Biomolecular Sciences

This treatise examines the four main principles of biomedical ethics, i.e., beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, and their impact on the healthcare system and providers legally permitted to prescribe or recommend medicines in the United States. It defines the four principles of biomedical ethics and describes how failure to achieve them has contributed to trust decay in the United States healthcare delivery system over the last several decades, that is to say, medical mistrust. An illustrative case of conflicts will be presented that provides insight into whether protocols practiced by the healthcare delivery system to treat intractable pain conform to the principles of biomedical ethics. The increasing distrust in the American healthcare delivery system of two disparate minority populations will be examined. An illustrative case study of a disabled patient’s experiences with the standardized healthcare delivery system provides insight into healthcare delivery system ...

Background: The purpose of this research was to examine the eating habits and food security of Mexican rural residents. Examining food consumption and food security in the current Mexican sample communities is the primary focus. One of the village communities, Tlapanalá residents spent an average of $767 per month on food, which is lower than the CONEVAL-recommended minimum. The current study aimed to study the income generation of the communities, money allocation to food habits, nutritional status and food insecurity of the village communities. Methods: In this field survey was conducted during 2014-2015. A total of 141 residents from the Puebla towns of San Salvadorel Verde, Tlapanalá and Coatzingo participated in the poll. The stratified random sampling method was used to find samples. We used an ANOVA model and descriptive statistics to examine the data. Result: As a result, $882 was the bare minimum needed to achieve the common good (September 2014). There are three types of poverty based on respondents' income: food poverty, skills poverty and wealth poverty. If you make above $1,700 per month, you may leave poverty. San Salvador el Verdeans reported a malnutrition-causing 1,848 kcal.

Background Hansen’s disease (leprosy), widespread in medieval Europe, is today mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with around 200,000 new cases reported annually. Despite its long history and appearance in historical records, its origins and past dissemination patterns are still widely unknown. Applying ancient DNA approaches to its major causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, can significantly improve our understanding of the disease’s complex history. Previous studies have identified a high genetic continuity of the pathogen over the last 1500 years and the existence of at least four M. leprae lineages in some parts of Europe since the Early Medieval period. Results Here, we reconstructed 19 ancient M. leprae genomes to further investigate M. leprae’s genetic variation in Europe, with a dedicated focus on bacterial genomes from previously unstudied regions (Belarus, Iberia, Russia, Scotland), from multiple sites in a single region (Cambridgeshire, England), and f...

Background Hansen’s disease (leprosy), widespread in medieval Europe, is today mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with around 200,000 new cases reported annually. Despite its long history and appearance in historical records, its origins and past dissemination patterns are still widely unknown. Applying ancient DNA approaches to its major causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, can significantly improve our understanding of the disease’s complex history. Previous studies have identified a high genetic continuity of the pathogen over the last 1500 years and the existence of at least four M. leprae lineages in some parts of Europe since the Early Medieval period. Results Here, we reconstructed 19 ancient M. leprae genomes to further investigate M. leprae’s genetic variation in Europe, with a dedicated focus on bacterial genomes from previously unstudied regions (Belarus, Iberia, Russia, Scotland), from multiple sites in a single region (Cambridgeshire, England), and f...

Background: East Java has become one of the provinces that have higher prevalence of leprosy, especially in the coastal region. Environment has also influenced for leprosy transmission and early detection could reduce the incidence rate of new leprosy cases. Epidemiological studies of leprosy in children can give an illustration of the important aspects of the environment. Presence of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) DNA in nasal swabs and seropositivity level among them can describe M. leprae exposure in that area. Objective: Analyzing PCR from nasal swab and seropositivity level among elementary school children between northern coast and southern coast of East Java province. Methods: Five hundred and thirty children in Pacitan and Lamongan were involved. Both areas are representation of northern and southern coastal region in East Java Province. After clinical examination, nasal swab and blood samples were obtained. ELISA test was performed to measure the titer of IgM anti Phenolic Glicolipid-1 (PGL-1) antibody then continued by PCR to detect M. leprae DNA. Results: From 301 students in Pacitan, 25 students (8.3%) are sero-positives and 9 students (2.9%) are PCR positives. from 229 students in Lamongan, 110 (48,3%) students are sero-positives and 49 students (21.4%) are PCR positives. Both are analyzed by Chi-Square, and from the PCR and ELISA, it concluded that there are statistically significant differences between the two regions. Conclusion: From study above shows that in the northern coast of East Java, incidence of subclinical leprosy is still high, it means that in this area still has a high risk of new cases of leprosy in the future and early detection tools need to performed as a preventative measure.

Background: Hansen's disease (leprosy), widespread in medieval Europe, is today mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with around 200,000 new cases reported annually. Despite its long history and appearance in historical records, its origins and past dissemination patterns are still widely unknown. Applying ancient DNA approaches to its major causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, can significantly improve our understanding of the disease's complex history. Previous studies have identified a high genetic continuity of the pathogen over the last 1500 years and the existence of at least four M. leprae lineages in some parts of Europe since the Early Medieval period.

Intestinal anastomosis is one of the most commonly performed gastrointestinal surgical procedures,  especially in emergencies and is commonly performed in elective procedures when resection is performed for benign or malignant lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the important postoperative complications that causes significant morbidity and adversely affects the length of hospital stay is anastomotic leak after gastrointestinal anastomosis. Recently, developments in regenerative medicine applied to gastrointestinal anastomoses show promise for improving anastomotic healing. Recent studies have demonstrated that stem cell-derived secretomes can potentially enhance anastomized tissue regeneration without the safety and ethical limitations of stem cell transplantation. A study showed that the MSC secretome significantly promoted cell proliferation and survival in a dose-dependent manner and resulted in the controlled release of growth factors. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived secretomes have controlled delivery of bioactive factors, and have potential in improving healing of intestinal anastomoses. In this review, we discuss the comparison of the therapeutic effects of the MSC secretome given by topical injection and the MSC secretome injected intravenously in terms of healing and anastomotic resistance.

Fibrosarcoma is a neoplasm of fibroblast tissue with varying collagen production. Fibrosarcoma, an aggressive form of soft tissue cancer, is currently a major challenge in the field of oncology. Although its prevalence is relatively low compared to other cancers, fibrosarcoma's severity lies in its tendency to infiltrate and destroy healthy tissue quickly. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment for fibrosarcoma. This procedure is critical to optimizing patient outcomes while
minimizing surgical risks and complications. MSCs show positive results in the regeneration of fibrous tissue through their ability to differentiate into tenocytes or fibroblasts and their paracrines. MSCs also have effects that promote healing and tissue remodeling increases the synthesis of
extracellular matrix components and restores tissue structure and function. MSCs also release products in the form of growth factors and cytokines modulate inflammatory responses, and stimulate endogenous, enhancing angiogenesis repair mechanisms. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs can increase the production of type I and type III collagen via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in fibroblasts. Furthermore, exosomes from adipose tissue-derived MSCs have been found to prevent scarring, suggesting that cell-free therapy may be an effective strategy. Due to the limited research on the effects of MSC on soft tissue remodelling wide excision of fibrosarcoma, the author initiated the creation of this review article. In this literature review, we summarize the latest research which
aims to provide an overview of the effect of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerating fibrous tissue in soft tissue damage after wide excision of fibrosarcoma, so that in the future research can be carried out on this matter with the aim of minimizing complications after surgery.

Objective: Cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.) extract was applied to enhance bioavailability and drug effects due to antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflamation agents. Recent years have seen significant development of nanomedicine in non-invasive therapy of oral infection. The aim of this study was to develop the formula of nanoemulgel of Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) extract for topical oral therapy compared its stability and evaluation in gingivitis rats with gels preparations on different gelling agents. Methods: The topical oral preparation were made in 4 formulations: F1 (CPH gel with gelling agent Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (Na-CMC) 3%); F2 (CPH gel with gelling agent Carbomer 1%); F3 (CPH nanoemulgel with gelling agent Na-CMC 3%); and F4 (CPH nanoemulgel with gelling agent Carbomer 1%. The physical characterization test of preparations were evaluated the pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability and adhesion test. In vivo evaluation of gingivitis rats were observed using histological analysis of the fibroblast number and gingival collagen density in experimental Wistar rats by Hematoxylin eosin and Masson trichrome staining. Results: Four formulation (F1-F4) showed good stability in pH, viscosity, spreadability and adhesivity (p<0.05). The observation for 7 d after gel application to gingivitis rats, showed that the number of fibroblast and collagen density increasing in the treatment group compared to the control group (p<0.001). In the LSD test, F3 and F4 indicated the highest increase, however no significantly different (p>0.05). Conclusion: Nanoemulgel with Na-CMC as gelling agent potential to be used as an effective carrier for the active ingredients of CPH extract.

Sindrome Down (DS) adalah suatu kumpulan gejala akibat abnormalitas kromosom, biasanya karena kromosom 21 yang tidak dapat memisahkan diri selama proses miosis hingga terjadi individ dengan 47 kromosom.(Allen,2009).individu dengan syndrome down umumnya memiliki ciri microsefali, hipotoni, karakter wajah yang khas dan berperawakan kecil, dalam perkembangannya terjadi retradaksi mental dengan derajat yang bervariasi serta perkembangan kognitif mengalami keterlambatan global (Kim et al., 2017). Kelainan kromosom trisomy 21 merupakan disabilitas genetic intelektual yang paling umu, bermanifestasai pada leterlambatan bicara (bahasa), kognitif, belajar dan memori khususnya pada system saraf pusat. Individu aneuploide memiliki kekurangan atau kelebihan di dalam sel tubuhnya. Pda syndrome down aneuploidy terjadi pada kromosom 21 dengan nama trisomy , yang berarti kromosom nomor 21 memiliki3 genom (Doherty, et al,2005). Kromosom ini terbentuk akibat kegagalan sepsang kromosm untuk saling memisahkan diri saat proses pembelahan. Kromoson merupakan serat-serat khusu yang terdapat di dalam sel tubuh manusia dan terdapat beberpa gentik yang menentukan sigfatsifat seseorang, penyimpngan ini terjadi selama proses konsepsi (Allen, 2009). Kelainan di kromosom 21 pada sindrome down terjadi pada bagian q22 gen sodiummlyo-Inositol Cotransporter (SLC5A3), dapat diketahui dengan melihat manifestasi klinis yang khas dan berdmapak pada keterbelakangan pertumbuhan fisik dan mental (Roberto, 2008). Kelainan sindrome down pertama kali ditemukan oleh Siguin pada tahun 1844. Dokter Jhon Longodn Down dari Inggris menindaklanjuti kelainan tersebut melalui penelitian pada tahun 1866. Dokter JL. Down menguraikan gambaran sekelompok individu yang tinggal di Earswood Asylum For Idiot di Surrey Inggris, tempat dr. Down tersebut bertugas , ditemukan beberapa dengan retraksi mental dan memiliki penampakan wajah yang khas dan mirip satu sama lain (Down"s Syndrome Association, 2015) Dasar biologis kelainan ini baru dapat diungkapkan tahun 1959 saat Jerome Lejeune menemukan bahwa semua individu dengan gambaran khas tersebut memiliki cetakan ketiga kromosn 21 sehingga individu tersebut memiliki 47 kromosm (New Parent Guide, 2020). Pada sekitar tahun 1970 para ahli dari Amerika dan Eropa memperkenalakan nama dari kelainan yang terjadi pada anak tersebut dengan merujuk penemu pertama kali

Background: In India, where advanced stages at diagnosis, rising incidence, and high mortality rates make breast cancer the most prevalent cancer in women, it is crucial to comprehend women's cancer literacy. Objectives:A systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess the knowledge of breast self-examination among Indian women for early detection of breast cancer. Methodology:A thorough search of the literature published between 2012 and December 2022 was done using the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar. Only English language studies that explored breast self-examination knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and practices in India were considered. Searches were confined to articles published between 2012 and 2022. Results: Out of 21 studies, two studies were done among health care professionals, five studies involved rural and sixteen studies involved urban areas, majority of the studies were conducted in urban cities. Among the studies reviewed, six studies have knowledge score of 60% and above, five studies have knowledge score of 33% to 60% and ten studies have knowledge score below 33% regarding breast self-examination (BSE). Conclusion:According to this systematic review, more than half of the population under study lacks appropriate information about breast self-examination. Indian women need to be educated about breast cancer and early detection methods. The best way forward is to educate people on the significance and implementation of breast self-examination (BSE).

The New Education Policy (2020) is a historic effort and first omnibus policy after thirtyfour years. This is India's third policy which replaces the 1986 NEP. National Education Policy (NEP), established in 2020, focuses on Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability, and Accountability. Teacher education is truly vital in creating a team of school teachers that will shape the next generation. Therefore it is important in understanding the teacher education in the context of NEP 2020. The document has recommended to redesign the teacher education curriculum emphasizing Indian values and traditions. The problems and challenges asscociated with teacher education in implementation of NEP 2020 are also discussed in the article.

This treatise examines the four main principles of biomedical ethics, i.e., beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, and their impact on the healthcare system and providers legally permitted to prescribe or recommend medicines in the United States. It defines the four principles of biomedical ethics and describes how failure to achieve them has contributed to trust decay in the United States healthcare delivery system over the last several decades, that is to say, medical mistrust. An illustrative case of conflicts will be presented that provides insight into whether protocols practiced by the healthcare delivery system to treat intractable pain conform to the principles of biomedical ethics. The increasing distrust in the American healthcare delivery system of two disparate minority populations will be examined. An illustrative case study of a disabled patient’s experiences with the standardized healthcare delivery system provides insight into healthcare delivery system ...

Introduction
This study was conducted to understand the characteristic of prostate cancer patients treated at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital in Surakarta City, Central Java Province, Indonesia.

Aim
To determine the profile of prostate cancer patients treated at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital in January 2017 – January 2022.

Method
Data for the study was obtained from hospital medical record covered the period from January 2017 to January 2022. This was a retrospective-single center-descriptive study.

Results
A total of 441 subjects with prostate cancer were studied. Their ages ranged from 15-90 years old with a mean of 71.0 years old. Their highest level of education consist of elementary school 196 subjects (44.44%), junior high school 155 subjects (35.14%), senior high school 80 subjects (18.14%), diploma 2 subjects (0.45%), and bachelor 8 subjects (1.81%). Subject professions was vary that consist of self-employers 420 (95.23%), farmers 16 (3.62%), and civil servants 3 (0.68%). The subjects had 0-3.9 ng/ml PSA level at the first time of diagnosis is 12 (2.72%), 4-20 ng/ml level is 268 (60.77%), >20 μg/ml level is 161 (36.50%).

Genistein, Hesperidin, and epigallocatechin-3 are the potential
ligands in regulating microtubule-related tau protein and Epigallocatechin-3
gallate is the most potent among them and the most elevated negative free
vitality of official with the maximum interacting surface territory throughout
docking studies.

Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 are therapies that have shown success in cancer treatment. However, while treating cancer with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is similar, the clinical response rate is still low in certain cancers at around 40%. Therefore, therapeutic strategies are needed to increase PD-L1 expression and optimize PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, so as to improve satisfactory therapeutic results. In tumors, IFNγ induces the expression of PD-L1 which is a cytokine secreted by Natural Killer cells. A study showed that PM21-NK cells induced large amounts of IFNγ and transfected PM21-NK cells adaptively induced PD-L1 expression. In in vitro experiments, anti-PD-L1 treatment had no direct effect on cytotoxicity or cytokine secretion by PD-1 negative PM21-NK cells in response to PD-L1+ targets. However, in vivo a significant increase in the antitumor effect of Natural Killer cells was found when combined with anti-PD-L1. PD-L1 blockade also resulted in increased persistence of Natural Killer cells in vivo and retention of their cytotoxic phenotype. These results support the use of anti-PD-L1 in combination with Natural Killer cell therapy regardless of baseline tumor PD-L1 status and suggest that Natural Killer cell therapy will likely Review Article method of optimizing PD-L1 blockade combined with Natural Killer cell therapy to increase the efficacy of treatment on cancer stem cells in the dormant phase.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) are a biological development that provides new hope regarding tissue engineering and regenerative therapy. Due to its potential paracrine activity, compounding, paracrine activity and immunomodulatory function, ADSC-based cell-assisted lipotransfer has emerged as a promising cell therapy technology and significantly improves fat graft retention. Initially used for breast augmentation as a cosmetic function, currently ADSC-based cell-assisted lipotransfer has potential utility for breast reconstruction in breast cancer patients. Post-fat grafting complications of 10.9% were reported and considered major, including hematoma, seroma, fat necrosis, dermatitis, cellulitis, and infection. In this review, we summarize the latest research and aim to provide an overview of ADSC in fat grafting, so that in the future research can be found to avoid post-fat grafting complications in breast reconstruction and provide satisfactory breast reconstruction results.

Background: Prostate cancer is the second most cancer and malignancy of male urogenital system from the prostate stromal cells, typically >50 years. Although the incidence and mortality is relatively high, no data currently describes the profile of prostate cancer patients in Surakarta.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in prostate cancer patients at Dr. Moewardi
Hospital from January 2017 – January 2022 using purposive sampling techniques.
Results: From January 2017 – January 2022, 92.97% male patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer
which is dominated able to go home alive. The age of study subjects was overlooked of 70-80 years which
dominated by self-employed. The results of variable Rectal Toucher examination dominated by palpable
prostate and hard.
Conclusion: The most important prognostic indicators in prostate cancer are the patient's age and general
health at the time of diagnosis, the cancer stage, the PSA and Gleason score.
Keywords: prostate cancer; patient profile; PSA; men.

The importance of the study of social welfare of rural households at the municipal level lies in that the results can be used to propose specific intervention strategies, addressing productive, socioeconomic and environmental characteristics. The poverty alleviation has become an important component of public policy in decades. The inequality and poverty are major concern over many developing countries, including Mexico, the strategies to contribute to find the solution is evident. This study had the objective of calculating and analyzing indicators or socioeconomic welfare, poverty and income inequality, and their relationship with socio demographic and productive characteristics of rural households. The data were obtained using a structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 141 households and through in-depth interviews with key informants. Simple random statistical sampling was used. The size of the sample was determined with a reliability of 95% and an accuracy of 5%. The study was performed in three municipalities of the state of Puebla: San Salvador el Verde, Tlapanalá and Coatzingo. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the income and consumption of the households, explained by the diversification of income, access to productive assets, and quality of seasonal rains. The inequality, estimated by the Gini index, is high: 0.502, 0.439 and 0.416 para San Salvador el Verde, Tlapanalá and Coatzingo, respectively. The explicative factors of inequality are the value of the inheritance assets, the human capital index, and the value of transferences at the municipal level. The poverty index for the three municipalities is higher than the one reported by CONEVAL in 2014. .

La importancia del estudio del bienestar social de los hogares rurales a nivel municipal radica en que los resultados pueden ser usados para proponer estrategias de intervención específicas, atendiendo características productivas, socio-económicas y ambientales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo calcular y analizar indicadores de bienestar socio-económico; pobreza y desigualdad del ingreso, y su relación con características sociodemográficas y productivas de los hogares rurales. Los datos se obtuvieron usando un cuestionario estructurado aplicado a una muestra de 141 hogares y a través de entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave. Se utilizó un muestreo estadístico aleatorio simple. El tamaño de muestra se determinó con una confiabilidad de 95 % y una precisión de 5 %. El estudio se realizó en tres municipios del estado de Puebla: San Salvador el Verde, Tlapanalá, y Coatzingo. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias significativas en el ingreso y consumo de los hogares, ex...

Hypertriglyceridemia is a cardiovascular risk factor in type-2 diabetes. However, this abnormality may be caused by several mechanisms. In familial hypertriglyceridemia, a hyperlipidemia associated with type-2 diabetes, plasma accumulation of non atherogenic particles explains the presence of hypertriglyceridemia. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of coronary insufficiency and carotid artery stenosis in patients with type-2 diabetes with or without familial hypertriglyceridemia. Controls were paired against cases based on age, gender, diabetes duration, treatment and other cardiovascular risk factors. Controls had either a normal lipid profile (n=48) or hyperlipidemia (n=15). The intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries was significantly lower in cases compared to controls (0.55 +/- 0.12 vs 0.63 +/- 0.22 in normolipidemic controls and 0.66 +/- 0.18 mm in hyperlipidemic subjects (p=0.02)). Exercise treadmill testing was abnormal in a similar proportion of cases and co...

DNA microarrays are currently in use almost exclusively as research tools for gene expression analysis and their application for the identification of organisms is still in its infancy, only documented by a few studies on mammals, bacteria, and viruses. The "Fish & Chips" project aims to demonstrate that DNA chips can be a new innovative tool for the identification of marine animals and phytoplankton. To achieve this goal, fishes, invertebrates, and phytoplankton were sampled in European seas and taxonomically classified. Fragments of their mitochondrial 16S, cyt b, and COI genes and from the nuclear 18S genes were sequenced and served as molecular markers to enable probe design for the microarrays. An on-line data base containing the sequences and all relevant information of the samples has been implemented. A first prototype of a "Fish Chip",is based on more than 400 sequences from the 16S rRNA gene belonging to 46 species. A second microarray prototype serves to identify flatfishes from the North Sea based on COIand 16S sequences from 70 individuals of 17 fish species. A "Phytoplankton Chip" is now available with probes for all microalgal classes and many toxic species, as well as a "Invertebrate Chip". The results show that this approach is feasible. Index Terms-DNA chips, DNA barcoding, European seas, genetic identification. Manuscript received March 30, 2007. The "Fish & Chips" project is a Specific Targeted Research Project (STREP) funded by the European Commission, under the contract no. 505491 with the title: Towards DNA chip technology as a standard analytical tool for the identification of marine organisms in biodiversity and ecosystem research.

The importance of the study of social welfare of rural households at the municipal level lies in that the results can be used to propose specific intervention strategies, addressing productive, socioeconomic and environmental characteristics. The poverty alleviation has become an important component of public policy in decades. The inequality and poverty are major concern over many developing countries, including Mexico, the strategies to contribute to find the solution is evident. This study had the objective of calculating and analyzing indicators or socioeconomic welfare, poverty and income inequality, and their relationship with socio demographic and productive characteristics of rural households. The data were obtained using a structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 141 households and through in-depth interviews with key informants. Simple random statistical sampling was used. The size of the sample was determined with a reliability of 95% and an accuracy of 5%. The study was performed in three municipalities of the state of Puebla: San Salvador el Verde, Tlapanalá and Coatzingo. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the income and consumption of the households, explained by the diversification of income, access to productive assets, and quality of seasonal rains. The inequality, estimated by the Gini index, is high: 0.502, 0.439 and 0.416 para San Salvador el Verde, Tlapanalá and Coatzingo, respectively. The explicative factors of inequality are the value of the inheritance assets, the human capital index, and the value of transferences at the municipal level. The poverty index for the three municipalities is higher than the one reported by CONEVAL in 2014. .

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a unique member of the ATP-binding cassette family of proteins because it has evolved into a channel. Mutations in CFTR cause cystic fibrosis, the most common genetic disease in people of European origin. The F508del mutation is found in about 90% of patients and here we present data that suggest its main effect is on CFTR stability rather than on the three-dimensional (3D) folded state. A survey of recent cryo-electron microscopy studies was carried out and this highlighted differences in terms of CFTR conformation despite similarities in experimental conditions. We further studied CFTR structure under various phosphorylation states and with the CFTR-interacting protein NHERF1. The coexistence of outward-facing and inward-facing conformations under a range of experimental conditions was suggested from these data. These results are discussed in terms of structural models for channel gating, and favour the model where the ...

This treatise examines the four main principles of biomedical ethics, i.e., beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, and their impact on the healthcare system and providers legally permitted to prescribe or recommend medicines in the United States. It defines the four principles of biomedical ethics and describes how failure to achieve them has contributed to trust decay in the United States healthcare delivery system over the last several decades, that is to say, medical mistrust. An illustrative case of conflicts will be presented that provides insight into whether protocols practiced by the healthcare delivery system to treat intractable pain conform to the principles of biomedical ethics. The increasing distrust in the American healthcare delivery system of two disparate minority populations will be examined. An illustrative case study of a disabled patient’s experiences with the standardized healthcare delivery system provides insight into healthcare delivery system ...

Introduction The mainstay of leprosy treatment is multidrug treatment (MDT), which contains rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine. The occurrence of dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS), a sudden, potentially fatal and traumatic adverse reaction due to dapsone, may affect treatment adherence and may result in fatality if untreated. Before MDT administration, screening for HLA-B*13:01 in patients with leprosy can potentially reduce DHS risk. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of using a screening test for HLA-B*13:01 in reducing the incidence of DHS and to evaluate the feasibility of using the quantitative PCR-based screening tool as DHS predictors before dapsone administration using individual patient testing in a referral centralised-lab model. Methods and analysis A total of 310 newly diagnosed patients with leprosy will be recruited from health centres in two highly endemic districts in Indonesia. Dried blood will be taken on filter paper as the specimen receptacle to collect DNA from the patients and transported at room temperature to the leprosy referral laboratory before MDT administration. Checking for HLA-B*13:01 from human DNA is performed using the Nala PGx 1301 V.1 kit. The results will be shared with the leprosy health workers on the site via phone call and courier. Patients with a positive test result will be treated with MDT without dapsone, and patients with a negative result will be treated with complete MDT. Physical examination (weight, height, skin, muscle and nerve function examination), complete blood tests (including renal function test) will be carried out at baseline. Follow-up will be performed at the fourth and eighth weeks to observe any development of adverse drug reactions. Ethics and dissemination The ethical approval for the study was issued by the Ethical Committee of the National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia. Written informed consent will be sought from all participants.

Puji dan Syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT, yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya kepada kita semua. Shalawat beserta salam semoga tetap tercurah dilimpahkan kepada baginda alam Rasulullah Nabi Muhammad SAW. Adapun tujuan pembuatan tugas makalah ini adalah sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok pada mata kuliah Biologi Sel dan Molekuler pada Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah Tahun Ajaran 2023-2024, dengan judul makalah yang ditulis yaitu "Struktur, Fungsi dan Sintesis Protein". Pada kesempatan ini, penulis mengucapkan dan menghaturkan banyak terima kasih kepada Ibu Yayuk Putri Rahayu, S.Si., M.Si. sebagai dosen pengampu pada mata kuliah Biologi Sel dan Molekuler pada Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah yang telah banyak memberikan arahan baik pada perkuliahan maupun dalam penulisan tugas makalah ini, hingga dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini tidak luput dari segala kekurangan, dan masih jauh dari sempurna. Untuk itu penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan sarannya guna kesempurnaan dan sebagai pertimbangan karya tulis yang akan datang. Terima kasih. Wassalamu'alaikum wr.wb.

Leprosy is a stigmatizing, chronic infection which degenerates the nervous system and often leads to incapacitation. Multi-drug therapy which consists of dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine has been effective to combat this disease. In Indonesia, especially in Papua Island, leprosy is still a problem. Furthermore, there had been higher reports of Dapsone Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DHS) which also challenges leprosy elimination in certain aspects. Globally, DHS has a prevalence rate of 1.4% and a fatality rate up to 13%. The aim of this study is to validate HLA-B*13:01, a previously discovered biomarker for DHS in the Chinese population, as a biomarker for DHS in the Papua population.This is a case-control study of 34 leprosy patients who presented themselves with DHS (case subjects) and 52 leprosy patients without DHS (control subjects). Patients were recruited from 2 provinces: Papua and West Papua. DNA was extracted from 3 ml blood specimens. HLA-B alleles were typed using the gold-standard sequence based typing method. Results were then analysed using logistic regression and risk assessment was carried out. The results of HLA-typing showed that HLA-B*13:01 was the most significant allele associated with DHS, with odds ratio = 233.64 and P-value = 7.11×10 −9 , confirming the strong association of HLA-B*13:01 to DHS in the Papua population. The sensitivity of this biomarker is 91.2% and specificity is 96.2%, with an area under the curve of 0.95. HLA-B*13:01 is validated as a biomarker for DHS in leprosy patients in Papua, Indonesia, and can potentially be a good predictor of DHS to help prevent this condition in the future.

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nyasehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas makalah yang berjudul Down Syndrom ini tepat pada waktunya. Adapun tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok pada mata kuliah Biologi Sel pada Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah, Tahun Ajaran 2022-2023. Selain itu, makalah ini juga bertujuan untuk menambah wawasan tentang selaput plasma, struktur dan transportasi membran bagi para pembaca dan juga bagi penulis. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Ibu Yayuk Putri Rahayu, S. Si., M. Si. selaku dosen pengampu pada mata kuliah Biologi Sel pada Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah yang telah memberikan tugas ini sehingga dapat menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan penulis sesuai dengan bidang studi yang penulis tekuni. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Dengan segala kekurangan itu, maka penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang akan membangun kesempurnaan karya tulis yang akan datang. Terima Kasih.

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nyasehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas makalah yang berjudul Down Syndrom ini tepat pada waktunya. Adapun tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok pada mata kuliah Biologi Sel pada Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah, Tahun Ajaran 2022-2023. Selain itu, makalah ini juga bertujuan untuk menambah wawasan tentang selaput plasma, struktur dan transportasi membran bagi para pembaca dan juga bagi penulis. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Ibu Yayuk Putri Rahayu, S. Si., M. Si. selaku dosen pengampu pada mata kuliah Biologi Sel pada Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah yang telah memberikan tugas ini sehingga dapat menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan penulis sesuai dengan bidang studi yang penulis tekuni. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Dengan segala kekurangan itu, maka penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang akan membangun kesempurnaan karya tulis yang akan datang. Terima Kasih.

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nyasehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas makalah yang berjudul Down Syndrom ini tepat pada waktunya. Adapun tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok pada mata kuliah Biologi Sel pada Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah, Tahun Ajaran 2022-2023. Selain itu, makalah ini juga bertujuan untuk menambah wawasan tentang selaput plasma, struktur dan transportasi membran bagi para pembaca dan juga bagi penulis. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Ibu Yayuk Putri Rahayu, S. Si., M. Si. selaku dosen pengampu pada mata kuliah Biologi Sel pada Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah yang telah memberikan tugas ini sehingga dapat menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan penulis sesuai dengan bidang studi yang penulis tekuni. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Dengan segala kekurangan itu, maka penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang akan membangun kesempurnaan karya tulis yang akan datang. Terima Kasih.

Distancias internucleares en los complejos. En (a) se muestra el efecto de la sustitución isotópica en la longitud del puente de hidrógeno R(X-F) para los complejos que tienen Li como metal; en (b) se observa el mismo efecto para los complejos que tienen Na como metal. En (c) se muestra el efecto de la sustitución isotópica en la distancia R(X-Y) para cuando M = Li, y en (d) la misma distancia para M = Na.

Permite el marcaje o grabación de motivos (301) en superficies sobre los que se ha depositado una capa (300) polimérica fluorescente previamente mediante un procedimiento de polimerización por plasma (100) de moléculas de un colorante. El procedimiento combinalas características especiales de las capas poliméricas que lashacen aptas para poder grabar sobre ellas diversos motivos (301)y la posibilidad de grabado mediante láser (101) u otras técnicas. Entre tales características cabe mencionar la posibilidad de tener un efecto visual notable incluso para espesores de 100 nm, eluso de capas no observables cuando se iluminan con luz visible,la alta calidad óptica (transparencia) de las mismas o la facilidad con la que se pueden procesar por tratamientos posteriores, incluido diversos tratamientos mediante láser (101).Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Universidad Politécnica de MadridT3 Traducción de patente europe

La célula viva se asemeja a una industria química donde miles de reacciones ocurren dentro de un espacio, en este caso, un espacio microscópico. Por ejemplo, los azúcares son convertidos en aminoácidos y viceversa. El glucógeno es ensamblado a partir de miles de moléculas de glucosas; las proteínas a partir de aminoácidos. Por otro lado, estos polímeros serán hidrolizados cuando las necesidades de la células así lo requieran. El metabolismo (del griego "metabole", cambio) es la totalidad de los procesos químicos de un organismo. El metabolismo es "el mapa de rutas" de miles de reacciones químicas que ocurren en la célula. Las enzimas dirigen dichas rutas metabólicas, acelerando diferencialmente reacciones determinadas.

Establishing the age at which prehistoric individuals move away from their childhood residential location holds crucial information about the socio dynamics and mobility patterns in ancient societies. We present a novel combination of strontium isotope analyses performed on the over 3000 year old &quot;Skrydstrup Woman&quot; from Denmark, for whom we compiled a highly detailed month-scale model of her migration timeline. When combined with physical anthropological analyses this timeline can be related to the chronological age at which the residential location changed. We conducted a series of high-resolution strontium isotope analyses of hard and soft human tissues and combined these with anthropological investigations including CT-scanning and 3D visualizations. The Skrydstrup Woman lived during a pan-European period characterized by technical innovation and great social transformations stimulated by long-distance connections; consequently she represents an important part of both D...