Citrus paradisi

The flavedo extracts of twenty-one varieties of citrus fruits (oranges, satsumah, clementine, mandarins, tangor, bergamot, lemon, tangelos, kumquat, calamondin and pamplemousses) grown in Mauritius were examined for their total phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C contents and antioxidant activities. Total phenolics correlated strongly with the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) scavenging activity assays (r > 0.85). Based on their antioxidant activities in these three assays nine citrus fruits namely, one orange, clementine, tangor and pamplemousse variety, two tangelo varieties and three mandarin varieties, were further characterized for their flavanone, flavonol and flavone levels by HPLC and their antioxidant activities were assessed by the copper-phenanthroline and iron chelation assays. The flavanone, hesperidin, was present at the highest concentrations in all flavedo extracts except for pamplemousses where it was not detected. Contents in hesperidin ranged from 83 ± 0.06 to 234 ± 1.73 mg/g FW. Poncirin, didymin, diosmin, isorhoifolin and narirutin were also present in all extracts whereas naringin was present only in one mandarin variety. The nine flavedo extracts exhibited good DNA protecting ability in the cuphen assay with IC 50 values ranging from 6.3 ± 0.46 to 23.0 ± 0.48 mg FW/mL. Essentially the flavedos were able to chelate metal ions however, tangor was most effective with an IC 50 value of 9.1 ± 0.08 mg FW/mL. The flavedo extracts of citrus fruits represent a significant source of phenolic antioxidants with potential prophylactic properties for the development of functional foods.

Con el objetivo de conocer si el extracto de hojas de Guacimo (Guazuma ulmifolia) tiene propiedades insecticidas similares al de las hojas de Neem (Azadirachta indica), se realizó el presente estudio. Se probó en condiciones de laboratorio el efecto de extracto etílico, infusión acuosa, destilación con acetona, etanol y agua en hormigas. Se registró mortalidad y tiempo de acción letal. Los mejores tratamientos para Neem: infusión y destilación con agua; para Guacimao: destilación con acetona y etanol. Se aplicaron en condiciones de campo a guajolotes infestados naturalmente con piojos y ácaros. Se usó desparasitante comercial y agua como testigos. Al día siguiente de la aplicación y en los días 7, 14 y 21 posteriores se contabilizaron los parásitos. Después del día 21 se aplicó una segunda dosis. Todos los tratamientos presentaron efecto desparasitante (p < 0.05). Infusión acuosa de Neem presentó igual efecto residual que el desparasitante comercial (p < 0.05). Propiedades insecticidas del Neem se conservan independientemente del solvente, la infusión en agua es similar que el desparasitante comercial. Extracto de Guacimo con acetona tiene propiedades similares a algunos extractos de Neem.

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of aqueous ozone technology on maintaining grapefruit flavor and freshness by minimizing the occurrence of postharvest deterioration. During the 2018 and 2019 seasons, Star Ruby grapefruit fruits were treated with 0.3 and 0.6 ppm aqueous ozone for 5 and 10 min after harvest at water temperatures of 5 °C and 15 °C, respectively. The fruits were stored for 40 days at 8 ± 1 °C with 85–90% relative humidity. The results revealed that all the ozonated water treatments reduced physiological weight loss, disease infection, and decay, as well as providing long-term protection to the fruits throughout storage. The best treatment for preserving the postharvest quality was 0.6 ppm ozonated water at 5 °C for 5 min, which successfully delayed ripening while concurrently preserving the TSS/acid ratios, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity. Overall, aqueous ozone treatment is a promising example of a treatment that is beginning to be utilized on...

Pakistani Citrus species viz. fewtrell's early [Citrus reticulata (L.) var. Tangerine], orange [C. reticulata (L.) var. Mandarin], mousami [Citrus sinensis (L.) var. Mousami], malta [C. sinensis (L.) var. Malta], grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and Eureka lemon (Citrus limon L.) were evaluated against food-borne bacteria namely Escherchia coli, Salmonella typhii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Proteus myxofaciens, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus sp. The peel essential oil yield of the C. reticulata var. Mandarin, C. reticulata var. Tangerine, C. sinensis var. Malta, C. sinensis var. Mousami, C. limon and C. paradisi were 0.32, 0.24, 0.22, 1.21, 0.05 and 0.21%, respectively. The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the inhibition zones of bacterial growth at two concentrations (5 and 10 ul) of the oil and results were compared with cefipime, a commercial antibacterial agent. Essential oils of C. reticulata var. Mandarin showed highest antibacterial activity followed by essential oils of C. lemon. Essential oils of C. paradise and C. sinensis var. malta exhibited least antibacterial activity. Among the various bacterial species, S. typhii and P. myxofaciens were found most susceptible to various Citrus peel essential oils. Present study concludes that essential oils of C. reticulate var. Mandarin have a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against food spoilage bacteria.

This open-label, single-sequence study in healthy subjects investigated the effects of steady-state carbamazepine on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of a single 2-mg dose of fingolimod. In period 1, a single oral dose of fingolimod 2 mg (day 1) was followed by PK and safety assessments up to 36 days. In period 2, carbamazepine was administered in flexible, up-titrated doses (600 mg twice daily maximum) for 49 days. Fingolimod was administered on day 35, followed by a study completion evaluation (day 71). The PK analysis included 23 of 26 of the enrolled subjects (88.5%). Coadministration of fingolimod at steady-state carbamazepine concentrations resulted in increased fingolimod CL/F by 67% through the induction of CYP3A4, a cytochrome with negligible involvement in fingolimod clearance in an uninduced state. Fingolimod C was reduced by 18% and AUC by 40%, as was T (106 vs 163 hours). A similar trend was observed for fingolimod-P. Models linking fingolimod-P blood concentrations to ...

Background/objective: Cancer is a complex genetic disease that occurs due to mutation in genes that control apoptosis and cell growth. Uncontrolled cell growth leads to the formation of tumors. Free radical causes mutation in genes and DNA sequence, however antioxidants can stabilize these harmful effects. Citrus fruits are the rich source of antioxidants. owing to this property this

Background/objective: Cancer is a complex genetic disease that occurs due to mutation in genes that control apoptosis and cell growth. Uncontrolled cell growth leads to the formation of tumors. Free radical causes mutation in genes and DNA sequence, however antioxidants can stabilize these harmful effects. Citrus fruits are the rich source of antioxidants. owing to this property this study was planned to evaluate the potential of the citrus fruits for the treatment of the cancer. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant as well anticancer potential of five different citrus strains (Citrus deliciosa, Citrus maxima, Citrus limetta, Citrus sinensis and Citrus reticulata). Methods: Peel of all the citrus fruits were collected, grinded and ethanolic extracts were prepared separately, to evaluate radical scavenging ability by employing DPPH method followed by MTT assay of the cancer cell lines to explore the anticancer potential of the extracts. Results: It was observed that citrus p...

This study was carried out to assess, for the first time, the effect of ohmic heating on the carotenoid profile of two citrus fruit juices: grapefruit and blood orange. Two heat treatments were designed to obtain pasteurization values of 50 and 150 min with ohmic heating as compared to conventional heating. The results showed that xanthophyll losses could reach 70% for epoxyxanthophylls (cis-violaxanthin and cis-antheraxanthin) and 40% for hydroxyxanthophylls (β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) with conventional heating, but losses were under 30% and 20%, respectively, with ohmic heating. Carotene species (lycopene and β-carotene) were stable regardless of the treatment. No negative nonthermal effects of ohmic heating were shown on carotenoids. Loss simulations of the studied carotenoids showed that the high temperatures reached with ohmic heating during pasteurization could substantially increase the organoleptic and nutritional quality of acid carotenoid-rich juices.

With advancement in the modern world, psychological issues, including anxiety and depression has become the leading cause of mental illness. Herbal products have been explored to observe their effects in helping such conditions and citrus fruits are found to be among these helping tools. To study this, current research was designed to explore the antidepressant effects of Citrus paradisi in various doses on rodents. Swiss Albino mice were used and fresh extract of Citrus paradisi was prepared. Imipramine was used as the standard drug. Ethical approval was taken from the Board of Advanced Studies, University of Karachi. The animals were divided into controlled, standard and test groups. All the animals were recruited from the animal house of University of Karachi. Forced Swimming Test was used to analyses the efficacy. It is a standard test, which is commonly used to evaluate the behavioral response in animals using a cylinder at room temperature. After the completion of dosing and monitoring the animals for 30 days, it was observed that marked improvement in the test animal's behavior with significant p-values indicating that the extract has improved the animal's psychological response towards the external stress and animals showed noteworthy improvement in the mobile phase as compared to the immobile phase. It can be concluded from the experimental results that protocol established in this study can be used as an alternative for patients suffering with depression as an herbal option, keeping in mind the other co morbidities of patient and drug interactions of Citrus paradisi.

Citrus is a valuable crop in Pakistan because it is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants. Huanglongbing (HLB) has an influence on citrus production around the world caused by a bacterium “Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas), africanus and americanus. The structure and diversity of bacterial species in various ecosystems can be quickly examined using NGS. This approach is considerably quicker and more precise than outdated methods. Healthy or citrus greening infected leaf samples of Grapefruit, Citrus aurantifolia, and Citrus reticulata Blanco was used for diversity analysis. In this study high throughput, NGS technique was used to access the population of both cultivable and non-cultivable bacterial endophytes from citrus leaves, by using PCR amplicons of 16S rDNA sequences (V5–V7 regions) with Illumina Hi seq. As a result, a total number of 68,722 sequences were produced from the test samples. According to the NGS-based diversity classification, the most common genera of exploi...

This work aimed at evaluating the influence of different levels of aluminum on the physiological parameters of the citrus rootstock Swingle Citrumelo in hydroponic solution. The experiment was carried out with a completely randomized design with three replications, subdivided in several lots. The levels of aluminum used were: 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 mg L -1 in form of AlCl 3 .6H 2 O in nutrient solution. Following physiological parameters were evaluated: specific and relative foliar area, relative foliar mass, and the ratio of aerial part dry matter/root system dry matter. The results showed that aluminum did not influence the parameters evaluated except the specific foliar area, which decreased starting at the 7.5 mg L -1 level.

The growth inhibiting effect of four commercially available grapefruit seed extracts on the causal organism of apple scab  Venturia inaequalis  was tested. Germination of the conidia of Venturia inaequalis was pronouncedly inhibited by all tested extracts. The commercial products were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. All samples contained at least one preserving agent. These substances were identified as either benzethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, methyl parabene or propyl parabene. Freshly prepared extracts from seeds of grapefruits (Citrus paradisi) did not inhibit the germination of Venturia inaequalis. It was therefore concluded that the antifungal effect of grapefruit seed extracts is caused by the added preservatives.

Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) fruits and juices . Among the main citrus varieties is the grapefruit (Citrus Paradisi Macfadyen), which is a natural hybrid of the pummelos (C. grandis L.BSF) and the sweet orange (C. sinensis L.OSB). It originated on the Caribbean Island of Barbados in the West Indies around 1750 , while the pomelo (C. grandis L.BSF) originated in Southeast Asia (Polynesia and Malaysia) , where it is still widely grown and consumed. The main areas of production in the east are southern China, southern Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Pomelos are also grown in the USA (California and Florida), the Caribbean islands, and Africa .

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a highly destructive, fast-spreading disease of citrus, causing substantial economic losses to the citrus industry worldwide. Nutrient levels and their cellular distribution patterns in stems and leaves of grapefruit were analysed after graft-inoculation with lemon scions containing 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las), the heattolerant Asian type of the HLB bacterium. After 12 months, affected plants showed typical HLB symptoms and significantly reduced Zn concentrations in leaves. Micro-XRF imaging of Zn and other nutrients showed that preferential localization of Zn to phloem tissues was observed in the stems and leaves collected from healthy grapefruit plants, but was absent from HLB-affected samples. Quantitative analysis by using standard references revealed that Zn concentration in the phloem of veins in healthy leaves was more than 10 times higher than that in HLB-affected leaves. No significant variation was observed in the distribution patterns of other elements such as Ca in stems and leaves of grapefruit plants with or without graft-inoculation of infected lemon scions. These results suggest that reduced phloem transport of Zn is an important factor contributing to HLB-induced Zn deficiency in grapefruit. Our report provides the first in situ, cellular level visualization of elemental variations within the tissues of HLB-affected citrus.

Since the arrival of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease in Florida, several management approaches, including modification of orchard architecture design and nutritional therapy, have been explored. High-density plantings anticipate early economic returns from HLB-affected orchards. With no cure available for HLB, balanced nutrient application through soil and foliar spraying can mitigate the disease. A 2-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of three grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) planting densities [single-row (300 and 440 trees per ha), and double-row high-density (975 trees per ha)], two controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) blends, and foliar-applied micronutrients (FAM) (a blend of B, Mn, and Zn at 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 times the recommended rates) on grapefruit growth and fruit yield, physiological parameters, and foliar nutrient concentrations in an HLB-affected orchard. All the trees tested positive for HLB based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test....

Citrus canker is caused by two Xanthomonas species, Xanthomonas citri, which has become the primary pathogen where citrus canker occurs (type A citrus canker, Xc‐A), and X. fuscans pv. aurantifolii (Xfa), which consists of strains B and C. The B strain is less pathogenic than the A strain, but produces symptoms in all citrus species. The C‐type cankers only infect Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and produce a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) leaves. An avirulence gene, avrGf2, was identified in a C strain that was responsible for the HR in grapefruit. AvrGf2 is a member of XopAG effector family and shares 45% identity at amino acid level with another member of the same family, AvrGf1 from strain Xc‐Aw, which was previously shown to elicit an HR in grapefruit. AvrGf2 shares sequence identity with other XopAG effectors present in Xanthomonas vasculorum, Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Mutagenesis of avrGf2 in C stra...

The most reported among effluents that have caused damage to the water resources are azo dyes that need to be expelled by most efficient techniques such as photocatalysis. This specific study has focused on the synthesis and augmentation of TiO2 for the degradation of methylene blue (MB). In this work TiO2 was synthesized by biogenic route using the extract of Citrus paradisi and the synthesized metal oxide (TiO2) was doped with Ag to escalate the photocatalytic degradation of MB. The synthesized biogenic photocatalyst was characterized by employing XRD and FTIR techniques, which confirms the purity of TiO2. The stability of Ag-doped TiO2 photocatalyst was investigated by performing Zeta-potential and the surface morphology was studied thorough FE-SEM. The photocatalytic efficiency of the photocatalysts were evaluated using UV-vis-Spectroscopy. The XRD analysis confirmed the phase purity of synthesized TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2. The presence of functional groups associated with the TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 were also observed through FTIR. The developed photocatalysts via biogenic route were tested for the degradation of MB that exhibited 56.38% for TiO2 and 85.55% Ag-TiO2 in 120mins respectively.

In this study, 5 different citrus fruits (mandarin, ğrapefruit, oranğe, kumquat and lemon) harvested in Turkey were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. For this purpose, essential oils obtained with the Clevenğer apparatus. Essential oils components were determined with the help of GC-MS. Limonene was determined as a common component in all fruit peels, from the lowest to the hiğhest in order, approximately 24% in clementine mandarin, 28% in oranğe and 76% in lemon, 98% in ğrapefruit, %100 kumquat. Linalool was determined main component of oranğe and clementine mandarin. Dry matter and ash of peels was determined. In addition, the elements found in the peels were determined with the help of semedx. Accordinğ to the results of the sem-edx the peels are quite rich in terms of calcium and potassium.

Peel coloration of Kinnow fruits at early maturation was used as a criteria to investigate the internal quality of fruit. Three districts namely Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari all of which had varying environmental conditions, were selected for harvest of 10 fruits from each replication with same plant to be judged on peelcolor-basis. Produce was arranged in order to dark green to deep yellow-colored fruits, through the use of chroma meter. Biochemical analysis were also performed from the triplicates. More titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total dissolved salts and solubility was recorded in juice obtained from the produce of all three districts, especially in green-colored fruits whereas sugars, pH and soluble solids remained higher in yellow fruits. Polyphenols like total phenolic contents, flavonoids and flavonols were noted as unchanged in the color-based judgement of fruits harvested. However, anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant activity (DPPH inhibition %) all were recorded to be higher in yellow-colored fruits. At the time of maturity approached nearer, green-colored fruits were in possession of more acids, uniform polyphenols and increased reducing sugars with acidic taste while yellow-colored produce was having lower acidity, more sugars and soluble solid contents to impart furthermore sweetness. Green-colored fruits are nutritionally equal in number of consumers who determined the taste to be acidic.

The paper presents the results of the studies performed to establish the effect of the mixtures between limonene and clotrimazole against microbial pathogens involved in dermatological diseases, such as Candida albicans, Staphyloccocus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Preliminary data obtained from the studies performed in microplates revealed a possible synergism between the mixture of clotrimazole and limonene for Staphylococcus aureus. Studies performed “in silico” with programs such as CLC Drug Discovery Workbench and MOLEGRO Virtual Docker, gave favorable scores for docking each compound on a specific binding site for each microorganism. The tests performed for validation, with the clotrimazole (0.1%) and different sources of limonene (1.9% citrus essential oils), showed a synergistic effect on Staphylococcus aureus in the case of the mixtures between clotrimazole and the essential oils of Citrus reticulata or Citrus paradisi. The studies performed on Staphylococcus aureus MRSA sh...

Two lance-leaf caladium cultivars are to be released from the ornamental breeding program at the University of Florida. 'Red Ruffles', whose pedigree is Red Frill x ('Red Frill' x 'Candidum Jr.'), has elongated medium red leaves with ruffled green margins. Plants are upright with strong petioles, have leaf blades 25 cm long and 14 cm wide, and attain a height of 61 cm when grown in full sun in the field. Plants have more leaves and are more cold tolerant than 'Red Frill', the major red lance-leaf cultivar of commerce. Tuber yields of 'Red Ruffles' are similar to 'Red Frill' but less than 'Rosalie', with production indices of 95.0, 97.8, and 121.0, respectively. Foliage of 'Red Ruffles' is more upright and less likely to elongate under reduced light than the other cultivars. 'Irish Lace', an F 2 selection from a cross of "Candidum Jr.' x "Red Frill', has elongated dark green leaves with heavily ruffled margins, which are etched with a thin red border. Leaf blades are 26 cm long and 8 cm wide and have heavy substance. Plant height is 65 cm in the field. Tuber yields of 'Irish Lace' are greater than 'White Wing', a major green/ white cultivar. Use of a green caladium would be as a border or a mixture with red or white lance-leaf cultivars. provenances. The North Carolina provenance required 90 days stratification to maximize germination (66%) in contrast to the Alabama provenance, which only needed 30 days (80%). Seeds of both provenances did not exhibit an obligate light requirement. However, photoperiods ≥1/2 h increased germination greatly over seeds in darkness (29% vs. 62%).

A b stra ct. Acidification o f treatment solutions from pH 7 to 4, with either citratephosphate (CP) buffer or with dimethylglutaric acid-NaO H (DMG) buffer, increased [14C]GA3 uptake by 'M arsh' grapefruit (C itrus p a ra d isi M acf.) peel. Acidification was effective also when wax was removed with organic solvents and under low and high relative humidity. The GA3-induced delay of coloration of 'M inneola' (C itrus p a ra d isi x C. reticulata Blanco) tangelo and 'Ortanique' (C. sin en sis x C. reticu la ta ) was in creased similarly by acidification with either buffer. Acidification with either buffer permitted the use o f lower GA3 concentrations than those required to obtain the same physiological effect with neutral solutions. Acidification also delayed fruit senescence in field trials with 'Clementine' (C itrus reticu lata Blanco) tangerines sprayed with 5 ppm GA3 + 0.1% H3P 0 4. Uptake o f [14C]GA3 progressively increased by reducing pH from 7 to 3. W ith [3H]GA4, acidification improved the uptake only in the range o f pH 8 to 5. This difference seems to be related to the more lipophilic nature o f GA4.

Citrus fruits have been the subject of extensive research over the years due to their impressive antioxidant properties, the health benefits of flavanones, and their potential use in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Grapefruit have been shown in studies to improve overall health, with numerous potential benefits, including improved heart health, reduced risk of certain cancers, improved digestive health, and improved immune system function. The development of cyclodextrin complexes is an exciting approach to increasing the content of flavanones such as naringin and naringenin in the extraction medium while improving the profile of beneficial phenolic compounds and the antioxidant profile. This research aims to optimize the extraction conditions of the flavanones naringin and naringenin with additional compounds to increase their yield from different parts of grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi L.) fruits, such as albedo and segmental membranes. In addition, the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts produced conventionally and with -cyclodextrin was examined and compared. In addition, antioxidant activity was measured using the radical scavenging activity assay (ABTS), radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The yield of naringin increased from 10.53 ± 0.52 mg/g to 45.56 ± 5.06 mg/g to 51.11 ± 7.63 mg/g of the segmental membrane when cyclodextrins (α, β-CD) were used; naringenin increased from 65.85 ± 10.96 µg/g to 91.19 ± 15.19 µg/g of the segmental membrane when cyclodextrins (α, β-CD) were used. Furthermore, the results showed that cyclodextrin-assisted extraction had a significant impact in significantly increasing the yield of flavanones from grapefruit. In addition, the process was more efficient and less expensive, resulting in higher yields of flavanones with a lower concentration of ethanol and effort. This shows that cyclodextrin-assisted extraction is an excellent method for extracting valuable compounds from grapefruit.

This study compared the estimated glycemic index, antioxidant, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of ripe Citrus paradisi fruit's parts, as well as their phenolic composition by employing high performance liquid chromatography fixed with diode array detector. The result revealed that C. paradisi fruit's peel exhibited significantly lowest glycemic index, highest antioxidant and inhibitory effects on the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with concomitant highest polyphenol constituents compared to other parts of the fruit. Thus, being a waste product of the fruit, it could be a prospective source of natural products for functional food development, nutraceuticals or dietary supplement for the management of diabetes, due to the low glycemic index, antioxidant and inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities.

Concomitant intake with grapefruit juice increases the concentrations of many drugs in humans. The effect seems to be mediated mainly by suppression of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 in the small intestine wall. This results in a diminished first pass metabolism with higher bioavailability and increased maximal plasma concentrations of substrates of this enzyme. The effect was most pronounced in drugs with a high first pass degradation and in many cases has the clear potential to reach clinical relevance, as shown by an occasional change in drug effects or tolerability. For felodipine, nitrendipine, nisoldipine and saquinavir, the interaction was most marked with median increases of area under the curve (AUC) and/or the maximum (peak) plasma drug concentration after singledose administration (Cmax) values exceeding 70% of respective control periods. Less pronounced, but possibly relevant, concentration increases were found for nifedipine, nimodipine, verapamil, cyclosporin, midazolam, triazolam and terfenadine. This list is not complete because many drugs have not been studied yet. The components of grapefruit juice which are the most probable causes of the interaction are psoralen derivatives, but the flavonoid naringenin may also contribute. Concomitant grapefruit juice intake does not generally decrease the variability of drug pharmacokinetic parameters. Therefore, it is recommended that

Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia gives raise to dysfunctions of the liver and kidney among other complications. Regulating the levels of sugar with available conventional substances often produce undesirable effects, therefore, search from medicinal plants for alternative anti-diabetic treatment cannot be overburdening. The study was undertaken to explore the potential(s) of Phyllanthus fraternus methanolic leaf extract in ameliorating kidney and liver dysfunctions in diabetic rats. Twenty-four diabetic and six normal rats were used for the study. The rats were grouped into five (5) of six rats each (Group I-V) and the treatment lasted for 28 days; group I was normal control, II was diabetic control, III was metformin treated 5 mg/kg b.w, IV and V were diabetic treated with the extracts at 200 and 300 mg/kg b.w respectively. The diabetic rats treated with the extracts and metformin were found to have significantly (p < 0.05) lower concentrations of the enzyme markers of hepatic damage (AST, ALT and ALP). Furthermore, the levels of non-enzyme markers of hepatic damage were significantly (p < 0.05) improved while the levels of creatinine and urea in the serum decreases which implies improved renal functions. Therefore, the plant can be an alternative source of a novel oral bioactive agent against uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that affects the shape and transportation of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood vessels, leading to various clinical complications. Many drugs that are available for treating the disease are insufficiently effective, toxic, or too expensive. Therefore, there is a pressing need for safe, effective, and inexpensive therapeutic agents from indigenous plants used in ethnomedicine. In the current study, the potentials of aqueous extracts of Citrus paradisi, Musa acuminata, Malusdomestica fruit in sickle cell disease management were investigated in vitro using P-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline as positive and negative control respectively. The method employed the inhibition of sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of HbSS red blood cells, collected from confirmed sickle cell patients. Results obtained showed that; 50 mg/ml aqueous extract of Musa acuminata showed the lowest sickling inhibition (80.3%) at 60 minutes while 1 mg/ml ga...

Phlorin (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl β-D-glucopyranoside), an orange peel marker, has been searched in 45 species and varieties of Citrus. The phlorin content was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography in juices and aqueous peel extracts of these different fruits. The phlorin content in C. reticulata peel extract varies from 0 to 1012 mg L -1 with a mean of 162 mg L -1 . On the contrary, phlorin was not found in mandarin and clementine juices except for mandarin "Commune" and "Beauty" (33 and 30 mg L -1 , respectively). In the 14 species of oranges and varieties, phlorin was detected in juices and peel extracts with a mean of 22 and 492 mg L -1 , respectively, while for grapefruits, means were 108 mg L -1 in juices and 982 mg L -1 for peel extracts. Tangors and tangelos which are hybrids (C. reticulata x C. sinensis and C. reticulata x C. paradisi, respectively) are characterized by the systematic presence of phlorin in peels (mean: 406 and 659 mg L -1 , respectively) while in juices its presence could be variable (0-73 mg L -1 ). These heterogeneity and values may be explained by the genetic variability of these hybrids and the phlorin content of their parentage group.

La tendencia alimentaria actual indica que el consumo diario de frutas y verduras es parte fundamental de una dieta saludable. El formato de fruta deshidratada en polvo aumenta la vida u&#39;til del producto, adema&#39;s de ofrecer otras ventajas relacionadas con el menor espacio necesario para su transporte y almacenamiento. En la medida en que el proceso utilizado para la obtencio&#39;n del polvo mantenga estable la calidad de la fruta, incluido su valor funcional, e&#39;sta podri&#39;a ser otra forma de ofrecer al consumidor. En este trabajo se ha estudiado el impacto de la incorporacio&#39;n de distintos biopoli&#39;meros en algunas propiedades de un polvo de pomelo obtenido por atomizacio&#39;n, con el fin de seleccionar el mejor de ellos, asi&#39; como su estabilidad y viabilidad como nutrace&#39;utico. Para ello, se ha trabajado con diferentes mezclas de goma ara&#39;biga (GA), carboximetilcelulosa (CMC), maltodextrina (MD), un asilado de protei&#39;na de suelo de leche (WPI)...

In this article, Citrus paradisi, (Shamber) an exceptional source of Vitamins A and C and full of nutrients, selected for extraction of diverse polyphenols including dietary flavonoids and essential flavonoids by HPLC-DAD technique using various solvents. These essential targeted compounds also analyze after keeping different storage periods and compare with fresh fruits for better efficacy of these compounds. The highest number of phenolic compounds including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid sinapic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol extracted in methanol solvent leading to the new compounds of tetra-Omethylscutellar and heptamethoxy flavone. The essential flavonoids determined by polyethersulfone filter and insoluble precipitation separated by the dimethyl sulfoxide. The results showed that the methanolic extraction exhibited higher essential flavonoids including nobiletin, sinensetin, tangeritin, and tetra-O-methylscutellarein and heptamethoxy flavone. The RP-HPLC analysis exposed the maximum number of nutritional flavonoids like naringin, hesperidin, total flavones, glycosyl. Moreover, it observed that dietary flavonoids and phenolic compounds of stored fruits were unaffected in 30 days of storage periods while minor variations were pragmatic during 60-90 days storage. The investigation revealed that C. paradisi proves to be the valuable resource of different phenolic compounds and flavonoids which are effective against various oxidative stresses in the human body.

Larvicidal test based on different concentrations of neem and karanja oil revealed that both LC 50 and LC 90 were higher for neem oil. Although both the oils were effective in controlling Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, karanja oil is considered as more effective due to its lower LC 50 and LC 90. None of these oil inflicted any mortality to non-target test organism Chironomus ramosus.

cot exhibits intermediate variability and has both predominantly inbreeding populations (European types) and predominantly outcrossing populations (Irano-Caucasian and Central Asian types). Literature Cited Adams, W.T. 1983. Application of isozymes in tree breeding, p. 381-400. In: S.D. Tanksley and T.J. Orton (eds.). Isozymes in plant genetics and breeding. Part A. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

The demonstrate the effectiveness of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) in delaying fruit senescence in 'Ruby Red' grapefruit and 'Valencia' oranges under sub-optimal orchard management conditions in tropical Veracruz, Mexico. For grapefruit, one or two applications of three different GA 3 doses (15, 20 and 40 mg L -1 ) with or without surfactant (Silwet ® L77) at 0.035, 0.05 or 0.1%, were tested. For oranges, one or two applications of three different GA 3 doses (10, 15 and 20 mg L -1 ) with or without surfactant at 0.05%, were tested. Pre-color break application of GA 3 , at 10 mg L -1 and 15 mg L -1 with surfactant (0.05%), was sufficient to sustain peel firmness and delay colour development in oranges and grapefruit, respectively. GA 3 treatments with surfactant caused increased leaf drop in both citrus cultivars, although this was only noticed in trees treated with the highest surfactant dosages and mainly involved photosynthetically inactive leaves. One application of GA 3 at 15 mg L -1 with surfactant (0.05%) significantly increased orange and grapefruit weights, resulting in yield increases of ca. 1.7 t ha -1 for oranges and 1.87 t ha -1 for grapefruit. A significant decrease in orange drop during the late harvest season in GA 3 treated trees, resulted in a harvest period that could be extended by up to six weeks. The market value of fruit harvested late in the season is up to eight times the value of fruit harvested when the market is saturated.

Huanglongbing (HLB, ex-greening) is the most devastating citrus disease around the world. We modelled HLB spread in scenarios with different populational levels of the main alternative host (Murraya paniculata) and Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, vector of HLB associated bacteria; and removal of HLB-symptomatic plants. A compartmental deterministic mathematical model was built for representing the HLB dynamics in the Reconcavo Baiano, Bahia State, Brazil. The model encompasses delays on latency and incubation disease periods and on the D. citri nymphal stages. The simulations indicated that the presence of alternative hosts at low proportion would not play a crucial role in HLB dynamics in situations of poor D. citri management, regardless of HLB-symptomatic plants eradication. Symptomatic citrus plants contribute more to increase the HLB-incidence than the alternative host in scenarios without a suitable D. citri management.

Percent electrolyte leakage, a measure of membrane integrity, proved to be a good predictor (R 2 = 0.99) of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation dose injury on mid-season 'Ruby Red' grapefruit Citrus paradisi (Macf.) flavedo tissue (peel). Percent electrolyte leakage on grapefruit peel following a dose-rate of 250 grays/ 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 25.0 min decreased as grays/min (dose-rate) decreased. Total phenols, a biochemical response to irradiation following 250 grays/1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 25.0 min also decreased as dose-rate decreased, demonstrating that injury to grapefruit peel diminished as 250 grays of gamma irradiation/rate declined. Comparisons of 10 and 20 grays of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation showed that a dose-rate of 10 grays/0.25 min to naked 8-d old Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae caused a 90% reduction of adult emergence. Whereas, at 20 grays the reduction was greater than 99% with dose-rates of 20 grays/ 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 100 min. These data show that a gamma irradiation dose capable of reducing fly emergence by >99% will maintain an inhibitory effect even at relatively lower dose-rates. Therefore, once a quarantine security treatment for Mexican fruit fly is established, a lower dose-rate will reduce adult emergence and should impart little damage to grapefruit peel tissue.

Edible films were obtained from Citrus paradisi grapefruit albedo homogenates and bean protein phaseolin modified or not by the enzyme transglutaminase. Swelling capability, barrier performance to water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide, and mechanical properties of such films were investigated. The addition of the protein, mostly in the presence of transglutaminase, provide films less swellable at pH values above 5 compared to films made by albedo homogenates only, whereas the action of the enzyme clearly improves mechanical properties producing more stretchable and elastic films. Moreover, transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of phaseolin gives rise to films less permeable to carbon dioxide and able to offer a high barrier to water vapor. These findings suggest that albedo-phaseolin film prepared in the presence of transglutaminase can be a promising candidate to be used as food edible wrap.

Edible films were obtained from Citrus paradisi grapefruit albedo homogenates and bean protein phaseolin modified or not by the enzyme transglutaminase. Swelling capability, barrier performance to water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide, and mechanical properties of such films were investigated. The addition of the protein, mostly in the presence of transglutaminase, provide films less swellable at pH values above 5 compared to films made by albedo homogenates only, whereas the action of the enzyme clearly improves mechanical properties producing more stretchable and elastic films. Moreover, transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of phaseolin gives rise to films less permeable to carbon dioxide and able to offer a high barrier to water vapor. These findings suggest that albedo-phaseolin film prepared in the presence of transglutaminase can be a promising candidate to be used as food edible wrap.

Increasing salinity in Mediterranean soils and the wide spread of citrus tristeza virus have challenged the use of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and have accelerated the process of seeking alternative rootstocks. In the present study, nine cultivars of citrumelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) were evaluated for salt tolerance. Two month-old seedlings were raised under greenhouse conditions and irrigated with a half strength Hoagland solution supplemented with different concentrations of NaCl, i.e., 0 mM, 35 mM and 85 mM. Tolerance was assessed after two months of stress by measuring stem growth, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight organs and leaf water, chlorophyll and chloride contents. A differential behavior was noticed among the seedlings we studied. When using increased concentration of salt in irrigation water, all the parameters were significantly reduced except for leaf chloride content which highly increased in response to stress. At 85 mM, the cultivar SC2 showed a high tolerance resulting in less apparent leaf symptoms, higher growth and higher leaf chlorophyll content when compared to other seedlings. Similarly, the cultivar C4475-C was shown to be a strong root chloride excluder with less than 2.6% DW (dry weight) chloride accumulation at leaf level. By contrast, our results suggest that C4475-A and C4475-B are salt sensitive cultivars regarding to all the parameters studied while the other citrumelos were considered as moderately tolerant.

Exposure to certain plants or plant compounds may influence the mating success of male fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Earlier research demonstrated that males of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), exposed to ginger root oil (Zingiber officiale Roscoe), bark of the common guava (Psidium guajava L.), oranges (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) or orange oil obtain significantly more matings than non-exposed (control) males. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether male exposure to another Citrus species, the grapefruit C. paradisi Macfad., also resulted in increased mating competitiveness of male medflies. Consistent with the data from oranges, males exposed to grapefruits or grapefruit oil had a mating advantage over non-exposed (control) males. In addition, as reported for orange oil, males exposed to grapefruit oil displayed an elevated level of sexual signaling (pheromone-calling), which presumably contributed to their increased mating frequency. The finding that grapefruit, a second Citrus species, produced similar effects as oranges suggests that citrus fruits, in general, may enhance the mating performance of male medflies.

Costus spicatus (Costaceae), conhecida popularmente como "cana-do-brejo", é utilizada na medicina popular como diurética, nas infecções urinárias e como agente antidiabético. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a possível atividade antidiabética do extrato metanólico de Costus spicatus (EMCS) em ratos. O efeito anti-hiperglicemiante foi avaliado em ratos Wistar machos (150-200 g) normoglicêmicos. Estes animais foram divididos em cinco grupos com cinco animais cada e foram tratados pela via oral com solução salina (0,9%), metformina (500 mg/kg) ou EMCS nas doses de 100, 200 e 400 mg/kg. Após os tratamentos, os animais receberam pela via oral 3 g/kg de glicose e suas glicemias foram mensuradas durante 120 min. A glicemia média dos animais antes dos tratamentos foi de 82 ± 2 mg/dL. A metformina foi capaz de inibir significantemente a hiperglicemia após a administração da glicose. No entanto esse efeito não foi observado com o EMCS. A fim de avaliar a atividade hipoglicemiante, o EMCS foi testado em ratos diabéticos induzidos pela aloxana. Estes animais apresentaram uma glicemia média no jejum de 453 ± 14 mg/dL. A metformina foi capaz de reduzir em 51 ± 11% a glicemia dos ratos diabéticos, entretanto, o EMCS não apresentou efeito significativo. Em conclusão, estes resultados sugerem que o extrato metanólico obtido das folhas de Costus spicatus não apresenta atividade antidiabética, ao menos nos modelos experimentais testados neste estudo. Outros experimentos são necessários para confirmar estes resultados. Palavras-chaves: atividade antidiabética, Costus spicatus, aloxana, extrato metanólico Costus spicatus (Costaceae), popularly known as "cana-do-brejo" in folk medicine is used as a diuretic, for urinary tract infections and as antidiabetic agent. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity potential of the methanol extract os Costus spicatus (MECS) in rats. The antihyperglycemic effect was evaluated in normoglycemic male Wistar rats (150-200 g). These animals were divided into five groups of five animals each and were treated orally with saline solution (0.9%), metformin 500 mg/kg (reference drug) or MECS at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. After treatments, animals received orally glucose (3g/Kg) and their blood glucose levels were measured during 120 min. The average blood glucose before treatment was 82 ± 2 mg/dL. Metformin was able to inhibit significantly the hyperglycemia after glucose administration. However, these effects were not observed with MECS. In order to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity MECS was tested in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. These animals showed average fasting blood glucose of 453 ± 14 mg/dL. Metformin was able to reduce 51 ± 11% glucose levels in diabetic rats, however, MECS not showed significantly effect. In conclusion, these results suggest that methanol extract obtained from Costus spicatus leaves not presents antidiabetic activity, at least in the experimental model tested in this study. Other experiments are required to confirm these results.

This contribution analyses the influence of net radiation and temperature on the colour changes that take place in the peel of two cultivars of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.), Rio Red and Star Ruby. The study, which covered four growing seasons (2005/6, 2006/7, 2010/11 and 2011/12) shows that, while net radiation influenced the colour change in both varieties, it was not sufficient in itself to explain when the degreening starts. This process only started when the mean of the minimum daily temperatures for the 14 days preceding the measurement was 13-14 • C or when the daily minimum temperature was below 12.5 • C on two (not necessarily consecutive) days. This information shows that, for new plantations of these two grapefruit cultivars to be successful, not only must the thermal integral be high, but that temperatures must fall below 13 or 14 • C for degreening to begin during ripening. If these conditions are not met, grapefruit intended for commercial distribution will have to be subjected to artificial degreening in an ethylene chamber, thus increasing production costs.

The grapefruit varieties Marsh (white-fleshed) and Redblush (pink-fleshed) are the most widely cultivated varieties in the world. In this work we attempt to determine the temperature below which degreening begins in these two varieties of grapefruit, first studying the influence of radiation on the colorimetric coordinates and then the influence of minimum temperatures on the change from green to yellow, based on the data gathered during the 2005/6, 2006/7, 2010/11 and 2011/12 growing seasons. The results show that net radiation alone does not explain when degreening begins, but that the process depends on the mean of the minimum temperatures for the 14 days preceding the sampling being below 14 • C. Finally, we discuss the relationships between coordinate a, and each of the following variables: maturity index (MI), • Brix, and percentage of acidity, concluding that the indices show that grapefruit are mature at the beginning of autumn when the peel is still green. Therefore, these indices are not related with natural degreening, which occurs in autumn. This knowledge will help predict the color that fruit will reach according to the temperatures of a given geographical area and whether or not degreening chambers will have to be used, with the additional costs that this implies.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ice with albedo and flavedo fragments of Citrus (Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.)) extracts on the quality of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). Concentrated citrus extracts were diluted with distilled water (1/100w/v) before making of ice. The ice cubes were spread on each layer of fishes and stored at 0 °C for 15 days. The pH value showed a regular increase in all samples. TVB-N levels of bitter orange treatment groups were recorded lower than the other groups reaching to 25.11± 0.02 mg/100 g at the end of the storage. The TMA-N values of bitter orange treatment groups were lower than that of control and grapefruit treatment groups. In terms of TBARS value, alteration was observed in the control samples and this value significantly (p<0.01) increased from 0.101±0.011 mg MA/ kg to 0.495±0.083 mg MA/kg, while remained lower in the citrus extracts treatment groups at the end of storage since their antioxidant capacity. The oxidation was suppressed in citrus extracts treatment groups, especially in bitter orange flavedo treatment. The results showed the bitter orange albedo and bitter orange flavedo extracts in combination with ice storage have more effectiveness in controlling the biochemical indices in common pandora.

This study was carried out to assess the impact of the pink grapefruit juice composition and structure on the degradation kinetics of lycopene and β-carotene using model systems and multi-response modelling. Carotenes were heated at four temperatures in their native matrix (juice) or extracted and incorporated in water/ethanol emulsion systems formulated with or without ascorbic acid or naringin. Kinetic analysis showed that the rate constants and activation energy were lower for lycopene than for β-carotene in the juice, while this trend was inversed in the model system. Multi-response modelling was used to analyze the role of ascorbic acid and naringin in carotene degradation. Ascorbic acid had a very low impact while naringin significantly increased the carotene degradation and isomerization rates. We concluded that lycopene was more sensitive to thermal degradation and phytochemical interactions than β-carotene, but this behaviour was masked in the fruit juice matrix by better structural protection.

Host disease resistance is the most desirable strategy for control of citrus canker, a disease caused by a gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. However, no resistant commercial citrus cultivar has been identified. Cybridization, a somatic hybridization approach that combines the organelle and nuclear genomes from different species, was used to create cybrids between citrus canker resistant 'Meiwa' kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle snym. Citrus japonica Thunb.) and susceptible grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad) cultivars. From these fusions, cybrids with grapefruit nucleus, kumquat mitochondria and kumquat chloroplasts and cybrids with grapefruit nucleus, kumquat mitochondria and grapefruit chloroplasts were generated. These cybrids showed a range of citrus canker response, but all cybrids with kumquat chloroplasts had a significantly lower number of lesions and lower Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri populations than the grapefruit controls. Cybrids with grapefruit chloroplasts had a significantly higher number of lesions than those with kumquat chloroplasts. To understand the role of chloroplasts in the cybrid disease defense, quantitative PCR was performed on both cybrid types and their parents to examine changes in gene expression during Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri infection. The results revealed chloroplast influences on nuclear gene expression, since isonuclear cybrids and 'Marsh' grapefruit had different gene expression profiles. In addition, only genotypes with kumquat chloroplasts showed an early up-regulation of reactive oxygen species genes upon Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri infection. These cybrids have the potential to enhance citrus canker resistance in commercial grapefruit orchards. They also serve as models for understanding the contribution of chloroplasts to plant disease response and raise the question of whether other alien chloroplast genotypes would condition similar results.