Building Physics

This report is one of five deliverables related to WP6 'Development and evaluation of guidelines and web-based preliminary assessment tool'. The prime objective of WP6 is to develop and to assess written and web-based guidelines and a web tool (including a feasibility study of possible input and output data) for renovation of historic buildings with internal insulation. This deliverable contains the written guidelines, referring to Task 6.1, consisting of a guideline for setting the goal of applying internal insulation (Section 3), a guideline for deciding whether a building is suitable for internal insulation (Section 4), a guideline for selecting an internal insulation system (Section 5) and a guideline for evaluating the energy saving potential and the environmental impact (Section 6). The written guidelines are also made accessible through a web-site, described in deliverable D6.3.

This paper reviews a simulation study about Phase Change Materials (PCM) incorporated in building materials, particularly in passive applications. Due to the phase change these materials can store higher amounts of thermal energy than traditional building materials and can be used to add thermal inertia to a lightweight construction without adding physical mass. Thermal and mechanical properties of the used PCMs are presented in the paper. Thermal simulations were performed to study the optimal distribution of this material inside a building. A simulation study using WUFI®plus and EnergyPlus was carried out on PCM plaster, investigating various fusion temperatures of the PCM during day and night in hot weather conditions. The PCM effect during the heating season is also investigated. It was shown that the use of PCMs have advantages for cooling demand and building applications stabilizing room temperature variations during summer days, provided sufficient night ventilation is availa...

In the present study, a two-dimensional (2D), nonlinear, and pseudo-homogeneous mathematical model of a fixed-bed catalytic reactor with an integrated membrane for the methane steam reforming over a nickelbased catalyst is developed. A permselective Pd based membrane is used in order to remove hydrogen from the reaction zone and shift the equilibrium towards hydrogen production thus enabling the achievement of a high methane conversion. The nickel-based catalyst allows for significantly low operating temperatures (less than 550 o C) than conventional methane reforming. The necessary heat for the initiation and preservation of the reactions is supplied to the reactor through an external source. The mathematical model is based on rigorous mass, energy, and momentum balances, where both axial and radial gradients of mass and temperature are fully considered. Hydrogen flux through the membrane is calculated by Sieverts law where the driving force is the hydrogen partial pressure difference between the two sides of the membrane. Results referring to the distribution of species and methane conversion along the reactor and temperature and hydrogen flowrate along the reactor for different radial positions are obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis on the effect of different wall temperatures (500 o C, and 550 o C) and operating pressures (1, 5, and 10 atm) show that in a membrane reactor methane conversion (60.24 % at 10 atm) can reach similar values to that in a traditional reactor (61.21 % at 10 atm and 700 o C) at significantly lower temperatures (550 o C).

This paper introduces an algorithm aimed at optimizing feed-forward control (FFC) tuning to enhance motion settling performance in practical applications. Improved motion settling leads to significant reductions in cycle times, resulting in increased units per hour (UPH) and decreased testing durations. A primary challenge in achieving optimal motion settling is the difficulty researchers face when tuning parameters, especially under rapid motion conditions. This work addresses this challenge by proposing a comprehensive solution that involves measuring motion performance, optimizing FFC tuning using measurement data and the least squares method, and adapting the optimal FFC tuning for variable distance inputs. The results demonstrate near-zero settling times under conditions free from structural vibrations. This algorithm is applicable to a wide range of feedback control designs, motion profiles, and actuator frequency response functions (FRFs).

Nowadays, the construction is one of the main European sectors responsible for the high levels of energy consumption and raw material extraction. Increasingly, the energy consumption from renewable sources and industrial waste reuse are the only ways to minimize these environmental and societal problems. Simultaneous incorporation of phase change materials and fly ash in the mortars increases the energy efficiency and decreases the waste materials landfilled. The development of mortars with phase change materials and fly ash incorporation contributes to a significant improvement of the building comfort parameters and the environmental quality. The phase change materials possess the capability to normalize the temperature flux inside the buildings, using the solar energy as resource. The main purposes of this study were the physical, mechanical, and thermal characterization of mortars with phase change materials and fly ash incorporation. It was concluded that the phase change materi...

Both new and renovated existing buildings will in the future need to be optimized in such a way that can achieve to have nearly no energy use while still providing impeccable indoor climates. Since such buildings can already be assumed to be very well insulated, airtight, and to be equipped with heat recovery systems, one of the next focal points to limiting energy consumption for thermally conditioning the indoor environment will be to possibly reducing the ventilation rate, or to make it in a new way demand controlled. However, this must be done such that it has no have adverse effects on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Annex 68, Indoor Air Quality Design and Control in Low Energy Residential Buildings, is a project under IEA’s Energy Conservation in Buildings and Communities Program (EBC), which will endeavor to investigate how future residential buildings are able to have very high energy performance whilst providing comfortable and healthy indoor environments. New paradigms for deman...

Building energy analyses are very sensitive to external convective heat transfer coefficients so that some researchers have conducted sensitivity calculations and proved that depending on the choice of those coefficients, energy demands estimation values can vary from 20% to 40%. In this context, computational fluid dynamics calculations have been performed to predict convective heat transfer coefficients at the external surfaces of a simple shape low-rise building. Effects of wind velocity and orientation have been analyzed considering four surface-to-air temperature differences. Results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient value strongly depends on the wind velocity, that the wind direction has a notable effect for vertical walls and for roofs and that the surface-to-air temperature difference has a negligible effect for wind velocity higher than 2 m/s. External convective heat transfer coefficient correlations are provided as a function of the wind free stream velocity and wind-to-surface angle.

Solar heating has great potential to displace fossil fuels in agricultural and industrial space heating. The conventional metal transpired solar collectors (mTSC) is highly-efficient but its high cost has impeded its adoption. While the plastic TSC (pTSC) would be less-expensive than the mTSC, it requires perforation. Since a high absorptance, non-woven landscape fabric is widely available and inexpensive, it could be costeffective solar collector. The landscape fabric collector (fTSC) was compared with mTSC (anodized aluminum) and pTSC for temperature rise (T) and efficiency () at two suction velocities (V s ). The mTSC and pTSC had porosity of 1.2% while the fTSC had a porosity of 80%. At 0.047 m/s, the fTSC produced higher average T (by at least 2 °C) and average  (by at least 10%) than the mTSC and pTSC that were similar in performance. At the higher V s of 0.060 m/s, the fTSC slightly outperformed the mTSC while the pTSC had the lowest T and . Superior performance of the fTSC was likely due to lower energy losses than the other two collectors as was indicated by its scanning electron microscope images. Modeling the fTSC as a simplified packed bed may be appropriate and challenges have been identified. Practical scaleup suggestions are provided. The fTSC is the least expensive solar air heater for space heating.

This work is part of the development of local materials such as clay and fiber alfa in the north of Morocco. These materials are abounding, natural and renewable, they have thermal properties very interesting. Our objective is to study the fiber alfa effect on the thermal characteristics of clay based materials. For this reason we mix the clay (chosen as base material) with different percentages of fibers alfa (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%).Then we compare the properties thermo physical of this new material with those of clay only, to motivate the proposal to use this material as insulation in rural construction. This comparison of the energy performance of these two materials will enable us to deduce that the new material is less effusif than clay alone, its lightness exceeds that of clay only, and its use as brick walls should give an energy saving over 30%.

In a society with a high growth rate of comfort, the need to minimize the currently high energy consumption by taking advantage of renewable energy sources arises. The mortars with incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) have the ability to regulate the temperature inside buildings, contributing for an increase in thermal comfort levels and a reduction of the use of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, using only the energy supplied by the sun. Therefore, the application of phase change materials (PCM) comes as a possible solution in an attempt to solve, or at least minimize, the massive energetic consumption related to buildings. This research intends to understand the influence of microcapsules of phase change materials on mortars. The mortars studied in this work are mixed mortars of lime and gypsum. The proportion of PCM is 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. In order to minimize some problems associated with cracking of the mortars, the incorporation of nylon fibers and superplasticizer was tested. A study of mechanical characteristics and some sensitivity tests to qualify the cracking of the fifteen compositions were carried out. It can be concluded that the use of PCM microcapsules in mixed mortars of lime and gypsum can be seen as a viable solution for applications in the construction industry once they present a compromise between their strength and aesthetic appearance. W społeczeństwie o wysokiej stopie wzrostu komfortu, powstaje potrzeba zminimalizownia wysokiego zużycia energii poprzez wykorzystanie źródeł odnawialnych. Zaprawy z zawartością materiałów zmieniających fazę (PCM) posiadają zdolność do regulowania temperatury wewnątrz budynków, przyczyniając się do zwiększenia poziomu komfortu cieplnego i zmniejszenia wykorzystania ogrzewania, wentylacji i klimatyzacji ( HVAC), wykorzystując tylko energię słoneczną. W związku z tym, stosowanie materiałów zmieniających fazę (PCM) może zmniejszać zapotrzebowanie energetyczne budynków. Przedstawione badania miały na celu zrozumienie wpływu mikrokapsułek na przemiany fazowe w zaprawach. Badane zaprawy składały się z wapna i gipsu. Proporcja PCM wynosiła 0%, 10%, 20% i 30% . W celu zminimalizowania niektórych problemów związanych z pękaniem zapraw, wprowadzenie włókna nylonowych i superplastyfikatory. Badanie właściwości mechanicznych i wrażliwości na pękanie przeprowadzono na piętnastu zaprawach. Badania wykazaly, że korzystanie z mikrokapsułek PCM w zaprawach z wapna i gipsu może być realnym rozwiązaniem dla zastosowań w budownictwie.

This paper reviews the information available internationally on air leakage and testing of buildings, and reviews the systems and standards available. This paper and its companion paper TEC 24, originate from a Victorian study which gives an understanding of the issues and metrics of air leakage, and builds a case for further Australian research into air leakage of buildings.

The study investigates the thermal performance of Earth air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) for heating and cooling modes under Indian climatic conditions. A 3-dimensional, double precision computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed in Ansys FLUENT v15.0 under steady conditions for three different pipe materials and four different pipe geometries. The pipe geometries considered for the study are round; square; triangle and triangular-corrugated and the pipe materials considered are Aluminium and Steel. This paper aims to find the appropriate pipe geometry and pipe material to obtain optimum temperature variation for thermal comfort. The impact of ambient temperature, mass flow rate, Reynolds Number, Prandtl number and Nussult number were studied. Results show that as the length of the pipe increases the temperature at the outlet decreases during cooling mode and vice versa. The maximum temperature drop observed is 12.05K during cooling mode and 16.65K during heating mode for triang...

In this paper a research on monumental church heating is described. The main focus was preservation of the interior and the monumental building itself and human thermal comfort. The characteristic parameters are described and a comparative study for 8 different monumental churches was performed. Furthermore one particular case study was examined more in depth. For this case a validating measurement program was carried out.

Wood is traditionally modeled as an orthotropic material, with direction dependent transport properties, in this way homogenizing the specific structure of wood: a cellular material with growth rings, consisting of early wood and late wood layers. In this paper we present a mesoscopic model for vapor transport in wood, where earlywood and latewood are modeled as distinct materials. The sorption and vapor transport properties for early-and latewood are determined using a unit cell model with constant cell geometry. These properties are used in two-dimensional calculations of vapor transport in a piece of wood consisting of several growth rings. The mesoscopic results are compared to measurement results and to macroscopic results using homogenized orthotropic transport properties. For vapor transport in radial and tangential direction the difference between meso-and macro modeling of wood is negligible, justifying the vapor transport modeling with homogenized orthotropic transport properties.

This study presents experimental analysis and numerical modeling of hygroscopic moisture buffering by paper and books. First, a literature review of moisture transport properties of paper is presented. Experimental work on two paper types includes SEM analysis of the paper structure, determination of sorption isotherms and water vapor permeability measurements. A hysteretic model for paper is presented, which is based on the measurement of the main adsorption and desorption curves. It is shown that the water vapor permeability in a hysteretic model is dependent on the moisture content and not on the relative humidity. Books consist of several paper sheets with air layers between the sheets. To take the air layers into account, a parallel transport model is proposed to determine the effective moisture transport properties of books taking into account the air layers. The dynamic hygroscopic behavior of small book samples was measured. It is shown that, although the water vapor permeab...

Özet: Yapılar, bulundukları ortam koşullarında veya inşaları esnasında yapılan bazı tasarım ya da uygulama hataları sonucu çeşitli problemlerle karşılaşabilmektedir. Bu problemler, 'yapı fiziği problemleri' olarak adlandırılmakta ve zamanla yapıda veya yapı bileşenlerinde çeşitli deformasyonlara yol açarak hem konforsuz, hem de güvensiz yaşam alanlarına neden olmaktadır. Problemlerin önüne geçilebilmesi amacıyla, gereken önlemlerin alınması kaçınılmaz bir durumdur. Çünkü yapı fiziği kurallarına uymamanın doğuracağı sonuçlar büyük tahribatlara yol açabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; öncelikle seçilen yerleşim alanında karşılaşılan mevcut yapı fiziği problemlerin tespit edilmesidir. Böylece bu tespitlerin gelecekte yaşanabilecek benzer olumsuzluklara ışık tutabilmesi ve gereken önlemlerin alınması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, yerleşim alanındaki yapı fiziği problemleri ve tahribatları fotoğraflandırılmıştır.

Der Autor möchte vorausschicken, dass nach seiner Über­ zeugung die Heizlast auch dynamisch, also zeitabhängig unter Berücksichtigung der Wärmespeicherung sowie der Wärmequellen, zu ermitteln ist. Ein solches Verfahren wird für die Kühllastberechnung schon seit Jahren erfolg­ reich angewendet und wäre mit einem Kühllastprogramm mit veränderten Klimadaten sofort einsatzbereit. Leider konnte sich aber die dynamische Heizlastbe­ rechnung in der Fachwelt noch nicht durchsetzen, obwohl sie projektbezogener ist und mit einem realistischen Außenlufttemperaturverlauf rechnet. Im Folgenden wird daher auf die stationäre Berechnung eingegangen, bei der von einer konstanten Außenlufttemperatur mit unend­ licher Andauer ausgegangen wird. Aus der Kühllastberechnung ist bekannt, dass sich der Mittelwert der zeitabhängigen Kühl­ bzw. Heizlast im ein­ geschwungenen Zustand aus den zeitgemittelten Werten der Aktionsgrößen errechnen lässt. Als Aktionsgröße wird hier nur die Außenlufttemperatur betrach...

Japan has many unexcavated tumuli, most of which were buried along with artifacts of precious cultural heritage. For such a tumulus, it is essential to understand how changes in its exterior environment affect its interior environment, and how those interior changes affect the deterioration of the relics buried in the stone chamber. In this study, an underground space was constructed in the forest of the Katsura Campus of Kyoto University to simulate the environment of an unexcavated tumulus, and long-term monitoring was implemented in the simulated stone chamber, including the temperature, humidity, water potential, wetness, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, along with metal corrosion tests. This article is focused on environmental monitoring, and the results demonstrate that the simulated tumulus has the general characteristics of the hygrothermal environments of an unexcavated tumulus that has small temperature fluctuation and near-saturation humidity. The ceiling of ...

An expcriment.al study concerned with different modcs of heal transfer in fibrous and cellulose insulating material is prescntcd. A series of cxperirnents were conducted using an attic siri~ulat.or to determine the effects of ventilation on attic' heat t.ransfer, and the effect of infrared radiatiori on the t.hermal conductivity of the insulation system and on attic heat transfer. All the tests were performed a t steady >t.at.e conditions by controlling the roof deck temperature. Calculations are performed for insulation thicknesses between 1 inch (2.54cm) and 6.0 inches (15.24cm) and roof deck temperatures between 145°F (62.7g°C) and 100°F (36.78"C). The temperature profiles within the insulation were measured by placing thermocouples a t various levels within the insulation. The profiles for the cellulose insulation are linear. The profiles within the glass fiber insulation are non-linear due to the effect of infrared radiation. Also heat fluxes were measured through different insulation thicknesses and for different roof temperatures. It was found that a radiant barrier such as aluminum foil can reduce the heat flux significantly. Experimental results were compared to a Three-Region approximate solution developed a t Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL). The model was in good agreement with cxperimental results.

The small punch test with an application of a relatively small specimen has recently become a reliable material mechanics testing method. In this study, the small punch test is set up based on the conventional mechanical testing machine for SUS304 stainless steel to evaluate the mechanical properties of SUS304 steel at different displacement rates of the punch in quasi-static loading condition in the case of with and without heat treatment. Although heat treatment has an insignificant effect on the microstructure and hardness of the material, the mechanical properties of the material in the small punch test are greatly reduced after heat treatment. Both cases with and without heat treatment have a similar tendency for the rate -sensitivity of the applied force -displacement curve. A higher value of force is applied to obtain the same value of displacement at a low displacement rate in the stable plastic deformation zone. Meanwhile, the maximum value of applied force is higher at a higher displacement rate in the stage that initiation of crack might appear In the examined range of displacement rate, a positive rate -sensitivity of displacement at the maximum force. Therefore, a correlation between equivalent fracture strain and fracture toughness of the material can be achieved.

An asymmetry index (AI) is introduced to measure deviation of the electron density distribution in a molecule from any given symmetry. This AI is calculated by summing all point-wise differences between electron density distributions before and after symmetry operation. A minimum asymmetry index (MAI) rule is also introduced to evaluate uniquely the extent of asymmetry of a molecule with respect to any reference symmetry operation. This MAI rule prescribes where to locate the reference element of symmetry. The overall MAI for a given molecule with respect to a certain symmetry point group is calculated by averaging over AIs of all symmetry elements appearing in its character table. The proposed AI and the MAI rule are used to measure electron density asymmetry of the NX3, NX2Y/NXY2 and NXYZ (X, Y, Z = H, F, Cl, Br) series of molecules referenced to the C3V symmetry.

This paper deals with hygro-thermal performance of wooden beam ends embedded in masonry walls with lime-cement plaster applied on the external side. Three different insulation systems are attached on the internal side of masonry. The real scale experiment has been monitored for three consecutive years. Microclimatic conditions in joist pockets were assessed by VTT mold growth index. The paper shows the influence of two changes of boundary conditions on the microclimate in joist pockets. First, moisture load on the internal side of building enclosure was increased (24 °C, 60 % in winter 2016/2017 instead 20 °C, 50 % in winter 2015/2016). Then, the artificial short-time rain event brought liquid water onto the external surface of building enclosure in July 2017. The rain intensity was chosen so as to mimic the intensive summer thunderstorm. The increase of water vapor concentration in the air on the internal side led to suitable conditions for mold growth in unsealed joist pockets of a vapor open insulation system. On contrary, microclimate in sealed joist pockets in both vapor open and vapor closed insulation systems stayed in acceptable levels with no mold growth. The artificial rain event significantly changed the hygro-thermal performance of joist pockets. Drying season was shortened and the relative humidity in joist pockets overtook the time profile of external relative humidity.

Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are regarded as one of the most promising existing high performance thermal insulation solutions on the market today as their thermal performance typically range 5—10 times better than traditional insulation materials. However, the VIPs have several disadvantages such as risk of puncturing by penetration of nails and that they cannot be cut or fitted at the construction site. Furthermore, thermal bridging due to the panel envelope and load-bearing elements may have a large effect on the overall thermal performance. Finally, degradation of thermal performance due to moisture and air diffusion through the panel envelope is also a crucial issue for VIPs. In this work, laboratory investigations have been carried out by hot box measurements. These experimental results have been compared with numerical simulations of several wall structure arrangements of vacuum insulation panels. Various VIP edge and overlap effects have been studied. Measured U-values fro...

Moisture excess in buildings constitutes a complex problem affecting indoor air quality, energy consumption and the lifetime of the building envelope. We investigate the effect on moisture transfer in structures as a positive pressure is applied inside the enclosure. It is found that, contrary to established belief, the positive pressure does not induce any negative effects on the structures’ moisture content in normally ventilated classrooms, even with high occupancy. Our case study consists of a school building in Finland, subject to temperature and relative humidity measurements after a small (5–7 Pa) positive pressure was realized through ventilation control. We first address analytically the moisture excess generated inside the classrooms for 14 days, using dynamical balance equations that account for both ventilation effects and occupants’ moisture release in the environment. It is found that the average moisture excess is very small, largely below 1 g/m3, even for ventilation...

A remarkable advantage of clay tiles roof coverings in hot climates is the realization of a ventilated air layer between them and the roofing underlay that allows a natural and forced convection through the tiles joints and the channel from eaves to ridge, thus cooling the roof materials. However recently, in many countries, regulatory developments on buildings energy efficiency or buildings sustainability certification protocols are increasingly encouraging the use of alternative strategies, with the aim of reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect and the buildings' cooling consumptions. Among them, the use of 'cool' materials for roof covering. These mandatory or voluntary measures de facto push the construction products market towards specific directions, risking penalizing traditional components such as clay tiles. This article reports the results of experimental and numerical activities carried out in order to extensively characterize the optical properties of clay tile materials and investigate their impact, also coupled with above sheathing ventilation, on the thermal performance of a ventilated roof under warm-temperate climate. In the first phase of the research, the main optical properties of over 30 different clay products have been experimentally characterized in order to

The aim of the paper is to investigate the hygrothermal properties of a newly developed building panel, made of ultra-lightweight concrete, encased cold-formed steel elements. It describes the hygrothermal simulations of the wall and roof panels, and based on results, the heat transfer coefficients and linear thermal transmittances are determined. The hygrothermal behavior of main structural joints (wall corner, wall-roof and wall-ground connections) is also simulated using real indoor and outdoor conditions. For validating the results, a model building was investigated.

Conventional multi-layer insulations exhibit excellent insulation performance but they are limited to the temperature range to which their components reflective foils and spacer materials are compatible. For high temperature applications, the internal multi-screen insulation IMI has been developed that utilizes unique ceramic material technology to produce reflective screens with high temperature stability. For analytical insulation sizing a parametric material model is developed that includes the main contributors for heat flow which are radiation and conduction. The adaptation of model-parameters based on effective steady-state thermal conductivity measurements performed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) allows for extrapolation to arbitrary stack configurations and temperature ranges beyond the ones that were covered in the conductivity measurements. Experimental validation of the parametric material model was performed during the thermal qualification test of the X-38 Chin-...

In this paper, a parametric linear transformation model is considered with left truncated and interval censored case I data. The maximum likelihood estimators of the regression parameters are computed. The testing of hypotheses regarding to the parameters are also performed. An extensive Monte Carlo simulation technique was used to compute the proposed estimators along with some of their properties.

Mauerwerk #Mischmauerwerk #passive solare Energiegewinnung #zweischalige Wand #Absorption #WUFI #Energie- und Feuchtetransport #Bauteilaktivierung durch Sonnenenergie #Bauphysik #Konstruktionsgeschichte

Central point of the dissertation is the cavity wall with air gap (acc. to Eurocode 6) combining bricks with high bulk densities such as clinker and bricks with low bulk densities (light perforated bricks). In contrary to insulated cavity walls, in this cavity wall the trans- mission of sun energy occurs from exterior to interior, so that the transmission heat losses during the heating period in winter can be partially compensated. So far, the transmission heat gains through sun energy in winter has not been examined. This research follows two goals: First, the factors influencing the transmission heat gains are examined. The focus is set on properties that have a big impact on architecture: clinker colour, orientation/height of the building and the thickness of the masonry wall. Secondly, dynamic U-values are determined with different combinations of those influencing factors.
It will be shown that the combination of two types of clay brick without additional insulation layer (mineral etc.) achieves extremely good performance with very low dynamic U-values.

Multi-disciplinary optimisation of building spatial designs is characterised by large solution spaces. Here two approaches are introduced, one being super-structured and the other super-structure free. Both are different in nature and perform differently for large solution spaces and each requires its own representation of a building spatial design, which are also presented here. A method to combine the two approaches is proposed, because the two are prospected to supplement each other. Accordingly a toolbox is presented, which can evaluate the structural and thermal performances of a building spatial design to provide a user with the means to define optimisation procedures. A demonstration of the toolbox is given where the toolbox has been used for an elementary implementation of a simulation of co-evolutionary design processes. The optimisation approaches and the toolbox that are presented in this paper will be used in future efforts for research into-and development of optimisation methods for multidisciplinary building spatial design optimisation.

Chapter 1. Prime numbers linearity. Cyclicity of numbers. Chaos of prime numbers. The first part of this chapter is based on an article by [Marek Berezowski, 2023] published and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The second part based on article by Marek Berezowski published on the scientific social portals e.q. arXiv.

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Summer effects as well as winter influences of architectural counter measures for summer urban climate mitigation are numerically evaluated by using the meso-scale CFD model. In order to confirm the solution accuracy of the model, sensitivities of numerical results to the discretizations of time and space are examined. Then, numerical simulations are carried out for which each of the counter measures among high reflectivity land cover, exterior thermal insulation, reduction of anthropogenic heat release and rooftop green is considered for the area of Kyoto and Osaka City. In summer results, counter measures show obvious effects of temperature reduction, however the dominant period and magnitude is different from each other. High reflectivity land cover and rooftop green show significant temperature decrease in daytime, on the other hand, exterior thermal insulation shows it in nighttime.

The quest for a sustainable built environment has resulted in dramatic changes in the process of residential construction. The new concepts of an integrated design team, building information modeling, commissioning of the building enclosure, and passive house standards have reached maturity. Global work on development of new construction materials has not changed, but their evaluation is not the same as in the past when each material was considered on its own merits. Today, we look at the performance of a building as a system and on the material as a contributor to this system. The series of white papers-a research overview in building physics undertaken in European and North American researchers-is to provide understanding of the process of design and construction for sustainable built environment that involves harmony between different aspects of the environment, society, and economy. Yet, the building physics is changing. It merges with building science in the quest of predicting building performance, it merges concepts of passive houses with solar engineering and integrates building shell with mechanical services, but is still missing an overall vision. Physics does not tell us how to integrate people with their environment. The authors propose a new term buildings with environmental quality management because the vision of the building design must be re-directed toward people. In doing so, the building physics will automatically include durability of the shell, energy efficiency, and carbon emission and aspects such as individual ventilation and indoor climate

Important moisture related problems in timber frame constructions are mould growth and wood decay (especially with the increased tendency to use more untreated wood), because of their risk for the health of the residents and the structural integrity of the building respectively. To avoid these problems and possible subsequent damage, it is necessary to have a reliable prediction of possible risks already in the design stage. However, current mould prediction models are deterministic and mainly based on steady-state conditions. In the field of building physics the boundary conditions are highly dynamic, which makes these models inadequate for the evaluation of mould risk within the building structure. Furthermore, wood decay prediction models are scarce and even less elaborated compared to mould prediction models. Therefore, in this project, the development of an experimental setup is envisaged, aiming at a thorough understanding of the onset and progress of fungal growth on wood and wood-based panels under dynamic boundary conditions and the impact on the in-service performance of these building materials. Only with such data at hand, a dynamic limit state prediction model can be developed to couple to transient HAM-simulations for a reliable risk assessment of timber frame constructions.

Using a two-stage Cournot game with scope economies, we examine the effects of monetary policy on the optimal bank behavior. The emphasis is given on the way the interest rate spread is influenced by the minimum reserve requirements. It is demonstrated that the sign of this effect depends on the kind of scope economies. Moreover, monetary policy implications on both the depositor's and borrower's behavior are presented. Assuming an overlapping generation context, we prove that minimum reserve requirements affect the optimal levels of bank-clients' consumption through the corresponding equilibrium interest rates.

Sustainability has become an even more important issue with increasing consumption. The use of recycled products is preferred in the field of architecture, both economically and environmentally. In addition to structurally recycled spaces, the use of sustainable materials directly in the construction and design process of the building is a desired and expected practice in this century, where natural resources are rapidly depleted. Corten steel is a sustainable material used in the field of architecture, as well as being preferred in many areas. Corten steel belongs to a family of steel alloys developed by a steel company to eliminate the need for paint and achieve a long-lasting rusty appearance. Designed in 1933 by the company for use in railway wagons carrying heavy loads, such as coal, metal ore, minerals, and grain, and is a mechanically improved steel [1]. Corten steel is known as a low-carbon (0.05% to 0.3%) steel. Steels resistant to atmospheric corrosion, including Corten steel and structural carbon steels, are steels that are actually strengthened against corrosion by adding 2% or less of common alloying elements such as copper, phosphorus, chromium, nickel and silicon [2]. Steel materials that are resistant to atmospheric corrosion, such as Corten steel, can have different

The implementation of thermal insulation in old residential building walls could compromise the hygrothermal behavior of this kind of construction. A bad installation of insulation, especially when it is place inside, could compromise the health of the wall with accumulation of moisture in the interfaces of two materials during cold periods. In summer time, insulation could have consequences on the quality of indoor air conditions. Thus, the evaluation of heat and mass transfer through the wall is an important and critical task. The aim of this study is to evaluate through a hygrothermal time-dependent 2D-model, the behavior of two kinds of multilayered renovated walls. Modelings are made under real external conditions (for a building located in Paris). COMSOL Multiphysics® is the modeling tool adopted, with the PDE interface which allows the coupling of mass and heat equations.

To reduce loads on urban drainage systems and facilitate local infiltration of stormwater, it is desired to lead runoff water from roofs through external drains and into the local soil. However, in cold climates, situations often arise where water freezes in external drainpipes, damaging the pipes and preventing drainage. This article investigates the perceived feasibility of external drainage when compared against the risk of freezing damage. A literature study investigates mechanics of ice formation in drains and gutters, and under which conditions ice formation poses a risk to the building. Actors in the Norwegian building sector are interviewed about the challenges related to external drainage from compact roofs in several locations in Norway. Findings suggest that external drainage is considered feasible, but many challenges exist. Suggested solutions may conflict with building regulations, either due to risk of damages or through an unreasonably high energy consumption. Passive solutions without heating elements may, however, be feasible in certain climates in Norway. It is suggested that further research follows up the feasibility of using external drainage in relation to local climate and building concepts.

Dieses Merkblatt von 2009 – 2024 aus der Versenkung geholt - soll auch Nichtfachleute erreichen, die sich mit Infrarotthermografie im Gebäudebereich befassen bzw. solche in Auftrag geben möchten. Unter Fachleuten in Deutschland kursiert ein Sprichwort: „Wer viel misst, misst viel Mist.“ Das klingt lustig, ist es aber nicht. Die Praxis zeigt, dass um des Messens - oder des Umsatzes willen - auch wild drauflos gemessen wird. Mitunter exotisch anmutend sind manche Interpretationen der Ergebnisse.