Bulk solids handling

Throughout the iron ore production chain, the material undergoes several transfers, making stockpiling essential for reserve formation, process support, or product homogenization. However, due to the artificial geometry of stockpiles slope, there is an inherent risk of structural failure, which may cause significant damage to nearby facilities, equipment, and personnel. Considering the scarcity of methodologies focused on minimizing the risk of failures in iron ore stockyards, this study proposes a preventive approach aimed at reducing critical events. A multidisciplinary team was assembled to identify, evaluate, and analyze the main risk factors associated with stockpile stability. Based on the data collected, a methodology was developed to guide operational procedures and improve risk management in stockyards. A case study was conducted focusing on iron ore stockpiles in Brazil, a country with a strong mining tradition. After implementing the proposed methodology, significant improvements were observed, including the elimination of critical stockpile failures. These results confirm the methodology's effectiveness and highlight its potential to enhance safety, operational reliability, and risk control in mining stockyard operations.

Storage, transfer and feeding of biomass particulate solids often cause problems at biobased production sites. Irregular flow and blockage in storage units create supply uncertainties and production stops with economically detrimental consequences. Despite the industrial awareness of these problems, reliable analysis methods for prediction of larger particle size biomass bulk solid flow properties are lacking. In this study, the silo discharge and arching behavior of different size fractions of wood chips from beech and pine forest residues were analyzed, utilizing a parallelepiped bin and a wedge-shaped hopper. The wood chip assortments were analyzed by Schulze shear testing, angle of repose, Hausner ratio, and bulk density. Obtained material data was utilized to build regression models versus the experimentally obtained critical hopper outlet size for material flow. The best fitted regression model for explaining the critical hopper outlet size was obtained with an equation with linear proportionality to the hopper half opening angle and to the square of the angle of repose. This regression model was well fitted to both assortments and over the whole particle size range, indicating robustness and that the proposed model can be useful to diagnose the silo discharge behavior for broad ranges of wood chip materials. The extension of the results of this paper to larger scale silos requires further investigation.

We use first principles calculations to investigate the structure and electronic properties of ultrathin silver ͑Ag͒ nanowires self-synthesized in organic calix͓4͔hydroquinone ͑CHQ͒ nanotubes. The insulating CHQ nanotubes get transformed to semiconducting calix͓4͔diquinone-dihydroquinone ͑CQHQ͒ tubes in the presence of Ag. These encapsulated nanowires have linear crystalline structure. The electron density around the Fermi level is localized on the Ag nanowire. This indicates that the organic tubes act as shields between Ag nanowires, and the quantum confinement is possible in the encapsulated Ag nanowires like in quantum dots.

This paper describes work in the first part of an ongoing research programme on the generation and dispersion of fume from ' hot metal processes, a challenging industrial ventilation problem. '"[his phase of the study involves research into a salt solution plume generated from an area source and descendin into uiescent water. This is a 'cold flow' analo e of a thermal lume ascendin in uiescent air. xpenments are described whereby the velocity and concentration profiles in the plume are e ermined using video footage and particle-tracking software, and a conductivity probe with digital traversing mechanism, respectively. Results from a transient numerical simulation of the flow using the CFD package PHOENICS are generated and compared with experimental results. These are also used to characterise the plume with respect to density and v~locity distributions.

Atomic-level simulations are used to analyze the thermal-transport properties of a naturally layered material: the Ruddlesden–Popper phase, formed by interleaving perovskite layers of strontium titanate with strontium oxide rocksalt layers. The thermal conductivity parallel to the plane of structural layering is found to be systematically greater than that perpendicular to the layering. With decreasing number of perovskite blocks in the structure, a transition is seen from the thermal-transport properties of a bulk solid containing interfaces to that of an anisotropic monolithic material. The exact transition point should be temperature dependent and might enable tuning of the thermal conductance properties of the material.

Coal blending which provide increase in efficiency, decrease in repair-maintenance costs and emission of harmful gases in coal fueled power plants, is in the interest of many countries both scientifically and practically. Nevertheless, there are many power plant operators in differentcountries showing no adequate interest to this important issue. This paper briefly explains the importance of blending, types and methods of blending, total coal quality management and importance of stockyard equipment selection especially for mine-mouth power plants and points out that all these are essential parameters of a good blending.

Atomic-level simulations are used to analyze the thermal-transport properties of a naturally layered material: the Ruddlesden-Popper phase, formed by interleaving perovskite layers of strontium titanate with strontium oxide rocksalt layers. The thermal conductivity parallel to the plane of structural layering is found to be systematically greater than that perpendicular to the layering. With decreasing number of perovskite blocks in the structure, a transition is seen from the thermal-transport properties of a bulk solid containing interfaces to that of an anisotropic monolithic material. The exact transition point should be temperature dependent and might enable tuning of the thermal conductance properties of the material.

Atomic-level simulations are used to analyze the thermal-transport properties of a naturally layered material: the Ruddlesden-Popper phase, formed by interleaving perovskite layers of strontium titanate with strontium oxide rocksalt layers. The thermal conductivity parallel to the plane of structural layering is found to be systematically greater than that perpendicular to the layering. With decreasing number of perovskite blocks in the structure, a transition is seen from the thermal-transport properties of a bulk solid containing interfaces to that of an anisotropic monolithic material. The exact transition point should be temperature dependent and might enable tuning of the thermal conductance properties of the material.

Dealloying is currently used to tailor the morphology and composition of nanoparticles and bulk solids for a variety of applications including catalysis, energy storage, sensing, actuation, supercapacitors, and radiation damage resistant materials. The known morphologies, which evolve on dealloying of nanoparticles, include core−shell, hollow core− shell, and porous nanoparticles. Here we present results examining the fixed voltage dealloying of AgAu alloy particles in the size range of 2−6 and 20−55 nm. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microcopy, energy dispersive, and electron energy loss spectroscopy are used to characterize the size, morphology, and composition of the dealloyed nanoparticles. Our results demonstrate that above the potential corresponding to Ag + /Ag equilibrium only core−shell structures evolve in the 2−6 nm diameter particles. Dealloying of the 20−55 nm particles results and in the formation of porous structures analogous to the behavior observed for the corresponding bulk alloy. A statistical analysis that includes the composition and particle size distributions characterizing the larger particles demonstrates that the formation of porous nanoparticles occurs at a well-defined thermodynamic critical potential.

Silo feeding process via pneumatic transport pipe will generates the initial turbulence that causes the dispersion of particles in air. This phenomenon is known as dust cloud formation which is likelihood for an explosive atmosphere. Thus, understanding of dust cloud formation in silo is important for safety measures. This paper presents the results of flow field, in terms of mean and root mean square (RMS) velocity of dust cloud in a silo during axial feeding using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, Fluent. The influence of grid size, modeling approach and discretization schemes were examined using turbulence model namely renormalization group k-ε (RNG) combined with disperse phase model (DPM) which follows Eulerian-Lagrangian (E-L) approach. The E-L approach treats solid particles as moving points in the computational domain and their movement is tracked as they moved through the gas flow. Two-way coupling effect was considered since the continuous phase flow field is impacted by the discrete phase. The profiles of mean and RMS velocity at five different axial locations Z = 750 mm, 1750 mm, 2750 mm, 3750 mm and 4750 mm were examined to recognized the flow pattern inside silo. Predicted mean and RMS velocity using combination of DPM and RNG turbulence model with various discretization and pressure interpolation schemes were plotted and compared against experimental measurement adopted from literature, showing a plausibly good agreement with second order upwind scheme and standard pressure interpolation scheme. It was found that predicted flow field has a great influence to the silo height. Higher mean velocity in downward direction was predicted in the center region closer to the top of the silo due to gravitational force on the particles. Moreover, it was found that turbulence flow (RMS velocity) is correspondingly increase with increasing the axial positions, indicating that region closer to the feeding inlet favor the initial turbulence formation. This suggests that combination of RNG turbulence model and DPM could be employed in dust cloud formation study.

conveyor transfer research facility has been commissioned at the University of Wollongong to investigate particle flow mechanisms through conveyor transfers. As part of this research investigations into conveyor trajectories have been undertaken at varying belt speeds and using two granular free-flowing materials. Numerous numerical methods exist to predict the material trajectory from the head of a belt conveyor. Each method uses varying combinations of particle and bulk properties as well as the conveyor geometry. Thesehave been used to predict the experimentally measured trajectories. The discrete element method (DEM) has also been utilized to produce further trajectory predictions. A 30 CAO model of the experimental test facility has been generated and combined with the particle and bulk properties of the test materials. OEM simulations have been produced to compare to the other two methods. The results of experimental testing are compared directly with numerical methods and OEM simulations to ascertain whether any of these models can be relied on to accurately predict conveyor trajectories.

Mining companies have complex supply chains that start from the mining location and stretch thousands of kilometers to the end customer in a different country and continent. The logistics of moving the materials from mines to ship is composed of series of optimization problems like berth allocation, ship scheduling, stockyard scheduling, and rail scheduling, which are individually NP-hard. In this paper, we present a scheduling application, called as IBM Optimization: Mine to Ship, for end-to-end integrated operations scheduling. The application is built on IBM ILOG ODM Enterprise with advanced features like rescheduling under deviations and disturbances, and maintenance scheduling. The modeling and computational complexity of integrated scheduling optimization is tamed using hybrid optimization technique that leverages mathematical programming and constraint programming. The application will benefit the mining companies with increased resource usage, higher throughput, reduced cost of operations, and higher revenue.

This paper focuses on the methodology to cal-culate the effective reclaiming capacity of rail-mounted bucket wheel reclaimers, and stacker/reclaimers, for large-scale raw bulk ma-terial handling systems. Due to considerable gaps in the theory on this subject, a principal ob-jective of the work presented here was to de-velop a methodology destined to determine re-claiming capacity of these machines. It reflects the relationship between the characteristics of the equipment and the parameters associated with its work environment. A function concerning the rule of the boom-slewing motion was de-fined. It was based on the particular shape of stockpiled material and the digging geometry of the machines. This function was subsequently employed as a basis to work out a precise methodology for cal-culating the effective reclaiming capacity of the equipment analysed. Successful validation of the model developed was per-formed for the Quebec Cartier Mining (QCM) port facilities in Port Cartier...

Rail-mounted boom type bucket wheel reclaimers and stacker-reclaimers are primary means of materials handling at stockyards. Therefore, the selection of the best possible equipment type (model) is of crucial importance for the decision-makers. The authors contribute to the body of knowledge by developing a novel methodology for the selection of this equipment type. Both the Coefficient of Technical Level (CTL) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods were used in the selection process. This methodology may be used by material handling system decision-makers to help in the selection of a specific type when acquiring a new equipment.

Rail-mounted boom type bucket wheel reclaimers and stacker-reclaimers are primary means of materials handling at stockyards. Therefore, the selection of the best possible equipment type (model) is of crucial importance for the decision-makers. The authors ...

Design audit or design verification is an important step in engineering of heavy mobile materials handling equipment. Usually, the costumers employ third parties for audition of contractors engineering. Here a part of design audit of a combined stacker-reclaimer machine is reported. This equipment is designed and constructed by a local supplier in Iran for the iron ore pelletizing plants at Goharzamin Iron Ore Company. The structure plays an important role in mobile material handling machines such as Stackers and Reclaimers and its failure and damage may cause considerable financial and human life losses. In this report, the stacker-reclaimer machine’s undercarriage including gantry and traveling system are numerically analyzed. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used for stress prediction under the critical operating loads according to the design standards. The critical areas of the undercarriage are identified and it is observed that, the maximum stress is in the safe range.

Mining companies have complex supply chains that start from the mining location and stretch thousands of kilometers to the end customer in a different country and continent. The logistics of moving the materials from mines to ship is composed of series of optimization problems like berth allocation, ship scheduling, stockyard scheduling, and rail scheduling, which are individually NP-hard. In this paper, we present a scheduling application, called as IBM Optimization: Mine to Ship, for end-to-end integrated operations scheduling. The application is built on IBM ILOG ODM Enterprise with advanced features like rescheduling under deviations and disturbances, and maintenance scheduling. The modeling and computational complexity of integrated scheduling optimization is tamed using hybrid optimization technique that leverages mathematical programming and constraint programming. The application will benefit the mining companies with increased resource usage, higher throughput, reduced cost...

Fish feed delivery is one of the challenges which fish farmers encounter daily. The main aim of the feeding process is to ensure that every fish is provided with sufficient feed to maintain desired growth rates. The properties of fish feed pellet, such as water stability, degree of swelling or floating time, are critical traits impacting feed delivery. Some considerable effort is currently being made with regard to the replacement of fish meal and fish oil with other sustainable alternative raw materials (i.e., plant or insect-based) with different properties. The main aim of this study is to investigate the motion and residence time distribution (RTD) of two types of solid feed pellets with different properties in a cylindrical fish tank. After experimental identification of material and geometrical properties of both types of pellets, a detailed 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study for each type of pellets is performed. The mean residence time of pellets injected at the sur...

This paper presents the first part of study on the proposed automatic optimal reclaiming system. The proposed system focuses on how the reclaimer reclaims iron ore from stockpiles to fulfill quality grade target aiming for minimum reclaimer overall movement. For example, iron ore can be excavated from open-cut pits, stacked onto stockpiles and reclaimed later using bucket wheel reclaimer (BWR) for export to customers. Stockpiles here are represented by combinations of voxels each possessing certain quality distribution. The supply of iron ore closest to the target grade with lower operation cost is the main concern for the ore producer. Currently, BWRs are operated manually to meet quality grade demand involving the checking of quality periodically during reclaiming operation. In result, there is excessive movement of the large machine leading to higher energy consumption. In this paper, the combination of voxels is identified from available stockpile voxels considering BWR minimum movement to fulfill quality and quantity demand of iron ore. Achieving the desired grade with maximum efficiency will result in increasing productive rates and less impact on global warming by significantly reducing energy consumption.

As far as the calibration of bulk material for DEM simulations is concerned, it is necessary to adjust the properties of simulated bulk material until the behaviour of this digitally modelled material coincides with the behaviour of physical material tested in laboratory tests. One well-established parameter that is often used for this purpose is the so-called angle of repose, which can be described as the highest possible angle, with respect to the horizontal plane, at which bulk material can be heaped without collapsing. For the determination of this angle, various kinds of tests are applicable, such as the commonly used lifting cylinder test, in which a bottomless cylinder filled with bulk material is lifted off the ground. Digital bulk material calibration regarding the angle of repose is then performed using DEM simulations and adjusting the influencing material parameters correspondingly until the same angle of repose is obtained with the digital and thus calibrated bulk material model.
Since the angle measurement is still mostly done by hand, which harbours the danger of errors, and the calibration process with altering angle measurement and parameter adjustment is rather time-consuming, the development of an algorithm for the evaluation of the angle of repose promises some significant advantages. To name a few: higher reproducibility and accuracy of measurements, by eliminating the factor human; faster calibration due to a well-defined evaluation process, also implementable as algorithms directly in calibration processes; and benefits due to statistically supported, time-efficient analysis of large amounts of data.
This paper gives a step by step explanation of the methods behind the developed algorithm for the determination of the angle of repose, in particular, in order to enable the implementation of these methods as tools in custom software programs. Thus the developed algorithm is useful for applications ranging from simple angle determination to fully automated calibration procedures etc.

This paper outlines the industrial problem of air current segregation in alumina storage silos which occurs with the handling of the feedstock alumina in aluminium plants and investigates the parameters that affect the severity of the segregation. Bates [1] stated that the feeding rate influences segregation which we can confirm with own experimental findings. Higher powder flow rates tend to reduce air current segregation. Cooper et al. [2] pointed out that the air extraction rate affects the content of fine particles (dust) in the circulating air currents and we confirm his finding. The importance of the effect of different feeding rates on air current segregation was discovered in a two dimensional apparatus. The investigation of the influence of air extraction rate was realised in a cylindrical silo. Both experiments show a strong relationship between the strength of the particle-air flow in the silo and air current segregation. It is found that an increase of the powder feeding rate or the air extraction rate reduces air current segregation in the experimental equipment. The aim of our experiments was to find all significant parameters and to apply dimensional analysis to develop a method which scales the findings from small scale experiments to large industrial alumina silos. Five dimensionless groups were obtained, which is unwieldy. To reduce the number of dimensionless groups, physical properties were lumped into the terminal velocity. This simplified approach gives three dimensionless groups. Experiments in a water model and an air model justify more research using this simplified scaling method.

Lucrarea prezintă tehnologia de Lucru Sub Tensiune pentru instalarea sistemului RITHERM de monitorizare on-line pe liniile electrice aeriene (LEA). Este prezentat sistemul de monitorizare care se bazează pe tehnica SAW, fără contact. Pe LEA săgeata este o preocupare operativă, care se referă în mod direct la temperatura conductoarelor. În tipul perioadelor cu temperature ambientale ridicate şi condiţii de sarcină crescută, monitorizarea şi analiza unor arii ale reţelei de transport poate fi esenţială pentru evaluarea temperaturii conductorului, în scopul de a optimiza capacitatea liniei şi a preîntâmpina posibilele probleme create de gabarit. Temperatura conductorului în punctul în care este instalat senzorul poate fi măsurată, iar datele transmise prin intermediul undelor de frecvenţă radio (principiului radarului) într-un punct de colectare a datelor. Sunt prezentate principiile senzorului SAW şi componentele sistemului.

E lectric charge is often generated when two electrically isolated surfaces (like or unlike) are brought into contact and separated, which may result in serious problems in particulate materials handling. The charge phenomenon has been studied for many centuries. Although a lot of research work has been carried out on particle charges since the 18th century, with most agreeing that the charge could transfer between the particulates, there are still different opinions on the nature of charging mechanisms. Despite many sensing techniques for charging levels having been developed, there are still many challenges remaining in sensing electrostatic charges for particulate materials. Electrostatic charging can be found in powders that have similar or dissimilar chemical composition, with a common characteristic being that they consist of differing particle sizes. The charge generated in powder handling, whether unipolar or bipolar, is undesirable and can potentially cause handling problem...

Lucrarea îşi propune studierea modului de implementare a unor aplicaţii de monitorizare si control cu ajutorul controloarelor logice programabile. Se studiază configuratia hardware a unui astfel de dispozitiv şi modul de conectare a unor elemente externe de tip senzori şi elemente de execuţie. Se prezintă modul de programare a unei aplicaţii utilizând un limbaj de programare specific.

The design of the bulk handling equipment should be done very effectively. Although the design of this equipment might look simple, it can easily become costly in maintenance if it is not designed properly. A designer should consider parameters like surface roughness and wall friction angle, etc for a better effective design. Considering these parameters in design will not only improve the performance of equipment, but it will also reduce wear and tear of bulk solid handling equipment. The objective of this study is to establish a regression curve between the surface roughness and wall friction angle and to showcase the effect of surface roughness on the wall friction angle.

For most models of rail-mounted reclaimers and stacker/reclaimers available on the market, a unique correlation appears to exist among the design parameters. This paper presents a study intended to investigate and determine the mathematical form of this relationship. It is based on statistical and correlation analysis performed on the technical specifications and data supplied by several manufacturers throughout the world. The mathematical functions derived from this analysis have been employed to define the so-called ''technical level coefficient'' of the equipment concerned. The coefficient takes into account equipment costs, ownership and operating conditions. This coefficient can subsequently be applied to formulate a comparative criterion for rail-mounted reclaimers and stacker/reclaimers. The paper concludes with potential application of the technical level coefficient to other mining and material handling equipment.

Coal blending which provide increase in efficiency, decrease in repair-maintenance costs and emission of harmful gases in coal fueled power plants, is in the interest of many countries both scientifically and practically. Nevertheless, there are many power plant operators in different countries showing no adequate interest to this important issue. This paper briefly explains the importance of blending, types and methods of blending, total coal quality management and importance of stockyard equipment selection especially for mine-mouth power plants and points out that all these are essential parameters of a good blending. ÖZ Kömürle çalışan santrallarda verim artışı, tamir bakım masraflarında ve zararlı gazların emisyonunda azalmayı sağlayan kömür harmanlama konusu bilimsel ve uygulamalı olarak birçok ülkede gerekli ilgiyi görmekle beraber, konuya yeterli ilgiyi göstermeyen farklı ülkelerde santral işletmecileri de bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, özellikle yanındaki kömür ocağından yakıt sağlayan santrallar için bu konuya neden önem verilmesi gerektiğini, harmanlama yöntemlerini, toplam kömür kalite yönetimini, stok sahası ekipman seçiminin önemini kısaca belirtmekte ve tüm bu hususların iyi bir harmanlama için gerekli parametreler olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Impact of the Variability of Technological Parameters on the Effective Reclaiming Capacity of Bucket Wheel Reclaimers This paper presents a more reffined approach to calculate the effective reclaiming capacity of bucket wheel reclaimers by incorporating the impact of stochastic variability concerning geotechnical parameters. The methodology takes into account the relationship between design characteristics of the equipment and relevant parameters associated with its working environment. It is based, among other, on the particular shape of stockpiled material and the digging geometry of those types of machines. Stochastic variability of main influence material characteristics has been used to analyze their impact on the effective reclaiming capacity. The validation of the developed model has been performed at a Canadian mining company.

Coal handling is a complex process involving different correlated and highly dependent operations such as selecting appropriate product types, planning stockpiles, scheduling stacking and reclaiming activities and managing train loads. Planning these operations manually is time consuming and can result in non-optimized schedules as future impact of decisions may not be appropriately considered. This paper addresses the operational scheduling of the continuous coal handling problem with multiple conflicting objectives. As the problem is NP-hard in nature, an effective heuristic is presented for planning stockpiles and scheduling resources to minimize delays in production and the coal age in the stockyard. A model of stockyard operations within a coal mine is described and the problem is formulated as a Bi-Objective Optimization Problem (BOOP). The algorithm efficacy is demonstrated on different real-life data scenarios. Computational results show that the solution algorithm is effective and the coal throughput is substantially impacted by the conflicting objectives. Together, the model and the proposed heuristic, can act as a decision support system for the stockyard planner to explore the effects of alternative decisions, such as balancing age and volume of stockpiles, and minimizing conflicts due to stacker and reclaimer movements.

Essential physical product properties that depend on particle size distributions are one of the reasons that some products do not meet the application requirements. Fine particle fractions often have unsuitable effects in the processing or make the final product undesirable for specified applications. Such products require additional processing efforts to meet the desired product size distributions. Usually, fine and coarse particles with sizes beyond 100 µm can be classified without difficulties using various sieving machines. Air classifiers are suitable to classify fine particles (d < 100 µm). However, classification of ultra-fine adhesive particles shows totally different features, impacting processing performance, like insufficient separation characteristics and enormous product impurities. The inter-particle forces lead to additional difficulties; most conventional methods then cannot meet the required processing results. In this paper, the different lab methods for classifying ultra-fine adhesive particles (d<10 µm) from the size distribution of a milled fine cohesive limestone powder CALCIT FW 270 (d 50 =54 μm) are investigated. There are different methods to classify within this particle size range. Each method has its own limitations and could be effective or inefficient. Finally, the most effective method and the controlling process parameters are thoroughly discussed.

Impact of the Variability of Technological Parameters on the Effective Reclaiming Capacity of Bucket Wheel Reclaimers This paper presents a more reffined approach to calculate the effective reclaiming capacity of bucket wheel reclaimers by incorporating the impact of stochastic variability concerning geotechnical parameters. The methodology takes into account the relationship between design characteristics of the equipment and relevant parameters associated with its working environment. It is based, among other, on the particular shape of stockpiled material and the digging geometry of those types of machines. Stochastic variability of main influence material characteristics has been used to analyze their impact on the effective reclaiming capacity. The validation of the developed model has been performed at a Canadian mining company.

Rezumat: Lucrarea prezintă tehnologia de Lucru Sub Tensiune pentru instalarea sistemului RITHERM de monitorizare on-line pe liniile electrice aeriene (LEA). Este prezentat sistemul de monitorizare care se bazează pe tehnica SAW, fără contact. Pe LEA săgeata este o preocupare operativă, care se referă în mod direct la temperatura conductoarelor. În tipul perioadelor cu temperature ambientale ridicate şi condiţii de sarcină crescută, monitorizarea şi analiza unor arii ale reţelei de transport poate fi esenţială pentru evaluarea temperaturii conductorului, în scopul de a optimiza capacitatea liniei şi a preîntâmpina posibilele probleme create de gabarit. Temperatura conductorului în punctul în care este instalat senzorul poate fi măsurată, iar datele transmise prin intermediul undelor de frecvenţă radio (principiului radarului) într-un punct de colectare a datelor. Sunt prezentate principiile senzorului SAW şi componentele sistemului.

Rezumat: Lucrarea prezintă tehnologia de Lucru Sub Tensiune pentru instalarea sistemului RITHERM de monitorizare on-line pe liniile electrice aeriene (LEA). Este prezentat sistemul de monitorizare care se bazează pe tehnica SAW, fără contact. Pe LEA săgeata este o preocupare operativă, care se referă în mod direct la temperatura conductoarelor. În tipul perioadelor cu temperature ambientale ridicate şi condiţii de sarcină crescută, monitorizarea şi analiza unor arii ale reţelei de transport poate fi esenţială pentru evaluarea temperaturii conductorului, în scopul de a optimiza capacitatea liniei şi a preîntâmpina posibilele probleme create de gabarit. Temperatura conductorului în punctul în care este instalat senzorul poate fi măsurată, iar datele transmise prin intermediul undelor de frecvenţă radio (principiului radarului) într-un punct de colectare a datelor. Sunt prezentate principiile senzorului SAW şi componentele sistemului.

This paper focuses on the methodology to cal-culate the effective reclaiming capacity of rail-mounted bucket wheel reclaimers, and stacker/reclaimers, for large-scale raw bulk ma-terial handling systems. Due to considerable gaps in the theory on this subject, a principal ob-jective of the work presented here was to de-velop a methodology destined to determine re-claiming capacity of these machines. It reflects the relationship between the characteristics of the equipment and the parameters associated with its work environment. A function concerning the rule of the boom-slewing motion was de-fined. It was based on the particular shape of stockpiled material and the digging geometry of the machines. This function was subsequently employed as a basis to work out a precise methodology for cal-culating the effective reclaiming capacity of the equipment analysed. Successful validation of the model developed was per-formed for the Quebec Cartier Mining (QCM) port facilities in Port Cartier...

This paper focuses on the methodology to cal-culate the effective reclaiming capacity of rail-mounted bucket wheel reclaimers, and stacker/reclaimers, for large-scale raw bulk ma-terial handling systems. Due to considerable gaps in the theory on this subject, a principal ob-jective of the work presented here was to de-velop a methodology destined to determine re-claiming capacity of these machines. It reflects the relationship between the characteristics of the equipment and the parameters associated with its work environment. A function concerning the rule of the boom-slewing motion was de-fined. It was based on the particular shape of stockpiled material and the digging geometry of the machines. This function was subsequently employed as a basis to work out a precise methodology for cal-culating the effective reclaiming capacity of the equipment analysed. Successful validation of the model developed was per-formed for the Quebec Cartier Mining (QCM) port facilities in Port Cartier...

Acest sistem ia în considerare diverse aspecte în clasificarea și denumirea lămpilor, cum ar fi: modul de generare a luminii, formele baloanelor și alte considerente tehnice. Există trei grade de complexitate ale acestui sistem: ILCOS-L, abreviere utilizată pentru clasificarea generală a lămpilor, caracterizată numai de litere; ILCOS-D, o variantă medie ce conține, pe lângă datele oferite de ILCOS-L, și alte caracteristici suplimentare (puterea electrică, diverse date măsurate dacă este necesar, indicele de redare a culorii, tipul de soclu), caracterizată de litere și imagini;