Calculation methods

The cell-integrated semi-Lagrangian method, in which trajectories from the corner points of a grid cell define its extent at a previous time, may be applied to a set of equations on Lagrangian form derived from the complete set of primitive equations to construct a numerical model which conserves exactly the discrete forms of the global integrals constraints of mass, momentum, entrophy and total energy. Due to the fulfilment of these integral constraints one should expect the numerical model to be absolutely stable. Experiments with a simple onedimensional shallow water model show, however, that a time step dependent instability develops when a CFL criterion for gravity waves is exceeded. Analysis of experiments with one-dimensional shallow water models unveil the mechanism of the instability. Using again for simplicity one-dimensional models a main achievement is a successful implementation of the semi-implicit time stepping scheme in the cell-integrated models.

The statistics of tropical intraseasonal variability are studied using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses and several ECHAM General Circulation Model experiments made with different model versions (ECHAM2 and ECHAM3, which have different convection schemes) and different horizontal resolutions (T21, T42, and T106). The study applies the principal oscillation pattern technique to the 200-mb equatorial velocity potential. Associated patterns of tropical outgoing longwave radiation, equatorial zonal wind, and equatorial divergence are also presented. The intercomparison of ECHAM2 and ECHAM3 simulations at low (T21) resolution shows that the improved model physics has a beneficial impact on the simulated Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). The MJO produced by the ECHAM2 model has an unrealistic spatial distribution of convection, whereas the MJO simulated by the ECHAM3 model appears to be related to convective activity over the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific, which is consistent with the observed MJO. An increase of the horizontal resolution of the ECHAM3 model seems to actually degrade the results. At T42 and T106, the ECHAM3 MJO exhibits too much convective activity over central and equatorial America, with only a marginal effect of the MJO on the West Pacific-Indonesian region.

Messungen zum Einsetzen der durch eine stufenformig verteilte elektrische Leitfahigkeit in den Kanalwanden von GALINKA II verursachten MHD-Turbulenz und Vergleich mit theoretischen Modellen Das Einsetzen der 2-dimensionalen MHD-Turbulenz von Scherschichten mit steilen Geschwindigkeitsgradienten wird untersucht. Durch die Wahl einer besonderen Verteilung der Leitfahigkeit der Wande ist es moglich, Geschwindigkeitsprofile zu erzeugen, welche ihre Stabilitat verlieren und ein zeitabhangiges Wirbelmuster zeigen, sobald die Parameter kritische Werte ubersteigen. Die Experimente werden in einem "Horse Track" Kreislauf durchgefuhrt, der in dem Dipolmagnet der MEKKA-Anlage eingebaut ist. Die Verteilung der elektrischen Leitfahigkeit der Wande wird durch einen Kupferstreifen erreicht, der in die elektrisch isolierten Wande eingebettet ist. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse fur die Stabilitatsgrenze und auch fur die spektrale Leistungsverteilung stimmen sehr gut mit den Ergebnissen ein...

Електричні апарати (ЕА) складають основу комплектних пристроїв, призначених для прийому, регулювання й розподілу потоків електричної енергії та інформації. Враховуючи ту ключову роль, яку відіграють комутаційні електричні апарати в цих процесах, до якості їхньої роботи ставляться високі вимоги. В умовах сучасного виробництва, що характеризується високою інтенсифікацією технологічних процесів, класичні електромеханічні або контактні комутаційні апарати (КА), як було зазначено в [1], не завжди в змозі задовольняти жорстким вимогам, що до них ставляться. Застосування як ключів силових напівпровідникових приладів в апаратобудуванні з використанням для їхнього керування елементів мікросхемотехніки та

Three methods of downscaling are applied to climate change experiments to obtain regional climate information for Spain and the region designated as 'Southern Europe' by the lntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The first method (direct interpolation of the grid points nearest the region analysed) gives a poor representation of the local climate. Its estimate of climate change simulated by different climate models is inconsistent. The success of the second method (timeslice), which uses a dynamical model to obtain the regional information, strongly depends on the horizontal resolution of the dynamical model. It provides the most reliable assessment of the regional climate, with the highest resolution. However, the computational expense of this high resolution limits the sample size. The third method (statistical downscaling) is an inexpensive tool for obtaining information on a regional scale. The problem is that this approach requires observational data sets to train the model. This limits the application of this method to well-observed quantities and regions. Both the time-slice and the statistical models indicate a lengthening of dry spells over Spain under CO2doubling conditions.

In the context of reduced revenues from raw materials exports, the policy of sanctions and restrictions on access to capital and technologies, Russia faces an acute problem of finding new models of economic development. As world experience shows, economic growth cannot resume simultaneously throughout the country, it will inevitably be concentrated in specific regions-points of growth. Since the Federal government do not present a convincing strategy, some regions take the initiative and build their own development strategies. In this regard, the experience of the Volga region with a developed economy, the powerful drivers of growth, and large differences in social parameters is quite interesting. The main development goals were indicated in the Strategy of Privolzhsky Federal district's development up to 2020. We analyzed them on the example of 7 subjects of Federation. Despite ambitious plans, the negative dynamics of many indicators remains. The growth of GRP has not reached the planned values, and social indicators continue to decline: there is a migration outflow of population and a decrease in natural population growth. Analysis of the each region's strategies showed that there are significant risks of development, the overcoming of which requires non-trivial decisions of regional governments.

A simple method is given to calculate the multivariate process capability index C p * as defined by Taam et al. (1993) and discussed by Kotz & Johnson (1993). It is shown that using this index is equivalent to using the smallest univariate C p-value to determine the capability of a process. The index MVC p * Analogously to univariate process capability indices also multivariate capability indices relate the allowed process spread, i.e. some measure of the specification width, to the actual process spread, i.e. some measure of the process variation. The specification for the i th quality variable X i is usually given by the triple of lower specification limit LSL i , target value T i and upper specification limit USL i. For the p quality characteristics a multivariate normal distribution with mean vector µ and positive definite covariance matrix Σ = = () , .. σ ij i j p 1 is commonly assumed. The natural generalization of the univariate capability index C p would be to relate

Contents mechanism development as a factor in the formation of the regional infrastructure is established. Problems encountered in the implementation of PPP projects at the regional level are identified. Keywords: social infrastructure, infrastructure projects, public-private partnership, regional economy of the Russian Federation desarrollo. Se establece la dinámica del desarrollo del mecanismo PPP como un factor en la formación de la infraestructura regional. Se identifican los problemas encontrados en la implementación de proyectos de APP en el nivel regional. Palabras clave: infraestructura social, proyectos de infraestructura, asociación público-privada, economía regional de la Federación de Rusia

This study points on the operation of a pumping station test rig equipped with 3 vertical centrifugal pumps, with variable speed, coupled in parallel. We investigated the pumps operation by imposing reference levels for the pumping head, then attaining the requested duty points through rotational speed control. On this test rig, the pumped flow rate is controlled by a built-in software, where the pumping scheduling algorithm relies on a sensor-less control method, based on the pump performance curve and affinity laws. The setup allows the measurement of the pumps head (displayed on rig's control panel) and rotational speed of each motor. According to the pumping schedule, when a number of n pumps are operating (where 2 n or 3 n), then) 1 (n pumps run at nominal speed, while the remaining pump runs at a speed lower than, or equal to the nominal speed. We built in EPANET the numerical model of this test rig and calibrate the model upon experimental data, using simple control statements for the discharge valve and speed patterns for pumps. Due to the calibration, a perfect match resulted between experimental readings and numerical duty points. Further, we built an alternative numerical model, which allowed analysing additional duty points, then we plot them on a chart, together with the experimental duty points: all points fit into the operation areas attached to the pumping schedule. The proposed approach proved to be useful to study further the pumps operation, with a minimal experimental effort.

This paper explores young children’s drawings (6 years old) in early number and addition activities in Malaysia. Observation, informal interviews and analysis of drawings revealed two types of drawing, and gave insight into the transitional process required for children to utilise drawings in problem solving. We argue the importance of valuing and supporting the early development of children’s drawn mathematical representations to facilitate their successful use in problem solving processes.

In this paper, presented is the state of the art of Energy Efficiency (EE) of residential buildings in Serbia. Special attention is paid to energy efficiency in already existing buildings. The average energy consumption in residential buildings in Serbia is over 150 kWh/m2 per year, while in developed European countries it is about 50 kWh/m2 per year. In this paper examined is the contribution of ventilation losses, through the windows of low quality, regardless whether they are poorly made, or made from bad materials, or with no adequate glass. Besides ventilation losses, which are of major importance in our buildings, special attention is paid to transmission losses, which are consequence of the quality and energy efficiency of the facade. All of the above statements are proved by measurements obtained on a representative building of the Block 34 in New Belgrade, built in the eighties of the last century. In addition to measurements performed the calculation of energy consumption ...

This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of pressure-dependent models in the design of ship piping systems. For this purpose, a complex ship piping system is designed to operate in firefighting and bilge services through jet pumps. The system is solved as pressure-dependent model by the piping system analysis software EPANET and by a mathematical approach involving a piping network model. This results in a functional system that guarantees the recommendable ranges of hydraulic state variables (flow and pressure) and compliance with the rules of ship classification societies. Through this research, the suitability and viability of pressure-dependent models in the simulation of a ship piping system are proven.

We present a computationally efficient, adaptive solver for the solution of the Poisson and Helmholtz equation used in flow simulations in domains with combinations of unbounded and periodic directions. The method relies on using FFTs on an extended domain and it is based on the method proposed by Hockney and Eastwood for plasma simulations. The method is well-suited to problems with dynamically growing domains and in particular flow simulations using vortex particle methods. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated in simulations of trailing vortices.

Применение расчетных методов при разработке технологии сварки низкоуглеродистых низколегированных сталей / Г. В. Ермолаев, В. А. Мартыненко, В. В. Спихтаренко и др. // Зб. наук. пр. НУК. – Миколаїв: НУК, 2014. – № 4. – С. 104–111.Проанализированы результаты расчета ожидаемого структурного состава зоны термического влияния для стали 09Г2 по имеющейся в литературе диаграмме термокинетического превращения и расчетам с использованием уравнений регрессии для различных вариантов химического состава, предусмотренного стандартом. Рассмотрена процедура определения параметров режима и технологических приемов, обеспечивающих получение нужной структуры и механических свойств металла зоны термического влиянияThe application of calculation methods under the development of welding technology of low-carbon lowalloy steels is considered. The aim of paper is to develop the engineering methodology and design program of welding technology of low-carbon low-alloy steels, including the increased and high...

Indirect costs currently gaining importance, as their share in the overall cost of companies increases. The biggest problem is their allocation and thus projecting them into the prices of construction works. This paper provides the theoretical background to the issue of concepts and classifications of costs and calculation of indirect costs. In the practical part is provided description of the specific construction company, which is composed mainly of ex post calculation of annual costs and a their comparison with the reference contract. In conclusion, it proposes a method based on activity-based costing

Rotary screw type positive displacement (RSPD) pumps are commonly used in oil and gas industry for pumping of mineral lube oil in services where they can be mechanically driven by gears coupled to a train driver. Installation of these pumps is critical and should be designed jointly by vendors and users according to project specific restrictions (i.e., the arrangement of the entire oil circulation system). This paper describes a real case in which restrictions due to lube oil system arrangement have produced low pump suction head and have amplified the influence of air bubbles that remained entrained in oil despite lube oil tank degassing. The investigations have been directed toward the mathematical modeling of the aeration phenomenon coupled with experimental measurements of critical parameters taken on the shop plant. Among corrective actions identified and considered there are reduction of quantity of air entering the lube oil system and revamping of the entire lube oil system w...

Automation is an ever-increasing phenomenon in today’s world, almost exponentially so. If a task is expected to be repeated in a predictable and quantifiable way, it will at some point be subject to automation. Naturally, engineering is not exempt from this phenomenon, as a part of calculation and design work involves data collection and munging, trivial descriptive and explanatory tasks and so forth. This type of work generally fits the description of tasks subject to automation. This thesis work for Citec Oy Ab aims to reduce repetitive tasks associated with process and power plant engineering, while allowing for calculation and optimization of different power plant processes yielding higher overall efficiency, thereby reducing costs and emissions. This will be accomplished by providing a dependable well-documented calculation toolkit for the process engineering team at Citec. The toolkit will be constructed by introducing and further developing a comprehensive Python library name...

Problem solving and representation are two fundamental
processes of mathematical activity. Their development
provides a key basis for learning mathematics at all school
levels. Hence the importance of promoting these processes
from an early age. The aim of this article is to describe the
representations and ways of solution posed by a group of children
in pre-school education (5-6 years), in a Catalan school,
when solving an open-ended arithmetic problem. The study
follows a descriptive-interpretative methodology. A school task
is designed and implemented from which individual written
productions are obtained. In addition, interviews were conducted
with each of the students and the corresponding video
recordings were made. The data are systematised and a twophase
analysis is carried out: initially the types of representation
are characterised and then the calculation methods used by
the children. The results indicate that all the participating pupils
produce representations to solve the problem. All the children
make iconic representations, and a few combine iconic
and symbolic representations. As for the ways of solving the
problem, continuous counting predominates, although in some
cases proposals are made in which more complex reasoning
is evident. In these cases, the children propose groupings which
are expressed by means of drawings and symbols.

В статье приведены результаты экспериментального и расчетного исследования влияния примесей наночастиц Al 2 O 3 на значения вязкости, давления насыщенных паров, поверхностного натяжения растворов хладагента R600a/минеральное масла. Впервые для описания полученных экспериментальных данных и прогнозирования теплофизических свойств нанофлюидов в широком интервале параметров состояния была применена модель SP-QSPR-Skaling Principles-Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship. Показано, что примеси наночастиц в растворах хладагент/масло способствуют увеличению вязкости и давления насыщенных паров, уменьшению поверхностного натяжения. Указанные эффекты должны учитываться при оценке перспективности применения нанотехнологий в холодильном оборудовании.

We describe a new implementation of the quasiparticle random phase approximation (QRPA) in axially-symmetric deformed nuclei with Skyrme and volume-pairing energy-density functionals. After using a variety of tests to demonstrate the accuracy of the code in 24,26 Mg and 16 O, we report the first fully self-consistent application of the Skyrme QRPA to a heavy deformed nucleus, calculating strength distributions for several K π in 172 Yb. We present energy-weighted sums, properties of γ-vibrational and low-energy K π =0 + states, and the complete isovector E1 strength function. The QRPA calculation reproduces the properties of the low-lying 2 + states as well or better than it typically does in spherical nuclei.

utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author. 2 Theoretical framework: design variables and their use in structural design research 2.1 Geometrical definition ('geometry') 2.2 Structural action ('force') 2.3 Material processing ('material') 2.4 Overview and look ahead 3 Precedents of free form structures in the BLIP-framework 3.1 Levels of abstraction in structures 3.2 Storing precedents in the Blob Inventory Project (BLIP) 3.3 Content documents 3.4 Analysis 4 The design of alternative structural schemes and systems 4.1 Methodology of using design in research 4.2 Formulating hypothetical solutions on the scheme-level 4.3 Evaluation criteria for schemes, systems and structural designs 4.4 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 1: planar elements 4.5 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 2: developable surfaces 4.6 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 3: rib-shell collaboration 4.7 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 4: twistless tube 4.8 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 5: partial geometrical control 4.9 Evaluation 5 Case study implementations of schemes onto systems and structural designs 5.1 Presentation of the case study object: the building design of the DO Bubble 5.2 Case study 1: implementation of the Planar members with end connections-scheme onto a structural system 5.3 Case study 2: implementation of the Delta Ribs-structural system 5.4 Case study 3: implementation of the 3D components-structural system 6 Prototyping and further development of Delta Ribs 6.1 Aim 6.2 Realisation of the prototypes 6.3 Evaluation of the buildability of the prototypes 6.4 Performance of the Delta Rib system per criterion 6.5 Improvements to the system 6.6 Setup for an implementation in a parametric design system 7 Conclusions and recommendations 7.1 Conclusions 154 7.2 Recommendations 157 7.3

Sustainable agriculture is an integral aspect of the sustainable development of a socioeconomic system. In this regard, innovation is considered to be one of the leading factors ensuring the development of sustainable agricultural since it increases the efficiency and competitiveness of the industry in the domestic and foreign markets. This study presents a system of recursive equations characterizing the innovations occurring within agricultural organizations in the regions of the Russian Federation. Additionally, the study assesses the sustainability of agricultural development in Russia by calculating the integrated index of five components: economic, innovative, social, ecological, and institutional. Also, the authors built a regression model that estimates the influence of innovation on the sustainability of agricultural development in Russia.

utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author. 2 Theoretical framework: design variables and their use in structural design research 2.1 Geometrical definition ('geometry') 2.2 Structural action ('force') 2.3 Material processing ('material') 2.4 Overview and look ahead 3 Precedents of free form structures in the BLIP-framework 3.1 Levels of abstraction in structures 3.2 Storing precedents in the Blob Inventory Project (BLIP) 3.3 Content documents 3.4 Analysis 4 The design of alternative structural schemes and systems 4.1 Methodology of using design in research 4.2 Formulating hypothetical solutions on the scheme-level 4.3 Evaluation criteria for schemes, systems and structural designs 4.4 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 1: planar elements 4.5 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 2: developable surfaces 4.6 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 3: rib-shell collaboration 4.7 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 4: twistless tube 4.8 Schemes based on hypothetical solution 5: partial geometrical control 4.9 Evaluation 5 Case study implementations of schemes onto systems and structural designs 5.1 Presentation of the case study object: the building design of the DO Bubble 5.2 Case study 1: implementation of the Planar members with end connections-scheme onto a structural system 5.3 Case study 2: implementation of the Delta Ribs-structural system 5.4 Case study 3: implementation of the 3D components-structural system 6 Prototyping and further development of Delta Ribs 6.1 Aim 6.2 Realisation of the prototypes 6.3 Evaluation of the buildability of the prototypes 6.4 Performance of the Delta Rib system per criterion 6.5 Improvements to the system 6.6 Setup for an implementation in a parametric design system 7 Conclusions and recommendations 7.1 Conclusions 154 7.2 Recommendations 157 7.3

Analysis of the innovative development of the regional economy is a relevant problem due to its role in ensuring the economic security of the country and achieving priority goals. The subject of the research are the regions of one of Russia's most dynamically developing macro-regions-the Volga Federal District. It features innovation clusters, a network of modern manufacturing companies, research organizations. At the same time, it developed a significant territorial heterogeneity of the regional space. Therefore, in the course of the study, a typology of the regions was drafted according to a number of indicators, which made it possible to assess the level of their innovative development and identify zones of relative stability, medium and critical state. A forecast of the main indicators of the innovation component was made showing the ability of the regions to overcome the factors preventing the development of the innovation economy. The research results showed that most of the regions have a medium level of economic security in the field of innovation. The Nizhny Novgorod Region and the Republic of Tatarstan are at a high level. The economy of these regions is characterized by a high level of diversification, resilience to instability in the domestic market and external challenges. The Saratov region, the Republic of Mari El and the Orenburg Region are in a low-level zone. A short-term forecast indicates that in general the situation will not change-the regions will increase or decrease the values of the indices within the achieved levels of economic security. A qualitative transition to a new level is possible provided that the problems that hinder the innovative economy in the regions are eliminated.