure and content of the Handbook to explore what organizational discourse comprises. We then discuss key areas of debate and discussion within the field, and identify some of the challenges it faces. We conclude by highlighting the significance of organizational discourse in terms of its contribution to our understanding of organization. However, we also note that while there has been a recent growth in the number of studies of organizational discourse, it remains a relatively underutilized avenue of enquiry whose contributions have not been fully realized. We assert that there is considerable further scope for its application, and advocate more discourse-focused research on the basis of the potentially considerable insights that it offers. Exploring Organizational Discourse The term 'organizational discourse' refers to the structured collections of texts embodied in the practices of talking and writing (as well as a wide variety of visual representations and cultural artefacts) that bring organizationally related objects into being as these texts are produced, disseminated and consumed (Grant et al., 1998b; Parker, 1992; Phillips & Hardy, 2002). Consequently, texts can be considered to be a manifestation of discourse and the discursive 'unit' (Chalaby, 1996) on which the organizational discourse researcher focuses. They signify collections of interactions, media of communication (i.e., oral, print, electronic), or assemblages of oral and written forms (Putnam & Cooren, 2004). Such a definition demonstrates that those studying organizational discourse are often interested in the social constructionist (Berger & Luckmann, 1967; Searle, 1995) effects of language in organizational settings (Phillips & Hardy, 2002). As Mumby and Clair point out: Organizations exist only in so far as their members create them through discourse. This is not to claim that organizations are 'nothing but' discourse, but rather that discourse is the principle means by which organization members create a coherent social reality that frames their sense of who they are. (1997, p. 181) In line with Mumby and Clair's observation, this Handbook shows how the everyday attitudes and behaviour of an organization's members, along with their perceptions of what they believe to be reality, are shaped and influenced by the discursive practices in which they engage and to which they are exposed or subjected. In short, the Handbook highlights the fact that discursive practices in organizations 'do not just describe things; they do things' (Potter & Wetherell, 1987, p. 6). In studying how discourse shapes organizing processes, researchers engage with discourse

Currently, he works on far-right activism, environmental communication and in the field of critical discourse studies. His recent publications include the edited volume The Far Right and the Environment (Routledge, 2019), 'Towards a revised theory of collective learning processes: Argumentation, narrative and the making of the social bond' (with Marcos Engelken

In this paper, I revisit and reflect on my own and my research partners' attempts at investigating the relationship between education and politics through the lens of discourse theory and discourse analysis methodology. This auto-analytical reflection corresponds to the shift in discourse studies from a technically understood discourse analysis to a more generally conceived discourse-analytical approach (Howarth & Torfing, 2005). Revisiting my own analyses made me understand better not only the specificity of the ways of conducting discourse studies in which I have been involved but also some less obvious ontological assumptions and methodological problems of discourse studies. One such issue is that as long as discourse analysis is powerful in how it shows power relations, and thus politics within non-political phenomena like education, its application to political theory may reveal how its desire for construing social totalities grounds it in the pedagogical .

Strategy has become ubiquitous in contemporary societies. Accordingly, the expansion of strategy discourse beyond corporate management and its colonization of various aspects of economic and organizational life are important phenomena for critical management research. In this study, we explore how strategy discourse is ushered into and naturalized in the realm of educational administration. Taking a critical approach to discourse analysis, our study reveals the nature and functions of a set of texts representing a discourse that expands strategic management to public K-12 education produced by a key institutional entrepreneur in the United States. Our findings disentangle how this expansion of strategy discourse into public education administration is accomplished through the discourse's different building blocks. They expose and denaturalize the discourse's ideological position and exercise of power in its normative construction of the necessity of strategic management for public education. We conclude with a discussion of our study's contributions to theory and research on the expansion of strategy discourses. In doing so, we cultivate a discussion of alternative discourses and highlight possible future research directions.

This paper is aimed at analysing the use of redundancy in Oral Questions in the Andalusian Parliament. The corpus is made up of 12 oral questions raised by the two main political parties at the Committee for Equality and Social Welfare. Six questions were raised by men and six by women. The study focuses on the identification of the most relevant functions of redundancy, as well as on the analysis of gender differences and differences between the two main political parties.

Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method is a systematic introduction to discourse analysis as a body of theories and methods for social research. It brings together three central approaches, Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory, critical discourse analysis and discursive psychology, in order to establish a dialogue between different forms of discourse analysis often kept apart by disciplinary boundaries.

This study aims at emphasizing the institutional transformations that occurred in the public environment following the events in December 1989 in Romania, focusing on the dismantling of mechanisms that marked the transition from the national-communist propaganda discourse to the informative discourse, which laid the foundation of the public sphere in post-totalitarian Romania. The hypothesis is that Romanian media was slow in abandoning the communist press model, which explains the manichaeist discourse of nowadays media, the involvement of politics in media business and, last but not least, the extremely poor market-the poorest in Eastern Europe, as showed by the latest studies. The analysis has two components: the context analysis (historical, political, and ideological) and the media discourse analysis, in line with the view of certain authors (C. Sparks) with respect to the transitions in Eastern Europe and the role the media played in these processes. The discourse procedures of the totalitarian language were emphasized by investigating a corpus formed of the main publications of the printed press before and after 1989.

OR CENTURIES, issues of civil discourse only arose concerning written and oral communication. but now, new technologies for communication and social interaction, particularly social media, have dramatically expanded the potential for human interaction. they generate signiicant challenges for institutional policies and practices to encourage and sustain civil discourse for the critical social and personal issues we and our students face. to address this challenge, we review emerging trends in social media, discuss problems that arise with their use, and provide recommendations for helping students use social media in civil and productive ways. A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOCIAL MEDIA S OCIAL MEDIA are a collection of Web sites, services, and activities that engage users through collaboration, sharing, and democratization of roles and responsibilities. they encompass a major shift in focus from the irst iteration of the Web because they allow for increased participation, connection, and interactivity. Communication technologies have come a long way since e-mail was developed and popularized in the early 1970s. yearly igures from pew Internet and american life project's surveys show that, at least since early 2000, just over 90 percent of Internet users used e-mail, with between 50 and 60 percent using e-mail daily. Online communication and socializing took a giant leap forward when mark Zuckerberg invented Facebook for Harvard university students in late 2003. since then, Facebook has amassed over 350 million active users, and multiple studies show that it is used by between 69 and 99 percent of college students. In 2003, Facebook marked the launch of a whole new category of communication technologies, referred to as "social networking" (and more recently called social media), that are used to stay in touch and interact with friends. as of this writing, Facebook's own statistics show that its 400 million active users spend over 500 billion minutes interacting with

The article outlines the field of FOUCAULTian discourse analysis. The FOUCAULTian concept of discourse is introduced, and methodological positions and methodological developments are sketched. Compared to other qualitative social research approaches, the different researchers and research groups that have adopted the FOUCAULTian concept of discourse are not linked by a fully integrated common research paradigm. However, they share common methodological problems and areas of methodological research resulting from various references to FOUCAULTian positions. In the last decade, different research groups have become aware of these shared commonalities, so that one can speak of an emerging field of FOUCAULTian discourse analysis rather than an emerging paradigm. The article gives insight into the discourse analytic research in selected countries, discusses the internationalisation of FOUCAULTian discourse analysis and highlights current trends and perspectives.

The article discusses linguistic approaches to power and deals with question-answer types of interaction in institutional discourse. The main focus is on discursive tools available to participants with an institutional status and the way these powerful participants restrict their interlocutors through questioning. The article starts with introducing general principles applicable to all institutional discourse types; it then proceeds to demonstrating these principles on a detailed analysis of several extracts from courtroom discourse.