Building and Civil Engineering

Free-form timber structures are currently a high interest topic that represents a limited niche within the AEC industry and a resource intensive choice for building. This research explores an alternative to current technologies for their production through “Curve-Fit”, a building system that uses flat-packed timber modules that can be transformed through curved-folding. Transformed modules are connected along curved creases to form load bearing structures. A set of strategies were developed for the geometric design, structural validation and detailing of the system. These were wrapped in an integrated feedback workflow for the informed coordination of multiple design objectives. The system was tested with a full scale demonstrator, proving that load bearing structures can be produced with the Curve-Fit system. The proposed strategies have the potential to increase production efficiencies and reduce resource consumption in the production of free-form timber structures.

In Nigeria, particularly in Sokoto State and its surrounding regions, it is a common practice to use locally available aggregates in concrete production without a thorough evaluation of their physical and mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to carry out a statistical analysis of the compressive strength of concrete produced from selected aggregate types found in Sokoto state, Nigeria. Aggregates were obtained from four different quarries. Two of the selected sources are fine aggregate (sand) quarries, while the rest two are coarse aggregate (gravel) quarries. A preliminary laboratory investigation was conducted to ascertain the suitability of using the aggregates for construction work. Tests conducted include sieve analysis, moisture content, bulk density, specific gravity, aggregate crushing, and impact value. Mix design (1:2.4:3.2) was conducted using the conventional concrete mix design (DOE, 1975) for a characteristic strength of 25Mpa at 28 days. In each of the selected aggregates, three (3) cubes were produced, that is, for the selected fine aggregate, twelve (12) samples were cast each from the two coarse aggregates, a total of (36) cubes using the moulds of (150x150x150mm) were cast to allow the compressive strength to be monitored at 7, 21, and 28 days. The highest compressive strength at all ages was noted with concrete made from Farar Gasa and Bakin Dushi (FB) followed by Farar Gasa and Farin Dushi (FF) and then Farin Dushi (FF) and Jar Gasa and Bakin Dushi (JB) and Jar Gasa and Farin Dushi (JF). Statistical analysis of the compressive strength of concrete made with different aggregate types found was the computation of data from analysis toolpak in Microsoft Excel to determine the significance of the compressive strength test, the results show that the significant value is 0.887484 (i.e., p=0.887484), which is higher than 0.05. This implies that there is no statistically significant difference in the mean compressive strength of concrete.

Development developments have an impact on the building materials industry sector. To reduce CO2 emissions due to soaring productivity of cement, the industry can use Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as a substitute for cement. This study aims to determine the effect of using GGBFS as a substitute for cement and coconut fiber as an additive on the workability, density, water absorption, compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete at 3, 7, and 28 days. In this study using the experimental method with a total of 84 samples of cylindrical specimens with a size of 10cm x 20cm. This research was conducted with variations of GGBFS substitution of cement (0%, 35.5%, 43.5%) and coconut fiber as an additive (0.23%, 0.63%).The results of this study indicate that the optimum compressive strength test value at the age of 28 days is at GGBFS (35.5%) and coconut fiber (0.63%) reaches an average compressive strength of 32.32 Mpa. The SU1 variation (24.63 Mpa), SU2 varia...

This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State of California or the Federal Highway Administration. This publication does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. This report does not constitute an endorsement by the Department of any product described herein. TR0003 (REV. 10/98) 1. REPORT NUMBER CA06-0629 2. GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION NUMBER 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Investigation of Flange Failures in Falsework Cap and Sill Beams: Recommendations for the Design of Beams and Posts in Bridge Falsework.

This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State of California or the Federal Highway Administration. This publication does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. This report does not constitute an endorsement by the Department of any product described herein. TR0003 (REV. 10/98) 1. REPORT NUMBER CA06-0629 2. GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION NUMBER 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Investigation of Flange Failures in Falsework Cap and Sill Beams: Recommendations for the Design of Beams and Posts in Bridge Falsework.

Water ingress and penetration of aggressive fluids undermines the integrity of many concrete structures. For this reason, optimal performance of such structures up to their designed life cannot be guaranteed. This study introduces nano silicon as an alternative waterproofing admixture for increasing life span of cementitious materials, due to its non-vulnerability to deterioration, which is common to traditional surface coating solutions. Therefore, nano silicon was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and surface Zeta potential. The Central Composite Design (CCD) tool was adopted to plan the experiment and further used to model the relationship between experimental variables and experimental response. The model was found to be nonlinear quadratic based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Also, the validity of the model was evaluated and found to have accurate prediction with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.62%. The optimum mix ratio necessary to increase resistance to capillary water absorption was established at a nano silicon dosage of 6.6% by weight of cement and w/c of 0.42. In conclusion, the overall results indicate that resistance to capillary water absorption was increased by 62%. Furthermore, while gas permeability was reduced by 31%, on the other hand, volume of water permeable voids decreased by 10%.

This study investigates the viability of utilizing sewage treatment plant sludge in brick production to address waste management challenges. Sludge, a by-product of sewage treatment, poses significant disposal issues due to its high treatment costs and environmental risks. By incorporating varying proportions of sludge (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by dry weight) into clay bricks, the research aims to create an economical solution. Results indicate that bricks with up to 40% sludge content meet technical standards; however, those exceeding 30% sludge exhibit brittleness and color inconsistencies, rendering them unsuitable for use. Nevertheless, the study underscores the potential for sludgeincorporated bricks to alleviate disposal problems and facilitate cost-effective construction, albeit with careful quality control considerations.

Precast concrete structures in Iran are generally designed as continuous columns with hinged beams, thereby making them simple frames. In this system in site show walls in two directions of buildings guaranteed lateral resisting system. However, in order to obtain a seismic resisting frame, the connection between beam and column should be moment resisting and ductile, allowing the formation of plastic hinges at these connections as well as at the column base. In this paper, experimental tests were conducted for precast concrete elements with modified beam-column connection under cyclic load. The precast connection considered for this study was a semi precast beam with welded longitudinal bars to embedded plate into beam where the beam is connected to corbel with welding embedded plated to plate on the corbel. According to the results, the connection shows suitable performance until drift of 2.75% in terms of stiffness, damping and moment resistance.

Crack detection is one of the critical tasks in health monitoring and inspection of civil engineering structures. The existence of major cracks may have detrimental effects on the integrity and performance of structures that need full consideration. Recent research into crack identification has shown an increasing interest in vision-based automated techniques, employing deep-learning computational methods such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, the wide range of real-world situations (e.g. camera or subject motion, misfocus, mist, and fog) can significantly compromise the accuracy of CNN-based crack identification due to a mismatched dataset in training and testing. Therefore, this study aims to establish an intelligent identification model using deep CNNs to automatically detect concrete cracks from real-world images. Moreover, the efficiency of the algorithm in identifying cracks based on blurred images in the training and validation dataset was investigated. The original dataset is replicated into various blurriness levels and split into eight different crack image sub-datasets. CNN models were trained and crack identification was carried out using different levels of image blurriness. The classification performance of the trained CNN was assessed using the concrete crack image dataset taken around Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Sensitivity studies were also conducted to investigate the efficiency of the CNN method to identify damage under various image parameters. The results showed that the subset with the combination of sharp and slight blurriness level (blurriness Level 1) reached the highest training accuracy of 98.20%, and the network trained with blurriness Level 1 alone had the best accuracy, precision, and F1 score performance over eight training subsets. Moreover, the robustness of the networks was examined and verified under four different situations, which are; lighting, crack width, colour structures, and camera shooting angle conditions. It was observed that the presence of blurred images in the training dataset can enhance the CNN crack detection performance while high shooting angle and uneven illumination has a negative effect on the accuracy of the proposed CNN.

Важной и неотъемлемой частью рамных крепей является межрамное ограждение, предназначенное для выполнения грузонесущих и изолирующих функций. Отказы затяжек в выработке приводят к обрушению пород между рамами, потере устойчивости выработки, травматизму подземных рабочих, аварийности на рудничном транспорте и другим негативным последствиям. Недостаточная работоспособность межрамных ограждений ограничивает применение в сложных условиях усиленных конструкций рам с оптимальным шагом установки, что снижает эффективность их применения. Наиболее полная классификация по функциям подразделяет ограждения на несущие, изолирующие и комбинированного назначения. В подготовительных выработках угольных шахт обычно используют несущие конструкции -затяжки, которые могут быть жесткими (железобетонные конструкции), полуэластичными (деревянные, металлические и полимерные конструкции) и эластичными (металлическая сетка, рулонная стеклоткань) Одними из первых полуэластичных стальных межрамных ограждений появились сварные решетчатые затяжки из полосовой стали, которые работают в режиме, близком к жесткому. Их установка на крепь проста и не требует специальных мер по соединению соседних затяжек между собой. Затяжки не повреждаются при транспортировании и монтаже, имеют повышенную несущую способность на единицу веса, благодаря малой площади ячеек между полосами практически предотвращают просыпь мелкой породы из закрепного пространства. С целью снижения материалоемкости и стоимости обычно решетчатые затяжки изготавливают из прутков (арматурной стали), варьируя размеры ячеек, длину и ширину затяжки. Последние представляют собой сварную сетку из продольных прутков диаметром 5-12 мм с загнутыми под углом 30-60° концами и поперечных прутков диаметром 3-5 мм. Размер ячеек между прутками изменялся в пределах (50...80) х (180...250) мм. Длина затяжки рассчитана на стандартный шаг крепи 0,5, 0,75 и 1 м. В решетчатых затяжках весьма важную роль играет их соединение между собой или с рамами крепи. Соединение решетчатых затяжек является их слабым местом, поэтому при монтаже решетчатая затяжка из-за неправильной установки теряет свою несущую способность в 2-3 раза. Типичными случаями повреждения систем затяжки являются: brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

The major aim of this experimental study is to evaluate the engineering properties of ultralightweight foamed concrete produced using the pre-foamed method. Four ultra-lightweight foamed concrete mixtures were designed with the target dry densities of 500, 600, 700, and 800 kg/m3 corresponding to the foam contents of 7.1, 5.3, 4.2 and 2.7%. It is noted that the foam was prepared prior to be used by a foam generator using the foaming agent/water ratio of 1/40. Local materials sourced from Southern Vietnam, including PC40 Portland cement, fly ash, slag, stone powder, superplasticizer, and water were used for this study. All of the ultra-lightweight foamed concrete samples were prepared in the laboratory for the tests of compressive strength, water absorption, dry density, drying shrinkage, and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the microstructure of the ultra-lightweight foamed concrete samples was also observed using a scanning electron microscope. Cost analysis was also performed to further evaluate the potential application of the ultralightweight foamed concrete in real practice. Test results show that foam content affected the engineering properties of the ultra-lightweight foamed concrete samples significantly. The increase in foam content resulted in increasing water absorption and drying shrinkage while decreasing compressive strength, dry density, thermal conductivity, and cost. A poorer microstructure was also observed at the ultra-lightweight foamed concrete samples containing more foam. The ultra-lightweight foamed concrete samples with dry densities ranging from 500 – 800 kg/m3 obtained the compressive strength, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and
cost in the ranges of 0.78 – 6.88 MPa, 30.7 – 85.8%, 0.103 − 0.231 Wm/K, and 407000 – 693000 VND/m3, respectively. Thus, properties of the ultra-lightweight foamed concrete samples conformed well to the official
Vietnamese standard requirements, except for the D500 sample.

Nowadays, the generation of waste at construction sites has increased and has become uncontrollable because of environmental problems and loss of profit to the contractor. The lack of real data or research on such wastes is due to lack of suitable policies regarding this issue. The actions of the contractor are not controlled by rules on this issue. This situation leads to lack of action or awareness on the contractor's side. We aimed to determine the types of waste at construction sites and to identify a suitable method for quantification of each type of waste generated. The methodology used in this study involves site observations, interviews with the site personnel, and sampling at three different housing construction sites. We identify seven main types of materials, as follows: concrete, wood or timber, steel, bricks, mosaic, roof tiles and roof trusses. The most suitable materials or wastes are bricks, mosaic, roof tiles and roof trusses. The weights of these wastes can be calculated. For other materials, such as steel, concrete and wood, the estimation method is proposed for weight calculation. Due to their bigger sizes, steel, concrete, and wood are difficult to handle. The Waste Generation Rates for the application of the weight method on materials is also presented. By implementing the method, the reliable amount of waste generated is determined.

Based on ACI 306R-88, the minimum temperature necessary for maintaining concretehydration and strength gaining is 50C. If the atmosphere weather becomes lower than 50Csome preserve measurements should be taken in order to prevent decrease in the rate ofhydration and to prevent fresh concrete from freezing. Most of the cold weather livingcountries spend annually plenty of money in order to facilitate concrete placing in the coldweather and to extend the construction season. It has been tried to carry out the behavior of fresh and hardened concrete contained calcium nitrate at different curing temperatures below freezing temperature of water and compare the results with the both control samples and real Erzurum winter conditions. For this reason, calcium nitrate is used at level of 6% by weightof cement dosage in the mixes. After casting, one group of concrete samples were cured in the different deepfreezes at -5,-10,-15,-200C for 7, and then that same samples were cured inwater for 2...

Masonry structures occupied more than 60% of the total building stock in Nepal. The majority of construction in rural areas are based on adobe and stone masonry whereas brick masonry is quite popular in urban areas in Nepal. English bond is extensively used for load bearing masonry structures. However, an extensive literature review noted that the mechanical properties of the masonry bonds in the areas are still not well identified. So, experimental investigations are necessary to understand the mechanical behaviour of masonry bond used in the masonry structure. To this end, an experimental study was performed for the characterization of newly developed Rat-trap bond and traditional English bond used in masonry structures in Nepal. For this, test specimen of model masonry wall was developed with predetermined size of aforementioned bonds. The specimen of wall was tested in Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to determine compressive strength of the masonry wall. The results from the experimental work were analyzed using the standard statistical tools. The outcomes of the study were expressed in terms of strength level, cost and amount of embedded energy consumption. From the result analyses, it was highlighted that Rat trap bond saved 32.62% energy level and 24.64% cost as compared to traditional English bond during construction. The status of compressive strength and diagonal failure patterns were also highlighted in this research.

Pembangunan gedung-gedung tinggi yang direncankan perlu mempertimbangkan beberapa faktor salah satunya adalah keamanan.Semakin tinggi suatu gedung maka resiko untuk menahan gaya lateral, terutama akibat beban gempa semakin besar pula maka perlu adanya pembangunan gedung yang tahan terhadap gempa.Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan telah memunculkan salah satu solusi untuk meningkatkan kinerja struktur bangunan tingkat tinggi yaitu dengan pemasangan dinding geser. Dinding geser dipasang untuk menambah kekakuan struktur dan menyerap gaya geser yang besar. Dinding geser juga berfungsi sebagai dinding utama untuk menahan gaya horisontal yang diakibatkan oleh gempa. Dinding geser adalah elemen lentur dan tekan aksial Pada penulisan Tugas Akhir ini adalah dinding geser berangkai, dinding geser yang ditinjau dari gedung 7 lantai yang berfungsi sebagai Hotel. Perencanaan difokuskan untuk menentukkan dimensi dinding geser dan balok perangkai, menganalisa tulangan tranversal dan tulangan longitudin...

Aggregate in concrete is structural filler, which occupies the most of the volume of the concrete The composition, shape and size of the aggregate have significant impact on the workability, durability, strength, weight and shrinkage of the concrete. In recent period some of the aggregates are chemically active and also that certain aggregates exhibit chemical bond at the interface of aggregate and paste. Aggregate occupy 60-80% of the volume of concrete is considerable. The utilization of fly ash in concrete as partial replacement of cement is gaining immense importance today, mainly on account of the improvement in the long term durability of concrete combined with ecological benefits. Three grades of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are 33,43 and 53 as classified by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) are commonly used in construction industry. The main variable investigated in this study is variation of fly ash dosage in 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The compressive strength, durability and shrinkage of concrete were mainly studied. The fly ash is collected in Mettur Thermal Power Plant. Then the cement and fly ash proportions of 12.5:87.5, 15:85 and 17.5:82.5 will be adopted to get fly ash aggregates. The particle size distribution, specific gravity, bulk density, impact test on aggregate will be conducted. For the plain concrete and fly ash aggregate concrete of beams (Plain concrete and RCC beams), cubes and cylinders will be cast. All the specimens will be cured in a curing tank. The Ductility test and compressive strength test will be conducted on these plain and fly ash aggregate concrete specimens.

In the process of manufacturing of concrete sand is the most commonly used fine aggregate. The main sources for the natural sand are river beds. These characteristic assets are getting depleted because of over abuse and defilement by chemicals and waste from nearby industries. The waste generated from the demolition of existing structures for various reasons causes great concern and ecological issues. In this project our main objective is to study the influence of partial replacement of F.A with recycled fine aggregate and to compare it with the compressive strength and workability of high strength M60 concrete. We are also trying to replace the various percentages of recycled fine aggregate to study the tendency of the Characteristic strength of concrete.

In the process of manufacturing of concrete sand is the most commonly used fine aggregate. The main sources for the natural sand are river beds. These characteristic assets are getting depleted because of over abuse and defilement by chemicals and waste from nearby industries. The waste generated from the demolition of existing structures for various reasons causes great concern and ecological issues. In this project our main objective is to study the influence of partial replacement of F.A with recycled fine aggregate and to compare it with the compressive strength and workability of high strength M60 concrete. We are also trying to replace the various percentages of recycled fine aggregate to study the tendency of the Characteristic strength of concrete.

Concrete is one of the most extensively used construction material in the world and the mineral aggregates used to make the concrete are a finite resource, which is fast dwindling. On the other hand, Waste tyre treatment is now a serious global threat. Waste tyre dumping, disposal of these materials or burning these tyres cause serious environmental and health problems. The public, governments and industry are all greatly interested in green environment and engineering approaches towards better sustainable development. At the same time, these studies can help to make the environment clean and minimize waste. An emerging use is the production of concrete, in which rubber tyre particles Partially replace natural coarse aggregates. One of the solutions suggested is the use of tyre rubber aggregates as additive in cement based material. Waste tyres are cut into small pellets of size matching the nominal aggregate size and are used to replace the coarse aggregate used in concrete. For comparative analysis, concrete mix of M20 grade is prepared for various concrete mixes by varying percentage replacement of mineral coarse aggregates by 4, 6, and 8 rubber aggregates and the mechanical properties of rubber concrete are compared with that of conventional concrete. Different combinations of crumb rubber with traditional coarse aggregate were evaluated based on compression strength and flexural strength tests were conducted according to Indian Standard.

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the polypropylene fibre reinforced fly ash concrete RC beams under flexure. The variables of study include the polypropylene fibre content (0.2 % & 0.4%). The polypropylene fibre and 10% of Fly ash as cement replacement are incorporated in all the concrete mix proportions considered in this study. The experimental test results showed that the compressive strength of concrete increases with the increasing percentage of fibre. The flexural strength of polypropylene fibre reinforced fly ash concrete beams increased considerably than the control concrete beams. Key Words: polypropylene fibres; fly ash; deflection; flexural strength; RC beams I. INTRODUCTION Concrete has been widely used in civil engineering applications with its high compressive strength, low cost and abundant raw material. But common concrete has some shortcomings, for example, low tensile and flexural strength, poor toughness, high brittleness, and so on that restrict its application. To overcome these deficiencies, additional materials are added to improve the performance of concrete. Fibre reinforced concrete is a composite material that has been developed in recent years. It has been successfully used in construction with its excellent flexural tensile strength, permeability and so on. Short fibres have been known and used for centuries to reinforced brittle material like cement or masonry bricks. At that time, fibres were natural fibres, such as horse hair, straw, etc. Now, days numerous fibre types are available for commercial uses, the basic types begin steel, glass, synthetic materials (polypropylene, carbon, nylon, etc.) and some natural fibres. Fibre-reinforcement is predominantly used for crack control and not structural strengthening. Although the concept of reinforcing brittle materials with fibres is quite old, the recent interest in reinforcing cementbased materials with randomly distributed fibres is quite old; the recent interest in reinforcing cement based materials with randomly distributed fibres is based on research starting in the 1960's. Since then, there have been substantial research and development activities throughout the world. It has been established that the addition of randomly distributed polypropylene fibres to brittle cement based materials can increase their fracture toughness and ductility Several investigations were performed to investigate the flexural response of polypropylene fibre reinforced fly ash concrete members. J. J. Raju and J. John studied the strength properties of high volume fly ash concrete with fibres at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% of cement and with 60 % fly ash replacement with cement. It was found that fibre addition had increased compressive strength by 12.5% over control mix. V. K. Singh and D. Kumar investigated the fibre content variation from 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7 % by weight of concrete with 75% glass fibre and 25 % polypropylene fibre. The results showed that compressive strength of concrete increased with addition of fibres in M25 grade. For better results 0.5% addition of fibres was optimum. J. P. Mehul and S. M. Kulkarni used fibrillated polypropylene fibre in percentages of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% in high strength concrete with super plasticizer. It was observed that the compressive strength of concrete increased with addition of fibres.

Brick is one of the most important masonry unit as a building material due to its properties. Many attempts have been made to incorporate wastes into the production of bricks. In this paper we experimentally describe the recycling of the waste products like STP Sludge and Fly ash by incorporating them into bricks. It is a practical solution for problems like cost expenditure on waste management and its effect on environment. The STP sludge and Fly ash is extremely close to brick clay in chemical composition so, it could be a potential substitute for clay bricks. The sewage treatment process generates a sludge that must be disposed-off in an environmentally sound manner. The sludge generated in most of the treatment systems around the world is discharged into the nearest watercourse. Among all disposal options, the use of sludge in producing constructional elements is considered to be the most economic and environmentally sound option. This paper reviews the recycle of sewage treatment plant sludge and Fly ash against fired clay bricks. Bricks so formed have adequate crushing strength, hardness and water absorption.

The design and construction of modern, globally upgraded and seismically safe industrial hall systems (SSIH Systems) is currently viewed as an activity of extraordinary importance since these structures most frequently house new advanced and robotically conceptualized industrial machines and equipment, whose value multiply exceeds the value of the integral structures. The SSIH systems are of vital importance because it is only by their practical application that efficient and continuous functioning of important production industrial systems and compounds is provided. The achieved safety margins, the actual seismic performances and the present limitations of the used pin-based floor-beam column connections of the existing precast N-system were integrally confirmed by the original results obtained from the conducted experimental tests of the constructed connection prototype models. The precast N-system is commonly used for intensive construction of large industrial structures in diffe...

h i g h l i g h t s Amorphous carbon powder (ACP) is a hydrophobic by-product material from refining waste sewage. ACP effects on durability of cementitious composites were investigated. ACP is compatible with cementitious composites and could reduce their wettability. ACP can be used to produce an environmentally friendly concrete with longer life service.

The quality and type of coarse aggregate have a direct impact on the strength of concrete. As a result, four distinct types of coarse aggregates, including ones depending on shape, were used in this investigation. They contain coarse aggregates with a maximum size of 20 mm that are rounded, irregular, angular, and flaky in appearance. The concrete mixes were designed using the DoE method of mix design with a target compressive strength of 25 MPa at 28 days. After a 7-, 14-, and 28-day curing period, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete mixes were assessed. The findings demonstrated that all coarse aggregate kinds of concrete achieved the desired mean strength after 7 days of curing. Due to the interlocking of the aggregates, concrete with irregular coarse aggregate had the maximum compressive strength, followed by concrete with angular aggregate, flaky aggregate, and concrete with round aggregate. Round, irregular, angular, and flaky concrete all had flexural strengths of 2.51, 3.65, 3.45, and 2.76 MPA at 28 days, respectively. This means that, similar to the compressive strength, the flexural strength of irregular aggregate concrete was highest and round aggregate concrete had the lowest values. Therefore, it was determined that particles' internal structure, surface nature, and form significantly affect concrete strength.

Adding different types of fiber is one of the most common ways to enhance high strength concrete's mechanical behavior. In this paper, the effect of the loading rate and different type of fibers including glass, polypropylene, and steel were studied using the semi-circular bending (SCB) test method. It was evaluated that the SCB test can be used as a rapid and simple method to measure fracture properties of fiber reinforced high strength concrete (HSC) including ductility, energy absorption, and loading capacity by considering the effect of the loading rate on the parameters mentioned above. Specimens with glass fibers showed the most ductile behavior among all specimens with different types of fiber. On the other hand, steel fibers provided higher strength and higher energy absorption among the specimens. While specimens with steel fibers are highly sensitive to the loading rate in terms of peak load, this effect is not significant for specimens with glass and polypropylene fibers.

Building is one ofthe most widespread human activities, as it involves a far greater number of people and professional profiles than all other industries and absorbs about half of world energyconsumption. Its multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary naturemakes thed esign-construction process, as well as the building product,increasingly complex. It is thus always moredifficult, with usual design methods and efficiently to obtain correctly designed solutions and to favour creativity, while respecting assigned time schedules and budgets.These are very well known problems, on which abundant efforts and resources have been spent in pursuit of an efficient solution. One generally agreed solutioni s efficient collaboration among the design actors, although all the forms and tools proposed hitherto do not allow all the difficulties embedded in the problem itself to be overcome.The great potentialities of the new media are considered to be crucialfor the resolution ofthe previously mentioned problem, although, until now,this approach has raised new problems than it has solved the old ones. To provide a more efficient collaboration amonga ll the actors involved in the design process,this paper presents a model of the structure ofthe buildingd esign process based on the Collaborative WorkEnvironment paradigm that allows us to define a systems upporting integrated buildingd esign. Its philosophy is to follow through the actual designp rocess in order to allow actors to behave as they are accustomed. Its structurerelies on the dialectics among distributed knowledge bases and a shared (and agreed) one, while the designs olution workspace on its turn can be conceived so as subdivided into a private one, specific to any actor, and one shared among them. Human actors are supported by intelligent assistants. The system semantically translates the information exchanged (bothformally and informally) among the actors, allows incoherent/favourable situations to be highlighted and managed in real time, and can facilitate the onset and dissemination ofc reative ideas. System implementation has preliminarily beenp resented asa game, in order to avoid unnecessary complexity while retaininggenerality, so thatcan be used asan e-learning tool.

This study aims to determine the difference in structural beam design using SNI 2847-2002, SNI 2847-2013 and SNI 2847-2019 by comparing the bending and shear reinforcement in the case study of the Faculty of Health Sciences Building, University of Borneo Tarakan. The results of the comparisons include: the maximum reinforcement ratio at SNI 2847-2013 and 2019 is around 16,667% smaller than SNI 2847-2002, the flexural capacity of the beam design results from SNI 2847-2013 and 2019 increases by about 12.5% compared to SNI 2847-2002, The shear capacity of concrete (Vc) designed with SNI 2847-2013 and 2019 increased by about 2% compared to SNI 2847-2002, as well as the design shear capacity of the accumulated concrete and shear reinforcement designed by SNI 2847-2013 and 2019 increased no more than 1% compared to SNI 2847-2002.

In this research work, the mechanical strength of crushed stone aggregate fractions for road pavement construction in Western Nigeria was assessed. Samples of crushed stone aggregates were collected from nine (9) representative quarries spread across the states in Western Nigeria.The physical and mechanical properties of the aggregates were evaluated. The results were then compared with the specifications in international standards (BS and ASTM Standards). All the aggregate samples met the required limit for Loose Density, Water Absorption, Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) and Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) tests. Aggregates samples from Samchase, Kopek, CCECC and SaliwaYetidipe quarries have flakiness indices exceeding the permissible limit (29.5%, 25.7%, 27.9% and 34.5% respectively). Hi-Tech and Western quarries samples have elongation indices of 44.5% and 40.3% respectively which are higher than the permissible limit. The two samples that failed Aggregate Abrasion Value test (AAV) a...

The EU funded collaborative research project STREAMER aims on Energy-efficient Buildings (EeB), focusing on mixed-use healthcare districts. Besides innovations in EeB technology, special emphasis is laid on improving methodologies and tools used in the design process of new or retrofitted hospital buildings. STREAMER follows a model-based, holistic approach by integrating design data on both building and district level. Advanced ICT methods like Semantic Web, Ontologies, Parametric Modelling or Knowledge Based Systems, will be reviewed, adapted, and improved to use them during the energy-efficient-buildings design process. The project not only aims on developing theoretical concepts, but also on practical case studies: based on already existing software, a number of interoperable software tools shall be developed and evaluated in four demonstration projects. The paper describes the system architecture and provides a functional spectrum of the design tools, focusing on interoperability issues.

The detection of physical damage in buildings is a critical task in ensuring the safety and integrity of structures. In this study, the effectiveness of deep learning methods for detecting physical damage in buildings, specifically focusing on cracks, defects, moisture, and undamaged classes was investigated. Transfer learning methods, including VGG16, GoogLeNet, and ResNet50, were used to classify a dataset of 7200 images. The dataset was split into training, validation, and testing sets, and the performance of the models was evaluated by using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Results show that all three models achieved high accuracy on the test set, with VGG16 and ResNet50 outperforming GoogLeNet. Additionally, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics indicate strong performance across all classes, with VGG16 and ResNet50 achieving particularly high scores. It is demonstrated the effectiveness of deep learning methods for physical damage detection in build...

Using recycled wastes and industrial by-products in construction materials has become mandatory to conserve the natural resources and manage waste-disposal environmental problems. This experimental work investigates the workability and strength properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC), utilizing slag powder and finely ground recycled concrete waste as the partial substitutes for cement and quartz sand, respectively. The results for the slump flow, flexural strength, compressive strength, split-tensile strength were analysed for varying contents of the recycled concrete waste in RPC, i.e., (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) % and a constant slag-powder addition of 20 %. Furthermore, water absorption of the hardened specimens of 28 d of curing was also examined. The results indicated a rise in the water absorption and reduced workability with the increase in the content of recycled concrete in RPC. This was due to porous inter-particle voids in recycled concrete wastes. The strength properties of RPC exhibited superior performance for the substitution of 15 % of quartz sand with recycled concrete waste. A low water-cement ratio and a steel-fibre addition to RPC play an important role in the strength development and durability properties of RPC.

Coal fly ash, an industrial by product of coal combustion thermal power plants is considered as a hazardous material and its improper disposal has become an environmental issue. On the other hand, manufacturing conventional clay bricks involves on consumption of large amount of clay and leads substantial depletion of topsoil. This paper unveils the possibility of using fly ash as a partial replacement of clay for brick manufacturing considering the local technology practiced in Bangladesh. The effect of fly ash with different replacing ratio (0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by volume) of clay on properties of bricks was studied. Bricks were made in the field parallel to ordinary bricks marked with specific number for different percentage to identify them at time of testing. No physical distortion is observed in fly ash brick after burning in the kiln. Results from laboratory test show that compressive strength of brick is decreased with the increase of fly ash and maximum compressive str...

For a construction project to be deemed acceptable, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of materials during both the design and construction stages. It is important to evaluate the financial feasibility and the societal and ecological consequences of a project. During the first design phase, consideration of potential alternative sites and a preliminary evaluation of appropriate construction materials are undertaken. The selection of the optimal structural form and material is contingent upon several aspects, such as cost, physical characteristics, longevity, and material accessibility. In modern times, investors and engineers are seeking robust, lightweight, and cost-effective materials to construct sustainable structures. In recent years, numerous new materials have been developed, and there are still many inventors actively searching for novel materials and alternative approaches. Engineers are utilizing the properties of materials to develop a new environmentally friendly construction project. Revolutionary technologies have improved the majority of newly developed sustainable construction materials in both their production and application, outperforming many conventional construction materials. These advancements have rendered numerous conventional construction materials more economically viable, environmentally sustainable, and technologically robust. Additionally, the subsequent approach and technologies aid in reducing the impact of climate change. The presented paper offers an overview of conventional construction materials that aid us in developing innovative construction materials for mitigating climate change. These materials include sand, brick, timber, and water. Traditional construction materials are commonly used in construction projects. In this discussion, we will explore the characteristics of materials, including many types of traditional materials, as well as their purposes and functions. The composition of the substance can differ depending on the local climate, atmospheric pressure, and mostly the topography.

Improving the efficiency of the project management process in Ninh Binh province, Vietnam is very necessary at the moment, it contributes to promoting the development of the province not only in the construction sector but also affects many other aspects. Each other's lives in the province in general and also contribute to the development of the country in particular. The article describes some outstanding issues in the management of construction costs at the management board of agricultural investment and rural development in Ninh Binh province and identifies factors affecting the management of projects. Thereby the resulting research suggests solutions to improve the management to help projects be carried out smoothly, without many obstacles in the construction process. As a result, the management board can decide the best solutions to manage the best project which contributes to improving socio-economic life, and help Ninh Binh province develop more and more.

h i g h l i g h t s Early-age shrinkage and tensile creep of geopolymer concrete were tested. Curing conditions affect the tensile creep and shrinkage of geopolymer concrete. Higher curing temperature leads to less tensile creep and shrinkage strains. Heat-cured geopolymer concrete has low risk of early-age cracking.

For a construction project to be deemed acceptable, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of materials during both the design and construction stages. It is important to evaluate the financial feasibility and the societal and ecological consequences of a project. During the first design phase, consideration of potential alternative sites and a preliminary evaluation of appropriate construction materials are undertaken. The selection of the optimal structural form and material is contingent upon several aspects, such as cost, physical characteristics, longevity, and material accessibility. In modern times, investors and engineers are seeking robust, lightweight, and cost-effective materials to construct sustainable structures. In recent years, numerous new materials have been developed, and there are still many inventors actively searching for novel materials and alternative approaches. Engineers are utilizing the properties of materials to develop a new environmentally friendly construction project. Revolutionary technologies have improved the majority of newly developed sustainable construction materials in both their production and application, outperforming many conventional construction materials. These advancements have rendered numerous conventional construction materials more economically viable, environmentally sustainable, and technologically robust. Additionally, the subsequent approach and technologies aid in reducing the impact of climate change. The presented paper offers an overview of conventional construction materials that aid us in developing innovative construction materials for mitigating climate change. These materials include sand, brick, timber, and water. Traditional construction materials are commonly used in construction projects. In this discussion, we will explore the characteristics of materials, including many types of traditional materials, as well as their purposes and functions. The composition of the substance can differ depending on the local climate, atmospheric pressure, and mostly the topography.

Flexible road pavements deteriorate primarily due to traffic and adverse environmental conditions. Cracking is the most common deterioration mechanism; the surveying thereof is typically conducted manually using internationally defined classification standards. In South Africa, the use of high-definition video images has been introduced, which allows for safer road surveying. However, surveying is still a tedious manual process. Automation of the detection of defects such as cracks would allow for faster analysis of road networks and potentially reduce human bias and error. This study performs a comparison of six state-of-the-art convolutional neural network models for the purpose of crack detection. The models are pretrained on the ImageNet dataset, and fine-tuned using a new real-world binary crack dataset consisting of 14000 samples. The effects of dataset augmentation are also investigated. Of the six models trained, five achieved accuracy above 97%. The highest recorded accuracy was 98%, achieved by the ResNet and VGG16 models.

The quality control of concrete is the most important issue in achieving its desired strength and durability.The principal aim of the study was to investigate the existing practices on the quality control of concrete production in Dhaka city. In doing so the key factors involved quality control of concrete production were identified. Various questions on the factors that affect quality control of concrete production were prepared for the purpose of this study. A total of forty five construction sites were visited at different location in Dhaka city and relevant data were collected. During the survey the necessary information was collected by eye observation, asking question to the site engineer and from written documents kept in the site. The survey results have shown that in Dhaka city most of the concrete production companies are neither aware of the key factors nor following the quality control of concrete. Eventually, an inferior quality of concrete is being achieved in Dhaka ci...

The detection of physical damage in buildings is a critical task in ensuring the safety and integrity of structures. In this study, the effectiveness of deep learning methods for detecting physical damage in buildings, specifically focusing on cracks, defects, moisture, and undamaged classes was investigated. Transfer learning methods, including VGG16, GoogLeNet, and ResNet50, were used to classify a dataset of 7200 images. The dataset was split into training, validation, and testing sets, and the performance of the models was evaluated by using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Results show that all three models achieved high accuracy on the test set, with VGG16 and ResNet50 outperforming GoogLeNet. Additionally, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics indicate strong performance across all classes, with VGG16 and ResNet50 achieving particularly high scores. It is demonstrated the effectiveness of deep learning methods for physical damage detection in build...

Detection and measurement of cracks in asphalt pavement is one of the important tasks in transport industry to determine the quality of the pavement and submit repair requirements. In recent years, computer vision algorithms have been increasingly used to automate the solution of this problem. Therefore, researchers are faced with the acute issue of improving the accuracy of segmentation algorithms, since the safety of people depends on the timely detection of defects on the road. In this paper, ensemble methods based on Choquet and Sugeno fuzzy integrals are proposed to combine the scores of three pre-trained deep learning models: ResNet50, DenseNet169, and InceptionV3. We tested the proposed methods on a public dataset and compared the results with already-used popular ensemble methods.

This paper presents a computer-aided cytology diagnosis system designed for animals, focusing on image quality assessment (IQA) using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The system's building blocks are tailored to seamlessly integrate IQA, ensuring reliable performance in disease classification. We extensively investigate the CNN's ability to handle various image variations and scenarios, analyzing the impact on detecting low-quality input data. Additionally, the network's capacity to differentiate valid cellular samples from those with artifacts is evaluated. Our study employs a ResNet18 network architecture and explores the effects of input sizes and cropping strategies on model performance. The research sheds light on the significance of CNN-based IQA in computer-aided cytology diagnosis for animals, enhancing the accuracy of disease classification.

Aggregates constitute more than 90% of concrete and significantly determine the strength of concrete. In this study, the shape characteristics such as flakiness and elongation were determined using elongation and thickness gauge. The aggregate used for the study is granite. Aggregate crushing value and aggregate impact value tests were performed on the aggregate while slump test, water absorption test, compressive strength test and flexural strength test were carried out on concrete. A total of one hundred and thirty-two concrete cubes were produced using 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 mix each for the compressive strength test and forty-eight reinforced concrete beams were produced for flexural strength test. The slump for all the samples tested was examined to be true. The compressive strength of the concrete cube was greatly affected by the shape of aggregate used and it was noted that; for lower percentage of flaky and elongated aggregate the compressive strength is moderately high compared to when the percentage is high. The highest obtained compressive strength, 15N/mm 2 is in compliance with the concrete compressive strength of normal 1:2:4 mix as stipulated in ASTM C109, Also, with 30% of elongated aggregate and 30% of flaky, the flexural strength of 7.03 N/mm 2 was obtained. This shows that aggregate shape is a very important property of coarse aggregate that must be put into consideration in production of quality concrete for construction works.

Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas segala berkat dan rahmat-Nya yang telah memberikan kemudahan dan kelancaran dalam penyusunan skripsi ini. Judul skripsi ini adalah "DESAIN STRUKTUR ATAS GEDUNG INTEGRATED LABORATORY FOR SCIENCE POLICY AND COMMUNICATIONUNIVERSITAS NEGERI JEMBER MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM RANGKA PEMIKUL MOMEN KHUSUS (SRPMK)". Adapun tujuan dari penyusunan skripsi ini untuk memenuhi persyaratan dalam

Alum sludge produced in large amounts from the drinking water treatment plants (WTP) as a result of using aluminium sulphate as a primary coagulant. The sludge disposed during the various water treatment processes can be a major concern for (WTP). A large quantity of sludge is generated each year from those water treatment plants in Egypt. Disposing the sludge to the nearest watercourse is the common practice in Egypt, which accumulatively rise the aluminum concentrations in water and consequently in human bodies. Disposal of sludge in a way that is economically and environmentally sustainable is a major challenge faced by WTPs around the globe. In this study, the alum sludge generated during water treatment was used as a partial substitute for brick manufacturing process. In this study, different series of sludge and cement proportioning ratios were studied, which exclusively involved the addition of sludge with ratios of 5 to 30 % of the total weight of brick mixture. In this paper, the physical and mechanical properties of sludge-cement bricks, such as loss on ignition (LOI), water absorption, and compressive strength, are investigated. The results from this study indicate that alum sludge could be used as a partial substitute in commercial cement bricks to a maximum of 30% without compromising the strength of the bricks.