City Wall

Introduction

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time to achieve sustainable development. The dangers of global warming and climate change can be recognised and planned for, so efforts should be made to identify the consequences and methods of adaptation to reduce their impact, as trees and plants are sensitive to climate change, heat and moisture stress, and forest ecosystems are affected by these changes. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time to achieve sustainable development. The threats of global warming and climate change can be identified and planned for, so efforts should be made to identify the consequences and methods of adaptation and reduce their impacts because the sensitivity of trees and plants to climate change, heat and moisture stress, forest ecosystems are affected by these changes. Forest degradation due to climate change is a global phenomenon affecting many tree species. One of the major challenges to Iran's natural resources is the degradation of oak forests. The increase in temperature in recent years has lengthened the growing season of Iranian oak, and due to the lack of rainfall, the intensity of water stress on this forest species has increased. Understanding the extent of climate change in the Zagros ecosystem based on standard indicators that show climate change can help managers and planners take action to adapt to conservation and restoration conditions.

Materials and Methods

In this study, based on the standard indicators established and updated by the World Meteorological Organization, the occurrence of climate change in six sites monitoring the decline of oak trees in Ilam Province, including Sarabeleh, Mala Siah and Dalab Strait, was detected in both north and south directions. The trend slope line, trend slope error and trend significance of the indices in the statistical range P value=0.05 were calculated using ClimPACT software in R program environment. The characteristics of heat, cold, combined, and precipitation indices such as day, number of occurrences, and continuity of the index in the nearest synoptic station to each site were identified, and daily data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation parameters were used between 1987 and 2019. The variations of each index were plotted and analyzed as graphs in the R software environment. Accordingly, the trend slope and significant indices affecting heat stress (hot temperature indices and cold-temperature indices) and water stress were calculated with the software ClimPACT in the R programme environment.

Results and Discussion

The results of the trend and significance of thermal indicators for climate change detection showed that of the 16 heat indices studied, in Ivan station, 11 indicators showed a significant trend of about 70% and in Ilam 9 indicators showed a significant trend of about 56%.The heat-based temperature indices, especially those based on maximum temperatures, showed a significant change towards warming, while those based on minimum temperatures showed no significant trend. The study of heat waves showed that the northern and northwestern regions of the province were subjected to several periods of heat waves, which occurred with greater frequency and continuity in the northwestern part of the province (Malah Siah and Dolab Strait sites) than in the northern part (Sarab sites) of the province, confirming the emergence of high mountain regions as a result of climate change. Cold-based temperature indices of 8 studied indices in Ivan-e-Sorchrove station, 7 indices were above 87% and Ilam 3 was about 38% the trend was significantThe cold-based temperature indices in Ivan West station show a significant change in the direction of a decrease of frost and cold and their persistence and warming, and in Ilam station the decrease of cold and warming of air after 2008 indicates a decrease of cold and warming. The results of the trend and significance of the combined indices for climate change detection in Ivan West station were 100% and in Ilam station 50% showed significant trend. The combined indices confirm climate change in terms of increase in air temperature due to increase in growing season and increase in trend of change in maximum temperature. The study of the trend and significance of ten precipitation indices related to the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall and the length of dry and wet periods showed only one index in Ivan-e-West station, which was about 10%. The station Ilam did not show significant changes in the precipitation index.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that zagros vegetative region in Ilam province has experienced severe thermal changes during 1987-2019 and climate change in the north of Zagros vegetative region is a type of temperature increase that has been extended to the northwestern regions of this region since 2008. The results show that in deterioration sites, in addition to increasing temperature, some precipitation has increased. Therefore, it can be said that the occurrence of climate change phenomenon causes increasing temperature, occurrence of floods, emergence of droughts and creating dust phenomenon, especially from neighboring countries and intensifying it in the country, all of these factors are the starting factors of the decline of Oak Trees in Ilam province. What seems to be important is to take necessary measures to prevent and mitigate the effects of climate change. These two measures can be effective and useful in reducing the effects of flood severity and risk. Therefore, managers and planners of forest ecosystems should have adaptive strategies to climate change in order to maintain and revive their executive plans so that Zagros can survive as a forest ecosystem. Although the occurrence of climate change phenomenon is one of the most important factors of drought and deterioration of Zagros forests, conservation and restoration of oak forest ecosystems can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.

Cité fédérée, chef-lieu de cité, capitale de province, sanctuaire protohistorique, oppidum, projet urbain, enceinte augustéenne, forum, carroyage urbain, autel aux princes de la jeunesse, émissions monétaires. sur la forme urbaine. Des documents remontant à La Tène ancienne associent la naissance du site de Reims à celui de l'organisation du territoire des Rèmes. Un vaste espace, voué à une fonction indéfinie, a pu se développer très tôt sous l'égide d'un sanctuaire surplombant le site. Au ii e s. av. J.-C., les occupations se multiplient au centre de la cuvette formant l'assiette de la future ville. Vers la fin de l'Indépendance, un oppidum circonscrit précisément les limites de l'agglomération qui connut un rapide développement au lendemain de la Conquête. Puis l'accession de la ville au statut de capitale de province coïncide avec une entreprise de refondation ambitieuse qui dessine une agglomération d'environ 500 ha, entourée d'une enceinte gigantesque dont le tracé semble rappeler l'ancienneté de la fondation du site, et illustre, par la même occasion, une continuité remarquable de l'implantation foncière et des tracés directeurs.

Mots-clés. Cité fédérée, chef-lieu de cité, capitale de province, sanctuaire protohistorique, oppidum, projet urbain, enceinte augustéenne, forum, carroyage urbain, autel aux princes de la jeunesse, émissions monétaires. Résumé. Longtemps Reims n'était entré dans l'histoire qu'avec César et la guerre des Gaules. Il est vrai que, malgré une mythologie ancienne revendiquant une origine au moins aussi lointaine que celle de Rome, les témoignages archéologiques antérieurs étaient peu consistants mais surtout ignorés. L'archéologie préventive a progressivement accumulé des données attestant une occupation pouvant remonter au moins au ii e s. av. J.-C. Le recensement des découvertes anciennes permet même d'imaginer des origines plus lointaines et de distinguer une évolution par grandes étapes successives qui ont abouti à la ville augustéenne et qui se matérialisent dans des interventions concrètes sur la forme urbaine. Des documents remontant à La Tène ancienne associent la naissance du site de Reims à celui de l'organisation du territoire des Rèmes. Un vaste espace, voué à une fonction indéfinie, a pu se développer très tôt sous l'égide d'un sanctuaire surplombant le site. Au ii e s. av. J.-C., les occupations se multiplient au centre de la cuvette formant l'assiette de la future ville. Vers la fin de l'Indépendance, un oppidum circonscrit précisément les limites de l'agglomération qui connut un rapide développement au lendemain de la Conquête. Puis l'accession de la ville au statut de capitale de province coïncide avec une entreprise de refondation ambitieuse qui dessine une agglomération d'environ 500 ha, entourée d'une enceinte gigantesque dont le tracé semble rappeler l'ancienneté de la fondation du site, et illustre, par la même occasion, une continuité remarquable de l'implantation foncière et des tracés directeurs.

Communal cemeteries of Istanbul were located outside the city’s borders in each historical period from Antiquity to the Byzantine and Ottoman times. In the 5th century, with the advent of the Theodosian walls, the burial topography shifted towards outside these walls, while the former burial grounds in the city’s former Constantinian walls remained untouched. In Ottoman period, the land outside the Theodosian walls was established as the city’s legitimate burial place and continues its function to this day. This peripheral condition stands out as one of the greatest continuities in the city’s history. This thesis will study the extramural burial topography to investigate the reciprocal relation between the cemeteries and urban development. A close reading reveals that beyond marking the city’s physical borders, cemeteries define the ‘perceived’ borders of the city. The prominent cases of Mokius cemetery in the Byzantine period and the burial site of Eyüp in the Ottoman period exemplify this observation. By discussing the influence of the sacred sites, society’s changing attitudes towards death, social stratification, and the social phenomenon of desire for visibility on cemeteries’ development, how the marginal condition of cemeteries was formed in close connection to the city’s social constructions will be elucidated regarding the continuities and transformations between the Byzantine and Ottoman periods.

Mots-clés. Cité fédérée, chef-lieu de cité, capitale de province, sanctuaire protohistorique, oppidum, projet urbain, enceinte augustéenne, forum, carroyage urbain, autel aux princes de la jeunesse, émissions monétaires. Résumé. Longtemps Reims n'était entré dans l'histoire qu'avec César et la guerre des Gaules. Il est vrai que, malgré une mythologie ancienne revendiquant une origine au moins aussi lointaine que celle de Rome, les témoignages archéologiques antérieurs étaient peu consistants mais surtout ignorés. L'archéologie préventive a progressivement accumulé des données attestant une occupation pouvant remonter au moins au ii e s. av. J.-C. Le recensement des découvertes anciennes permet même d'imaginer des origines plus lointaines et de distinguer une évolution par grandes étapes successives qui ont abouti à la ville augustéenne et qui se matérialisent dans des interventions concrètes sur la forme urbaine. Des documents remontant à La Tène ancienne associent la naissance du site de Reims à celui de l'organisation du territoire des Rèmes. Un vaste espace, voué à une fonction indéfinie, a pu se développer très tôt sous l'égide d'un sanctuaire surplombant le site. Au ii e s. av. J.-C., les occupations se multiplient au centre de la cuvette formant l'assiette de la future ville. Vers la fin de l'Indépendance, un oppidum circonscrit précisément les limites de l'agglomération qui connut un rapide développement au lendemain de la Conquête. Puis l'accession de la ville au statut de capitale de province coïncide avec une entreprise de refondation ambitieuse qui dessine une agglomération d'environ 500 ha, entourée d'une enceinte gigantesque dont le tracé semble rappeler l'ancienneté de la fondation du site, et illustre, par la même occasion, une continuité remarquable de l'implantation foncière et des tracés directeurs.

Le pont des Grilles de la Basse-Seille constitue un des derniers vestiges de la fortification medievale de la ville de Metz et un des rares exemplaires de pont fortifie en France. Bâti a la fin du XIVe siecle, il est remblaye en 1911, ne laissant apparente que sa partie superieure. Une etude archeologique et historique a ete menee en 2011 afin d’apprehender la configuration et le fonctionnement de l’ouvrage au Moyen Âge.

The majority of the history of Iran's foreign relations, for more than half a century, has been influenced by its relationship with the United States and its quality. The main purpose of this article is to address a period of these relationships; including the seizure of the US embassy by Iranian students; and its negative consequences. So, the theory of "Path Dependency" has been used to explain this relationship. The main question of the research is dedicated to the fact that; Depending on the environment and the conditions of that period, the path dependency has caused the situation to move towards hostility and enmity between the two countries. The claim of this research is based on the hypothesis that the mutual decisions of the two countries after that incident, as a turning point, have depended on the path dependency and can be explained by it. Therefore, after searching in various books and articles, I used a qualitative method to analyze and explain the decisions and actions of the parties involved in the crisis. The research findings indicate the negative impact of path dependence in the critical environment and the resulting uncertainty at an important time. The result is that; the decisions of Tehran and Washington have exacerbated the situation due to path dependence on the each stage.

Managing regional crises requires the formation of cooperation and intgration between countries in the region. Solving environmental crises is one of the issues that is no exception. Obviously, in the absence of regional convergence, managing this crisis will face a real challenge. The environmental crisis, in particular the crisis of the microstats, which has been a serious challenge to the Middle East region in recent years, calls for regional cooperation. But contrary to expectations, countries in the region have not been willing to form a cooperative regime. In this research, the barriers to the formation of this convergence have been investigated. The question is, what are the barriers to the establishment of an environmental cooperation regime in the Middle East? The thesis hypothesis is that managing environmental crises requires a set of factors such as consensus, multilateral diplomacy and international regimes, in the current Middle East region, the existence of crises and political conflicts, including the occupation of Iraq, the developments of 2011 Its implications as well as hydropolitan disputes between countries in the region have created unfavorable conditions for the management of environmental crises, including the problem of waterfalls. In this thesis, the analytical-descriptive method has been used.

Le pont des Grilles de la Basse-Seille constitue un des derniers vestiges de la fortification medievale de la ville de Metz et un des rares exemplaires de pont fortifie en France. Bâti a la fin du XIVe siecle, il est remblaye en 1911, ne laissant apparente que sa partie superieure. Une etude archeologique et historique a ete menee en 2011 afin d’apprehender la configuration et le fonctionnement de l’ouvrage au Moyen Âge.

Ancient city of Teos, one of the Ionian Religion Cities, is located in Sığacık district, Seferihisar Province in Izmir. The city was inhabited from Protogeometric period. The ancient city which has sheltered two harbors, due to its geographical position as a major trading center in the early emerges. Phokaia has been north of the city, Miletus has been south of the city, Samos and Khios Island have been in Ionian Cities. In this study, rescue excavations carried out by Izmir archaeological Museum in west and northwest of the city between 2013 and 2014. One of the necropolis is in the city as crow flies 1.1 km northwest, the other necropolis is located 1 km west of the city. This study will be dealt with the characterisation of clay and sherd samples which are obtained by necropolis. Samples from west and northwest of the necropolis of Teos City have been characterised by X-ray diffraction analyses and chemical analysis X-ray fluorescence methods.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the simultaneous relationship between equity duration and total risk and systematic risk and the possibility of predicting total risk and systematic risk using equity duration. To do this purpose, a sample was constructed containing 107 listed firms in Tehran stock market from 1386 to 1397. In order to investigate the simultaneous relationship between duration and risk measures, the correlation test was used. Also, panel regression was implemented to investigate the possibility of predicting total risk and systematic risk using equity duration. The results show that there is a negative significant relationship between equity duration and total risk and between equity duration and systematic risk. Moreover, equity duration is an appropriate measure to predict total risk and systematic risk. According to the significant relationship between equity duration and total risk and between equity duration and systematic risk, equity duration could be a measure of assessing equity risk. Also, the results show that as the magnitude of duration increases, the magnitude of total risk and systematic risk decreases for the following period. This negative relationship may be due to the specific economic conditions of our country and its possible impact on the sales and risk of companies, which may be considered in further studies.

The cities of Jay in pre-Islamic and Yahudiya in the post Islamic period were located in a plain delimited from three sides by surrounding heights. This area, referred to in historical and geographical documents as the Rostāq-i Jay, was the most important rural district of Isfahan's khora. With rising of Buyids, they decided to change the seat of power from Jay to Yahudiya and consequently the construction of the city wall. Given the complete destruction of both city,s wall, the only data available on their location are limited to the texts and few archaeological traces. Therefore, while analyzing the reasons for change of hub in Isfahan from Jay to Yahudiya, the article tries to determine the location of walls of Jay and Yahudiya in Jay district on the basis of geographical and historical texts, archeological evidence, old maps and satellite photos, and traces them on the current city,s map.

The Emergence of modernity in the Islamic world, has been followed by many challenges. The Muslim traditionalists resisted against it and this controversy has taken place endlessly up to the present. One of the areas of challenge in this regard is Islamic jurisprudence. The discourse of modernity tried to use western law (civil or common) in Islamic societies; In contrast with modernists, traditionalists, while believed in the ability of Islamic jurisprudence in Islamic history, opposed them. The intense pressure of the discourse of modernity and the requirements of the times, forced the traditionalist discourse to investigate possible solutions and they found the solution in codification of Islamic Jurisprudence which caused to keep the Islamic character of the society, on the one hand, and develop the “Comparative Approach” in Islamic Jurisprudence, on the other hand. The present study is aimed at investigating the first attempts to codify the Islamic Jurisprudence and its effects through the historical approach and analysis of the written sources.
key words: Traditionalist Discourse, Modernist Discourse, Islamic Jurisprudence, Codification of Islamic Jurisprudence, Comparative Jurisprudence

بسياري از معضلاتي كه در زمينه هاي مختلف گريبانگير مردم جامعه است تنها به وسيله دولت و دستگاه هاي اجرايي قابل حل نبوده و مشاركت و معاضدت خود مردم است كه معضلات را از سر راه رشد و توسعه آن جامعه بر خواهد داشت. سنت حسنه وقف تأثيرات مثبت و داراي كاركردهاي مختلف اقتصادي، اجتماعي و فرهنگي در جامعه بوده و از ديدگاههاي مختلف قابل بررسي و مطالعه است. يكي از فوايد و كاركردهاي وقف در بعد فرهنگي، توسعه كتابخانه ها و مراكز اطلاع رساني است كه با فراهم شدن اين مهم، اسباب ترويج فرهنگ مطالعه در بين افراد فراهم مي شود و بر همين اساس كتابخانه مركزي آستان قدس رضوي نمونه اي از كتابخانه هايي است كه برمبناي سنت حسنه وقف شكل گرفته است. اين مقاله سعي دارد به كمك اسناد وقفي موجود، جايگاه نهاد وقف را در كتابخانه آستان قدس رضوي (ع) از گذشته تا حال بررسي نموده و نحوه حضور وقف در اين عرصعه را مورد كنكاش قرار داده و نقش توسعه اي آن را در جامعه نشان دهد. روش پژوهش بر پايه اسناد وقفي و مصاحبه است و جامعه آماري سازمان كتابخانه ها، موزه ها و مركز اسناد آستان قدس رضوي مي باشد. يافته ها حاكي از آن است كه با توجه به جايگاه و نقش مهم وقف در توسعه كتابخانه ها و مراكز اطلاع رساني متاسفانه واقفان به دليل قوانين و مقرارت خاصي كه به كتابخانه تحميل مي كردند عملاً باعث محدوديت خدمات مي شدند و ديگر اينكه مردم به علل مختلف كمتر تمايل به وقف از خود نشان مي دهند. نتايج پژوهش ما نشان مي دهد كه هر چند در مقايسه با ساير مصارف، سهم اندكي از مصرف وقف به اين موضوع اختصاص يافته، با اين حال وقف تاثير به سزايي در توسعه مراكز اطلاع رساني و كتابخانه ها دارد و با توجه به اسناد وقفي موجود، كتابخانه آستان قدس رضوي به عنوان يك كتابخانه برپايه وقف شناخته شده و جايگاه ويژه اي در توسعه فرهنگي داشته و دارد.

Teos one of the twelve Ion cities, is located in the of Sığacık neighborhood Seferihisar district, 60 km southwest of Izmir. The city, on the southern coast of the peninsula Erythrea and Izmir is the bottleneck between the gulf sea of Samos. West of the city Erythrai (Il), north Klazomenai (URL), the south island of Samos is located in the southeast of the city of Colophon. The main city is on the black neck which is surrounded by filled gulf formerly named as Teos Gulf now west of the gulf. In ancient times the city was surrounded by walls for defense purposes. The city walls provide important information about both political and economical structure of the city. Teos walls of Hellenistic Period around 65 hectares of area is surrounded by the city until approximately 4 miles. In this study stone samples which is used in Hellenistic Period has been characterised. Stone samples has been analysed by the following methods: field observations (visual examinations), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Chemical Analysis X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods. These methods has been provide us to determine stone properties