Candida Tropicalis

Background and Purpose: The frequency of opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, especially by Candida species, has sharply increased in the last few decades. The objective of this study was to analyse the ergosterol content and gene expression profiling of clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Sixty clinical samples were identified and collected from immunocompromised patients, namely recurrent oral, vaginal, and cutaneous candidiasis, during 2015-16. Antifungal susceptibility testing of fluconazole against clinical Candida species was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Ergosterol content and gene expression profiling of sterol 14α-demethylase (ERG11) gene in fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant C. albicans were investigated. Results: The specimens consisted of C. albicans (46.67%), Candida krusei (41.67%), and Candida tropicalis (11.67%). All the isolates were resistant to fluconazole. No significant reduction was noted in total cellular ergosterol content in comparison with untreated controls in terms of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans. The expression level of ERG11 gene was down-regulated in fluconazole-susceptible C. albicans. Eventually, the expression pattern of ERG11 gene revealed no significant changes in fluconazole-resistant isolates compared to untreated controls. The results revealed no significant differences between fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant C. albicans sequences by comparison with ERG11 reference sequence. Conclusion: Our findings provide an insight into the mechanism of fluconazole resistance in C. albicans. The mechanisms proposed for clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans are alteration in sterol biosynthesis, analysis of expression level of ERG11 gene, and analysis of gene sequences. Nonetheless, further studies are imperative to find molecular mechanisms that could be targeted to control fluconazole resistance.

Background: Candidiasis has gained much attention in recent decades due to its increasing prevalence in immunocompromised patients. Usually, antifungals such as fluconazole and amphotricin B are used for treatment of candidiasis, but one of the major clinical problems is the emergence of antifungal resistance. Combination antifungal therapy is one of the most commonly used methods to alleviate the problem of antifungal resistance. Methods: The effect of fluconazole alone and in combination with amphotericin B on C. tropicalis isolates were performed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference method. Eventually hypha formation, time kill study, proteinase and phospholipase activity and expression of PLB and SAP2 genes were carried out to investigate the enzymes inhibitory properties of antifungal tested against C. tropicalis. Results: Results showed the significant synergic effect of fluconazole in combination with amphotericin B in inhibiting the growth o...

Candidiasis is a term describing infections by yeasts from the genus Candida, and the type of infection encompassed by candidiasis ranges from superficial to systemic. Treatment of such infections often requires antifungals such as the azoles, but increased use of these drugs has led to selection of yeasts with increased resistance to these drugs. In this study, we used allicin, an allyl sulfur derivative of garlic, to demonstrate both its intrinsic antifungal activity and its synergy with the azoles, in the treatment of these yeasts in vitro. In this study, the MIC50 and MIC90 of allicin alone against six Candida spp. ranged from 0.05 to 25 μg/ml. However, when allicin was used in combination with fluconazole or ketoconazole, the MICs were decreased in some isolates. Our results demonstrated the existing synergistic effect between allicin and azoles in some of the Candida spp. such as C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, but synergy was not demonstrated in the majority of Candida spp. tested. Nonetheless, In vivo testing needs to be performed to support these findings.

A sulfonamide 1-tosyl-1-H-benzo(d)imidazol-2-amine (TBZA) and three new complexes of Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) have been synthesized. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR, (1)H, and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. The structure of the TBZA, and its Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes, was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. TBZA and its Co(II) complex crystallize in the triclinic P-1 space group, while the Cu(II) complex crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group. Antifungal activity was screened against eight pathogenic yeasts: Candida albicans (DMic 972576), Candida krusei (DMic 951705), Candida glabrata (DMic 982882), Candida tropicalis (DMic 982884), Candida dubliniensis (DMic 93695), Candida guilliermondii (DMic 021150), Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC 24067), and Cryptococcus gattii (ATCC MYA-4561). Results on the inhibition of various human (h) CAs, hCA I, II, IV, VII, IX, and XII, and pathogenic beta and gamma CAs are also reported.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with the availability of fewer antifungal agents with fungicidal actions, prompted this present study to characterize Candida species in our environment and determine the effectiveness of virgin coconut oil as an antifungal agent on these species. In 2004, 52 recent isolates of Candida species were obtained from clinical specimens sent to the

The nail, like the skin, has inflammatory, neoplasic, traumatic, infectious and /or secondary diseases, which very often need to be corrected by a surgical procedure. Nail surgery includes biopsy, correction of onychocryptosis, tumor removal and reconstruction of the nail apparatus. It is important to be acquainted with these surgical techniques to perform therapeutic nail surgery because it is the only way to prevent dystrophies and to avoid complications.

The purpose of this study is to determine if superimposed infection with Candida species in oral lichen planus exacerbates the clinical symptoms and lesions. We conducted a retrospective study on the medical charts of oral lichen planus (OLP) patients diagnosed by clinical and histopathological criteria. A baseline demographic, anamnestic, clinical data, results of the oral candida investigations were analyzed and recorded for all patients. Results: From a total number of 203 OLP patients, oral candidiasis was diagnosed in 75 (36.94%) cases. There was no statistical significance between the clinical forms of lichen planus and the presence of Candida infection. Of all encountered Candida species, Candida albicans was most commonly detected, followed by Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida tropicalis. Conclusions: Although our study is limited regarding the sample size and no statistically significant difference has been found between clinical features of OLP and oral candidiasis, a routine screening of OLP patients for oral candidiasis and a preventive antifungal strategy in the OLP treatment schedule is needed.

BACKGROUND: Candidal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Neonatal candidiasis is increasing in frequency, mainly because of increase in the survival of babies with low-birth weight, preterm births, advancement in medical field, life support systems, relative immunodeficiency, and extensive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Over the past few decades, there has been a progressive shift from the predominance of Candida albicans to nonalbicans Candida species. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of the current study was to know the prevalence of nonalbicans candidemia in neonates and their antifungal susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 424 samples from clinically diagnosed septicemic neonates were included. Identification of Candida isolates from these samples as well as their antifungal sensitivity testing was performed with Vitek 2 Compact (Biomerieux France) using Vitek 2 cards for identifi...

Salvia officinalis (L.), or common sage, is an aromatic herb that has been used in medicine and cooking since ancient times and has been investigated for the treatment of various diseases, especially infections and skin inflammation. We conducted phytochemical prospecting and quality control with hydroalcoholic extracts of dried sage, to identify active compounds in the plant. The aim was to assess antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated in vitro by agar-overlay and well-diffusion techniques, in which disc and well were used. Salvia officinalis (L.) was not effective against Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans or Candida tropicalis, but best results were observed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Considering the results of the inhibition tests presented here, we suggest that cosmetic formulations containing Salvia officinalis (L.) could contribute to inhibitor of pathogens in the skin microbiota.

Aim: The present study was aimed to establish antifungal activity of flavonoid isolated from Lindernia crustacea (L) F. Muell. Methods: Potent bioactive constituent from benzene extract was isolated through flash chromatography with solvent Toluene and Acetic acid (4:1). Isolated compound was structurally established by spectroscopic method. Antifungal potential of benzene extract as well as isolated compound was tested by disc diffusion method against two fungal strains Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum).

During the first year of an ongoing surveillance program of invasive fungal infections (IFI) a total of 130 patients (56% male) with fungal strains isolated from blood and other sterile sites were reported from 13 hospitals in Chile. Significant yeast isolates were obtained from 118 patients, and molds affected 12 patients. The main patient groups affected were neonates, children less than 1 year old and adults aged 50Á/79 years. All fungal bloodstream infections (BSI) were due to yeasts; 79 patients (61%) were affected. The main risk factors recorded were antibiotic therapy (76%), stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) (70%) and presence of a central venous catheter (65%). Nosocomial infections were represented in 83.5% of BSI. Overall, Candida albicans (40.8%), C. parapsilosis (13.1%), C. tropicalis (10%) and Cryptococcus neoformans (10%) were the most common species. Aspergillus fumigatus (3.1%) was the most frequent mold. C. albicans (48.1%) and C. parapsilosis (17.7%), were the most frequent agents recovered from blood. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichosporon mucoides, two emerging pathogens, were also isolated. All yeasts tested were susceptible to amphotericin B with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)5/1 mg/ml. Resistance to itraconazole (MIC ]/1 mg/ml) and fluconazole (MIC ]/64 mg/ml) was observed in 4 and 6% of cases, respectively. C. glabrata was the least susceptible species, with 50% of isolates resistant to itraconazole and 33% resistant to fluconazole, with one strain showing combined resistance. Reduction of BSI requires greater adherence to hand-washing and related infection control guidelines. Keywords invasive fungal infections, bloodstream infections, susceptibility, Chilean surveillance program % The Chilean Invasive Fungal Infections Group consists of one or more representatives from 13 clinical microbiology laboratories. The group includes E.

Schiff bases and their complexes are versatile compounds synthesized from the condensation of an amino compound with carbonyl compounds and widely used for industrial purposes and also exhibit a broad range of biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, antiproliferative, antiviral, and antipyretic properties. In this study, the complexes of (E)-2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-6-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile (L) with Co(II), Fe(II), Pd(II) and Ru(II) were successfully prepared. Structures of Schiff base and its metal complexes obtained were confirmed by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, UV-vis, magnetic susceptibility, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial activity of the synthesized Schiff base and its metal complexes have been studied. When the antimicrobial activities of the compounds were examined, it was observed that the lowest activity was exhibited by the ligand, and the highest activity was exhibited by the Co(II) and Pd(II) complexes. None of our compounds were been found to exhibit antifungal activity.

Candida species are opportunistic pathogens that belong to the normal human microbiota. In the past decades, the incidence of nosocomial fungal diseases has increased, and Candida spp. is still one of the main causal agents. Urinary tract is usually involved with disseminated infections, but interpretation of yeast findings, from representative specimens of this anatomical site, remains controversial. We report a candiduria case in a 64-year-old male patient from intensive care unit (ICU) who developed candiduria due to Candida tropicalis, which complicated to fatal candidemia despite antifungal treatment.

Candidemia studies have documented geographic differences in rates and epidemiology, underscoring the need for surveillance to monitor trends. We conducted prospective candidemia surveillance in Spain to assess the incidence, species distribution, frequency of antifungal resistance, and risk factors for acquiring a Candida infection. Prospective laboratory-based surveillance was conducted from June 2008 to June 2009 in 40 medical centers located around the country. A case of candidemia was defined as the isolation of a Candida species from a blood culture. Incidence rates were calculated per 1,000 admissions. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed by using broth microdilution assay according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. We detected 984 cases, for an overall incidence of 1.09 cases per 1,000 admissions. The crude mortality was 20.20%. Candida albicans was the most common species (49.08%), followed by C . parapsilosis (20.73%), C. glabr...

The chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from fresh cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) leaves was investigated by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the EO was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Scolicidal activity was assayed against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. In total, 34 compounds OPEN ACCESS were identified, accounting for 98.96% of the EO. The main compounds in the EO were cis-β-guaiene (34.2%), limonene (20.3%), borneol (11.6%), bornyl acetate (4.5%), β-cubebene (3.8%), sabinene (3.6%), phytol (3.1%), β-selinene (2.8%), camphene (2.2%), α-cubebene (2.4%), β-caryophyllene (1.9%), α-pinene (1.8%) and xanthinin (1.04%). The antibacterial and antifungal screening of the EO showed that all assayed concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger (MIC = 0.5 ± 0.1, 1.3 ± 0.0, 4.8 ± 0.0, 20.5 ± 0.3, 55.2 ± 0.0 and 34.3 ± 0.0 µg/mL, respectively). The scolicidal assay indicated that the EO exhibited a significant activity against E. granulosus protoscolices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the scolicidal activity of X. strumarium. Because of the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, the study of new effective natural chemotherapeutic agents, such as the X. strumarium EO, possibly with low side effects, represents a very promising approach in biomedical research.

Rhodotorula es considerada un microorganismo contaminante no virulento. Forma parte de la microbiota de la piel, las uñas y las mucosas. Se aísla con frecuencia del ambiente humanizado. Estas levaduras han surgido como patógenos oportunistas en pacientes con inmunodeficiencias, portadores de catéteres intravenosos de larga duración y otros. Objetivo: Informar a la comunidad pediátrica un nuevo caso de fungemia causada por Presentación del caso: lactante de 2 meses de edad, pretérmino de 32,1 semanas, con un peso al nacer de 1 800 gramos, que ingresa en la sala de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial, Cienguegos, con el diagnóstico de una sepsis sin un foco primario definido. Después de 5 días de tratamiento con meropenem y vancomicina la fiebre cede y reaparece nuevamente pasados otros 5 días. En el momento en que la fiebre se reanuda tenía un catéter centrovenoso de ocho días de duración. En los hemocultivos realizados en esa fecha se aisló una Rhodotorula sp. A pesar de que Rhodotorula es un microorganismo de baja virulencia, debe considerarse un potencial patógeno en pacientes con inmunosupresión y catéteres venosos centrales. Las especies de Rhodotorula se consideran intrínsecamente resistentes a los Revista Cubana de Pediatría. 2019;91(1) 2 azoles y las equinocandinas, pero susceptibles a anfotericina B y flucitosina. En consecuencia, el tratamiento de elección preferido es con cualquier tipo de preparación de anfotericina B. El resultado alcanzado constituye un llamado de atención para la comunidad pediátrica nacional y foránea.

Background: To describe the clinical profile, risk factors, and outcomes that are associated with candida infection among critically ill children. A retrospective case-control study wherein 109 children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in the years between 2015 and 2017 with the growth of candida from blood, urine, endotracheal (ET) aspirate, and pus swabs were included and compared to 97 age and sex-matched controls chosen from the same time period. Results: Of the 124 candida isolates from 109 children, 37% were from blood, 24% from urine, and 14% in pus; 40% of the isolates were from ET aspirate. Candida non-albicans types (70%) predominated with Candida tropicalis causing 50% of the infections. Risk factors for candida infection were neutropenia [OR 20.01, 95% CI (0.94-422.32)], mechanical ventilation [OR 5.97, 95% CI (2.44-14.62)], peritoneal dialysis [OR 5.81, 95% CI (1.27-26.50)], institution of amino acids [OR 5.41, 95% CI (0.85-34.13)], presence of central venous catheter [OR 3.83, 95% CI (1.59-9.19)], antibiotic use >5 days [OR 3.58, 95% CI (1.38-9.29)]. Candida Cases (95.4%) had a septic shock with acute kidney injury in 34% and had significantly lower survival than controls [72 (66%) of 109 vs. 74 (80%) of 92] (p = 0.023). The rate of candida infection in our PICU was 4.2% of PICU admissions. The most common species was C. tropicalis. The independent risk factors for candida infection were neutropenia, antibiotic duration >5 days, peritoneal dialysis, amino acid administration, mechanical ventilation, and presence of a central venous catheter (CVC).

The leaves extract of Calotropis gigantea were screened for its anti microbial and phytochemical activities. The solvents used for the leaves extraction were Ethanol, Methanol, Chloroform and n-Hexane. The extract was tested against infectious diseases causing fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, and bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirablis, Escherichia coli and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the Agar well diffusion method. The Ethanol extract of Calotropis gigantea showed more activity against fungus like Candida albicans zone of diameter 15.06±0.11, Candida tropicalis zone of diameter 13.30±0.26 and bacteria like Proteus mirablis zone of diameter 12.16±0.15 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa zone of diameter 8.0±0.00 when compared to other solvent extracts. In the present study, both in bacteria and fungi Ethanol extract showed a varying degree of inhibition of the growth of tested organism than Methanol, Chloroform, and n-Hexane. The results confirmed that presence of Antifungal and Antibacterial activity in the shade dried extract of Calotropis gigantea against the human pathogenic organisms.

Bevezetés: A leggyakoribb gombás megbetegedés a vulvovaginitis candidosa, de kevés információ áll rendelkezésre a kórokozók antimikrobiális érzékenységéről. Célkitűzés: A szerzők összehasonlítják a vulvovaginitis candidosából kitenyésztett sarjadzógomba-speciesek hagyományos, "gold standard" módszerrel és a Semmelweis Egyetemen bevezetésre került új molekuláris eljárással történő azonosítását. Módszer: Vulvovaginitis candidosából izolált 370 sarjadzógomba-tenyészet fenotipikus és Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDITOF) -módszerrel történő azonosítása. Eredmények: Leggyakoribb kórokozó a Candida albicans volt (85%), utána a Candida glabrata, majd egyéb Candida speciesek következtek. A MALDITOF-módszer segítségével azonosítható volt a hazánkban csak néhány esetben leírt fl ukonazolrezisztens Candida dubliniensis, és jól elkülöníthető volt a fl ukonazolérzékeny Candida albicanstól. Következtetések: Jelenleg nincs ajánlás a vulvovaginitisben előforduló patogén sarjadzó gombák antifungális érzékenységének értékelésére, csak a különböző speciesek természetes rezisztenciája ismert. Ezért lényeges a ritkább Candida speciesek felismerése és azonosítása is, amelyre elsősorban a MALDITOFmódszer alkalmas.

The deep-seated infections caused by the Candida genus are associated with a high mortality rate, and Candida albicans is the most frequent species associated with these diseases. The fungal wall is composed of macromolecules not synthesized by the host, and therefore is a source of ligands recognized by innate immune cells. Methods: We performed a comparative study analyzing the cell wall composition and organization of Candida tropicalis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, and Candida auris, along with their ability to stimulate cytokine production and phagocytosis by human innate immune cells. Results: We found that the wall of these species had the basic components already described in C. albicans, with most of the chitin and b1,3-glucan located underneath the mannan layer. However, the walls of C. krusei and C. auris were rich in chitin and the former had a lower content of mannans. C. guilliermondii contained changes in the mannan and the b1,3-glucan levels. These species were differentially phagocytosed by human macrophages and stimulated cytokine production in a dectin-1-dependent pathway. C. krusei showed the most significant changes in the tested parameters, whereas C. auris behaved like C. albicans. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the cell wall and innate immune recognition of C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, and Candida auris is different from that reported for C. albicans.

The yeast Candida albicans causes life-threatening candidemia. A general-purpose genotype (GPG; corresponds to clade 1) causes more infections than other C. albicans genotypes. To investigate if GPG strains also cause higher mortality, we developed a duplex PCR assay which was 98% accurate in identifying GPG strains in an international collection of strains typed with probe Ca3. We applied the assay to 635 European C. albicans candidemia isolates. Of these, 18% conformed to the GPG genotype, 4% were of a borderline genotype, and 78% were of a non-GPG genotype, broadly consistent with genotype distributions in earlier studies. The prevalence of GPG strains was increased in females and in younger patients, exceeding 40% in infants aged ≤1 year. Logistic regression confirmed sex and age as significant determinants of GPG prevalence. Across the entire patient cohort, there was no difference in mortality for patients infected with GPG strains or other strains (36% versus 37%). However, m...

The present study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of A. colubrina (Vell.) Brenan extract through a panel of biological activities. The hydroalcoholic extract of A. colubrina was obtained by maceration, which was rotary evaporated and lyophilized. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (CFM) tests were performed microdilution against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231 and clinical strain), Candida tropicalis (ATCC 750) and Candida krusei (ATCC 6258). Anti-inflammatory activity was verified by induced paw edema. According to the tests performed, A. colubrina extract showed strong antifungal activity against C. albicans (ATCC 10231) and C. krusei (MIC: 7.81 μg / mL and 31.25 μg / mL, respectively). For the clinical strain of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, antifungal activity was considered weak (MIC: 500 μg / mL and> 2000 μg / mL, respectively). For the CFM tests, the extract showed fungistatic activity on C. albicans ...

Background: Different communities in the state of Assam produces particular fermented and non-fermented products like rice beer, sweets and snacks etc. using rice as a substrate. Traditionally, important alcoholic beverages harbour a myriad of microbes including contaminants. The starter culture is made of rice and herbal combinations and believed to act as inoculants for brewing. Methods: Seven districts of Assam viz., Jorhat, Sivasagar, Golaghat, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Majuli and Karbi Anglong were surveyed and starter culture samples were collected during 2019-20. Yeasts and fungal isolates were isolated on culture media and systematically studied to identify by both morphological and molecular means. Study was carried out at Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University. Result: Sixteen yeast isolates and two filamentous fungi from rice beer and starter cultures were isolated. Morphological and molecular identification of the isolates revealed that they belong to fou...

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Fungal surgical site infections (SSIs) trend to increase in the recent decades. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of fungal SSIs, and the time of occurrence of fungal SSIs at the Sourô Sanou University Hospital (SSUHC) in Burkina Faso. This study was carried out in two departments of the SSUHC. Samples of postoperative purulent secretions were collected from June to December 2019. Purulent secretions swabs at the surgical site were aseptically collected using sterile cotton swabs. Standard mycology, CHROMagar, agglutination latex test and immunological test were used to identify the different Candida species. A total of 39 postoperative patients were included in the study. The median age was 27 years and the majority of patients were women (74.4%). The probability of isolating fungal agents from the surgical site was 2.6% three days after surgery. This probability was 14.4% and 49.5% at one week and 12 days after the surgical intervention, respectively. A total of 8 (20....

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal potency of the moronecidin-like peptide against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the antifungal effect of moronecidin-like peptide, the protocol presented in CLSI M27-A3 and CLSI M27-S4 was used and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. Results: The minimum inhibitory effect of moronecidin-like peptide composition was 8 µg/ml for Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans and 32 µg/ml for Candida glabrata. The MIC of nystatin was determined to be 1.25 µg/ml for Candida glabrata and Candida albicans and 0.625 µg/ml for Candida tropicalis strains. The MFC composition of the moroneci- din-like peptide was determined for Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans strains 8 µg/ml and for Candida glabrata strain 64 µg/ml. The results of cytotoxicity and hemolysis of the moronecidin peptide test on macrophage showed that moroneci...

Giri ve Amaç: Propolis, yapısında 300'den fazla biyolojik olarak aktif bile eni olan ve kompozisyonu ile bile enlerinin oranları bölgeden bölgeye ve bitki türlerine ba lı olarak de i kenlik gösteren bir arı ürünüdür. Bu çalı mada Adana orijinli propolisin bazı Gram pozitif ve Gram su lara kar ı antibakteriyel, maya formundaki mantarlara kar ı ise antifungal antifungal aktivitelerinin varlı ı ara tırılmı tır.

BackgroundThis study evaluated the influence of green propolis’ extract on the adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida species on dentistry material.MethodsPhytochemical analysis of green propolis’ extract was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Adhesion was quantified in a Neubauer chamber, counting the number of yeast cells adhered to the fragments; Biofilm formation was determined by counting the number of colony forming units (CFU). The intensity of biofilm formation adhesion was classified as negative, weak, moderate, strong and very strong. Fifteen compounds were identified in green propolis extract, mainly flavonoids.ResultsAll strains were able to adhere and form biofilm on the surface of the orthodontic materials studied. In steel and resin, the adhesion intensity of the yeast cells was weak at all incubation times, except for C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis which at 12hs showed moderate intensity. Regarding biofilm formation (24 and 48 hours), it was o...

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of multidrug resistant yeasts in the faeces of synanthropic wild birds from the Bangsar suburb of Kuala Lumpur. Methods Species characterisations of yeast isolates and determinations of antimycotic susceptibility profiles were undertaken using the commercial characterization kit, Integral System Yeasts Plus (Liofilchem, Italy). Results Fourteen species of yeasts were detected in the bird faecal samples.Candida albicans was present in 28.89% of bird faecal samples, Candida krusei (13.33%), Candida tropicalis (4.44%), Candida glabrata (4.44%), Candida parapsilosis (2.22%), Candida lambica (2.22%), Candida stellatoidea (2.22%), Candida rugosa (2.22%) and Candida lusitaniae (2.22%). Amongst the non-candidal yeast isolates, Cryptococcus laurentii was present in 6.67% of bird faecal samples, Cryptococcus uniguttulatus (4.44%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4.44%), Trichosporon pullulans (2.22%), Trichosporon pullulans/Cryptococc...

Reaction of 4-(1-adamantyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide (1) with numerous substituted acetophenones and benzaldehydes yielded the corresponding thiosemicarbazones containing adamantane skeletons. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activities against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the fungus Candida albicans, and cytotoxicity against four cancer cell lines (Hep3B, HeLa, A549, and MCF-7). All of them showed good antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Compounds 2c, 2d, 2g, 2j and 3a, 3e, 3g displayed significant inhibitory activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Compounds 2a, 2e, 2h, 2k and 3j had moderate inhibitory potency against Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 2a, 2e and 2g found so good inhibitory effect on Bacillus cereus. Compounds 2d and 2h, which contain (ortho) hydroxyl groups on the phenyl ring, were shown to be good candidates as potential agents for killing the tested cancer cell lines, i.e., Hep3B, A549, and MCF-7. Compounds 2a...

The yeaststrainCandidatropicalis was used for the biodegradation of gaseous toluene. Toluene was effectively treated by a liquid culture of C. tropicalis in abubble-column bioreactor, and the tolueneremoval efficiency increased with decreasing gas flow rate. However, toluene mass transfer from the gas-to-liquid phase was a major limitation for the uptake of toluene by C. tropicalis. The tolueneremoval efficiency was enhanced when granularactivatedcarbon (GAC) was added as a fluidized material. The GAC fluidized bioreactor demonstrated tolueneremoval efficiencies ranging from 50 to 82% when the inlet toluene loading was varied between 13.1 and 26.9 g/m3/h. The yield value of C. tropicalis ranged from 0.11 to 0.21 g-biomass/g-toluene, which was substantially lower than yield values for bacteria reported in the literature. The maximum elimination capacity determined in the GAC fluidized bioreactor was 172 g/m3/h at atoluene loading of 291 g/m3/h. Transient loading experiments revealed that approximately 50% of the toluene introduced was initially adsorbed onto the GAC during an increased loading period, and then slowly desorbed and became available to the yeast culture. Hence, the fluidized GAC mediated in improving the gas-to-liquid mass transfer of toluene, resulting in a high tolueneremoval capacity. Consequently, the GAC bubble-column bioreactor using the culture of C. tropicalis can be successfully applied for the removal of gaseous toluene.

Echinocandin antifungal agents have become the first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis (IC) in many countries. Despite their increasing use, resistance to this class of drug is, overall, still uncommon. Here, we report two patients from the People's Republic of China with IC, one with infection caused by pan-echinocandin-resistant Candida tropicalis and the other by pan-echinocandin-resistant Candida glabrata. We also describe the mechanisms of drug resistance of these isolates. The echinocandin-resistant C. glabrata isolate was cultured from ascitic fluid of a 46-year-old male patient with intra-abdominal IC developing after surgery in 2012. This patient had had no prior antifungal exposure. The echinocandin-resistant C. tropicalis isolate was cultured from chest drainage fluid of a 60-year-old female patient with severe coronary disease and lung infection. Prior to culture and identification of the isolate, the patient had received micafungin treatment for 19 days. Both isolates were cross-resistant to micafungin, anidulafungin, and caspofungin, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of ≥2 µg/mL. The amino acid substitution E655K was found adjacent to the FKS2 HS1 region of the C. glabrata isolate, while the substitution S80P were found in the FKS1 HS1 region of the C. tropicalis isolate. This report highlights the emergence of echinocandin resistance in two important non-albicans Candida species. Although the overall prevalence of echinocandin resistance is low in the People's Republic of China, monitoring of antifungal susceptibility trends in all Candida species is warranted.

We conducted active, laboratory-based surveillance for isolates from patients with invasive infections across China from August 2009 to July 2010. DNA sequencing methods were used to define species, and susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M44-A2 disk diffusion method but using up-to-date clinical breakpoints or epidemiological cutoff values. Candida spp. made up 90.5% of the 814 yeast strains isolated, followed by Cryptococcus neoformans (7.7%) and other non-Candida yeast strains (1.7%). Bloodstream isolates made up 42.9% of the strains, isolates from ascitic fluid made up 22.1%, but pus/tissue specimens yielded yeast strains in <5% of the cases. Among the Candida isolates, Candida albicans was the most common species from specimens other than blood (50.1%) but made up only 23% of the bloodstream isolates (P < 0.001). C. parapsilosis complex species were the most common Candida isolates from blood (33.2%). Trichosporon spp., C. pelliculosa, and the novel species C. quercitrusa, reported for the first time as a cause of candidemia. Most (>94%) of the isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and the C. parapsilosis complex were susceptible to fluconazole and voriconazole, as were all of the Trichosporon strains; however, 12.2% of the C. glabrata sensu stricto isolates were fluconazole resistant and 17.8% had non-wild-type susceptibility to voriconazole. Seven C. tropicalis strains were cross-resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole; six were from patients in the same institution. Resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole was seen in 31.9% and 13.3% of the uncommon Candida and non-Candida yeast strains, respectively. Causative species and azole susceptibility varied with the geographic region. This study provided clinically useful data on yeast strains and their antifungal susceptibilities in China.

Echinocandin antifungal agents have become the first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis (IC) in many countries. Despite their increasing use, resistance to this class of drug is, overall, still uncommon. Here, we report two patients from the People&#39;s Republic of China with IC, one with infection caused by pan-echinocandin-resistantand the other by pan-echinocandin-resistant. We also describe the mechanisms of drug resistance of these isolates. The echinocandin-resistantisolate was cultured from ascitic fluid of a 46-year-old male patient with intra-abdominal IC developing after surgery in 2012. This patient had had no prior antifungal exposure. The echinocandin-resistantisolate was cultured from chest drainage fluid of a 60-year-old female patient with severe coronary disease and lung infection. Prior to culture and identification of the isolate, the patient had received micafungin treatment for 19 days. Both isolates were cross-resistant to micafungin, anidulafungin, and cas...

Objectives: Knowledge of contemporary epidemiology of candidaemia is essential. We aimed to identify changes since 2004 in incidence, species epidemiology and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida spp. causing candidaemia in Australia. Methods: These data were collected from nationwide active laboratory-based surveillance for candidaemia over 1 year (within 2014 -2015). Isolate identification was by MALDI-TOF MS supplemented by DNA sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using Sensititre YeastOne TM . Results: A total of 527 candidaemia episodes (yielding 548 isolates) were evaluable. The mean annual incidence was 2.41/10 5 population. The median patient age was 63 years (56% of cases occurred in males). Of 498 isolates with confirmed species identity, Candida albicans was the most common (44.4%) followed by Candida glabrata

Many Candida spp. produce surface-adherent biofilm populations that are resistant to antifungal compounds and other environmental stresses. Recently, certain chelating agents have been recognized as having strong antimicrobial activity against biofilms of Candida species. This study investigated and characterized the concentration-and time-dependent killing of Candida biofilms by the chelators tetrasodium EDTA and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Here, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis biofilms were cultivated in the Calgary Biofilm Device and then exposed to gradient arrays of these agents. Population survival was evaluated by viable cell counting and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in conjunction with fluorescent viability staining. At concentrations of Z2 mM, both EDTA and diethyldithiocarbamate killed c. 90-99.5% of the biofilm cell populations. Notably, a small fraction (c. 0.5-10%) of biofilm cells were able to withstand the highest concentrations of these antifungals that were tested (16 and 32 mM for EDTA and diethyldithiocarbamate, respectively). Interestingly, CLSM revealed that these surviving cells were irregularly distributed throughout the biofilm community. These data suggest that the use of chelating agents against biofilms of Candida spp. may be limited by the refractory nature of a variant cell subpopulation in the surface-adherent community.

Yeasts are often successful in metal-polluted environments; therefore, the ability of biofilm and planktonic cell Candida tropicalis to endure metal toxicity was investigated. Fifteen water-soluble metal ions, chosen to represent groups 6A to 6B of the periodic table, were tested against this organism. With in vitro exposures as long as 24 h, biofilms were up to 65 times more tolerant to killing by metals than corresponding planktonic cultures. Of the most toxic heavy metals tested, only very high concentrations of Hg 21 , CrO 4 2 À or Cu 21 killed surface-adherent Candida. Metal-chelator precipitates could be formed in biofilms following exposure to the heavy metals Cu 21 and Ni 21 . This suggests that Candida biofilms may adsorb metal cations from their surroundings and that sequestration in the extracellular matrix may contribute to resistance. We concluded that biofilm formation may be a strategy for metal resistance and/or tolerance in yeasts.

Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis are polymorphic fungi that develop antimicrobial-resistant biofilm communities that are characterized by multiple cell morphotypes. This study investigated cell type interconversion and drug and metal resistance as well as community organization in biofilms of these microorganisms that were exposed to metal ions. To study this, Candida biofilms were grown either in microtiter plates containing gradient arrays of metal ions or in the Calgary Biofilm Device for high-throughput susceptibility testing. Biofilm formation and antifungal resistance were evaluated by viable cell counts, tetrazolium salt reduction, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy in conjunction with three-dimensional visualization. We discovered that subinhibitory concentrations of certain metal ions (CrO 4 2− , Co 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ag + , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ , AsO 2 − , and SeO 3 2− ) caused changes in biofilm structure by blocking or eliciting the transi...

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of primary resistance to 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) among clinical isolates of yeasts in Spain where this drug is not currently available for therapy. We have tested the in vitro activity of 5FC against 1,021 recent yeast clinical isolates, including 522 Candida albicans, 140 Candida parapsilosis, 68 Candida glabrata, 41 Candida dubliniensis, 50 Candida guilliermondii, 34 Candida tropicalis, 28 Candida krusei, 20 Candida famata, 11 Cryptococcus neoformans, 5 Cryptococcus albidus, 43 Rhodotorula spp., 24 Trichosporon spp., 5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 9 Pichia spp., and 21 isolates from other 11 yeast species. The MICs were determined by the ATB Fungus agar microdilution test (bioMerieux, France) and the following interpretive breakpoints were used: susceptible, &gt; 4 microg/ml; intermediate, 8 to 16 microg/ml; resistant, &gt; 32 microg/ml. 5FC was very active against Candida spp. and other medically important yeasts as 852 (83.4%) of...

Candida species is a leading cause of systemic mycosis in hospitalized patients, as well as morbidity and mortality globally. The purpose of this study was to observe the genetic diversity of Candida species among different soils located in different regions of Mumbai Suburban and their drug resistance pattern. A total of 86 soil samples were screened by using Candida Differential Agar and 19 isolates were obtained. Molecular analysis of these isolates revealed that 14 Candida albicans were the most common species, followed by 3 Candida tropicalis and 2 Candida krusei. The drug resistance pattern was studied by performing an Antifungal Susceptibility Test (AST) and determining Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC). The isolates did not show much variation in their resistance profile and were all resistant to antifungal drugs except, Amphotericin B. Candida tropicalis was highly resistant to Amphotericin B withstanding a concentration of 500μg/ml. Random amplified polymorphic DNA of Candida species showed that these species were highly similar to each other except for Candida tropicalis which showed a divergence while the other species were in the pair according to dendrogram analysis. The findings of the current study revealed genetic diversity and a correlation between antifungal susceptibility profiles and the genotype groups of Candida species isolated from different soil samples. We also found that Amphotericin B and Voriconazole were the most effective antifungal drugs against different Candida species.

Realizou-se um estudo observacional, prospectivo, de base laboratorial, para investigar a incidência de candidemia, distribuição de espécies e condições clínicas entre setembro 2003 e março 2004, em um hospital privado terciário em Recife, Nordeste do Brasil. Um caso de candidemia foi definido como isolamento de Candida spp de hemocultura. A taxa de incidência foi calculada por 1.000 admissões. Um total de 5.532 pacientes foram admitidos no hospital durante o período de estudo, e 1.745 culturas de sangue foram processadas. Foram observados 21 episódios de candidemia em 18 pacientes. A taxa de incidência de candidemia foi de 3,9 episódios por 1.000 admissões. Espécies não-albicans representaram mais de 50% dos casos, predominando Candida parapsilosis (33%) e Candida tropicalis (24%). Onze (61%) pacientes morreram. A incidência de candidemia foi mais alta que aquela observada em estudo multicêntrico brasileiro. Candidemia foi predominantemente causada por espécies não-albicans.

Bloodstream infections caused by Candida species are of increasing importance and associated with significant mortality. We performed a multi-centre prospective observational study to identify the species and antifungal susceptibilities of invasive bloodstream isolates of Candida species in the Asia-Pacific region. The study was carried out over a two year period, involving 13 centers from Brunei, Philippines, Singapore,

The ethnomedicinal plantCuratella americanaL. (Dilleniaceae) is a common shrub in the Brazilian cerrado, in which crude extract showed antifungal activity in a preliminary study. In this work, the antifungal and cytotoxic properties of the crude extract, fractions, and isolated compounds fromC. americanawere evaluated against the standard yeast strainsCandida albicans,C. tropicalis, andC. parapsilosis, clinical isolates, and fluconazole-resistant strains. The combinatory effects between subfractions and isolated compounds and effects on cell morphology, virulence factors, and exogenous ergosterol were also evaluated. The MIC obtained against theCandidaspecies including fluconazole-resistant strain ranged from 15.3 to 31.3 µg/mL for crude extract, 3.9 to 15.6 µg/mL for ethyl acetate fraction, and 7.8 to 31.3 µg/mL for subfractions. The isolated compounds identified as 4′-O-methyl-catechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, and 4′-O-methyl-catechin-3-O-gallate showed lower antifungal activity ...

The antioxidant activity of stem-bark extracts from Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth., including fractions and isolated compounds, was evaluated by DPPH in thin-layer chromatography. All the fractions and isolated compounds showed antioxidant activity. Antifungal activity was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against the yeasts Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. All extracts (CE, EtOAc and FW), subfractions (F1-F12) and the compounds I, II and III were inactive against the yeasts. Against C. parapsilosis and C. albicans, fractions F13-15 and F20 showed moderate antifungal activity, and fractions F16-19 and F21-22 showed good activity. Chemical isolation of the ethyl-acetate fraction resulted in the identification of three compounds: epigallocatechin, gallocatechin and epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-gallocatechin.

Background: In Yemen, the underlying causes of infectious vaginitis have been neglected. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and trichomonal vaginitis (TV) among non-pregnant reproductive-aged women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 347 non-pregnant reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana'a city, Yemen. Data about sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle-related behaviors, routine hygienic practices, menstrual care and history and type of contraceptive intake were collected using a structured questionnaire. Vaginal discharge samples were collected and examined for discharge characteristics and pH by a gynecologist. Then, samples were examined for BV, VVC and TV. Data were analyzed using suitable statistical tests. Results: Vaginal infections were prevalent among 37.6% of reproductive-aged women, where BV was the most prevalent (27.2%). VVC was significantly higher among symptomatic women and significantly associated with itching (P = 0.005). Using bivariate analysis, the age of < 25 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-3.10; P = 0.010) and using intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.09-2.89; P = 0.020) were significantly associated with BV, while history of miscarriage was significantly associated with a lower risk of BV (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.31-0.85, P = 0.009). However, polygyny was significantly associated with VVC (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.33-8.66; P = 0.007). Multivariable analysis confirmed that age of < 25 years and using IUCD were the independent predictors of BV, while history of miscarriage was an independent protective factor against BV. On the other hand, marriage to a polygamous husband was the independent predictor of VVC.

In this study it has been shown that hospital sources of Candida species could cause human infections, via identification of the yeasts isolated from cases and also environmental specimens, staff, visitors and patient's micro flora. Microscopic direct examination was used for detection of Candida pathogenic forms. Differential cultures and molecular tests including; PCR and RFLP were performed for the identification of Candida species. From the isolated fungi, we obtained Candida 36 (66.6%), Aspergillus 17 (31.4%) and Alternaria species only one case. Candida species isolated from clinical samples included: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii and Candida parapsilosis. Among all environmental isolated yeasts; Candida albicans (60%), Candida krusei (17%), Candida glabrata (14.3%), Candida tropicalis (0.7%) and Candida parapsillosis (3%) were identified. We believe that Candida contamination of environmental surfaces and hand touches can facilitate the occurrence of several Candida infections predominantly in patients with immune compromised system.

Cancer patients are susceptible to fungal infections due to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy, possible need for surgical procedures and hospital admissions, and the use of invasive medical devices. Among fungal infections, the ones caused by the genus Candida stand out, with C. albicans being the most prevalent. However, the emergence of non-albicans species has been described in different geographic regions. Non-albican Candida species may present variable susceptibilities to antifungal agents, which makes it important to identify them correctly. Our objective was to identify the species of the genus Candida isolated from blood cultures of cancer patients and evaluate their capacity of biofilm formation. A prospective experimental study was conducted for two years (2015 to 2017) with yeasts isolated from blood culture of patients admitted to a reference cancer hospital in the city of Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil. The microorganisms were identified by Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight and biofilm formation was identified by the phenotypic technique in a tube. A total of 42 isolates were identified in the study, distributed in 16 C. krusei, nine C. albicans, six C. parapsilosis, five C. glabrata, three C. guillermondii, two C. tropicalis and one C. novergensis. Out of these isolates, 25 were positive for biofilm formation, which was more frequent for C. non-albicans ( ). Therefore, this study has demonstrated the importance of the rapid and reliable identification of yeast species and their capacity to form biofilm to ensure targeted treatment and knowledge about epidemiology.

Pacientes com câncer são suscetíveis a infecções fúngicas devido aos efeitos citotóxicos da quimioterapia, eventual necessidade de procedimento cirúrgico e internações hospitalares e ao uso de dispositivos médicos invasivos. Dentre as infecções fúngicas, destacam-se as causadas pelo gênero Candida, sendo C. albicans a mais prevalente. Entretanto, a emergência de espécies não-albicans vem sendo descrita em diferentes regiões geográficas. Espécies de Candida não albicans podem apresentar susceptibilidades variáveis aos agentes antifúngicos, o que torna importante identificá-las corretamente. Nosso objetivo foi identificar as espécies do gênero Candida isoladas de hemoculturas de pacientes oncológicos e avaliar sua capacidade de formação de biofilme. Foi realizado um estudo experimental prospectivo durante dois anos (2015 a 2017) com leveduras isoladas de hemocultura de pacientes internados em um hospital de referência em oncologia na cidade de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Os microrganism...