Biomedical Instrumentation Engineering

Abstract
This comprehensive analysis integrates 355+ peer-reviewed studies (2020-2025) with existing research to establish electromagnetic enhancement of mineral absorption as a scientifically validated phenomenon with quantifiable mechanisms and clinical applications. The investigation reveals compelling evidence for voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation as the primary mechanism, demonstrating 150-340% calcium influx increases across electromagnetic frequencies spanning nine orders of magnitude (0 Hz to 1.8 THz). Ion cyclotron resonance provides secondary enhancement pathways, with calcium frequency predictions matching experimental observations exactly (7.0 Hz at 9.2 μT), validating theoretical frameworks through precise mathematical correspondence.

Key Findings
Molecular Mechanisms Validated:

VGCC activation: 47 studies confirm 240% average calcium increase, consistently blocked by calcium channel inhibitors
Transport protein modulation: DMT1 iron uptake enhancement (2-2.5 fold), ZIP protein zinc transport increases (25-40%), TRPV6 calcium channels (1.5-2 fold expression increase)
Energy barrier reductions: Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate 19.1% reduction in K+ channel activation energy (17.8 to 14.4 kJ/mol)
Clinical Validation:

FDA-approved electromagnetic devices: Bone healing success rates 73-95% (validated 1979-2023), transcranial magnetic stimulation for psychiatric applications with <0.1% seizure incidence in 100,000+ treated patients
Osteoporosis trials: 2-27% bone mineral density improvements above controls, standardized mean difference 0.34-0.6 for pain reduction, zero adverse events reported
Combination therapy synergy: 1.2-2.5x multiplicative improvements over monotherapy, 80-95% enhanced mineral absorption when combined with supplementation
Water Structuring Evidence:

Surface tension reduction: 38.98% decrease following electromagnetic treatment, persisting hours to days post-exposure
NMR spectroscopy: Documented changes in spin-lattice relaxation times indicating increased molecular organization
Industrial validation: 95% success rate across 48 studies for electromagnetic scale prevention, demonstrating reproducible real-world applications
The Royal Jelly Paradox Identified: This analysis exposes a fundamental scientific inconsistency: the universal acceptance of biological water structuring (royal jelly transforming larvae to queens, blood plasma organized networks, cellular water around proteins) while systematically rejecting electromagnetic water structuring that produces identical measurable effects using the same analytical techniques. This paradigm represents a critical barrier to scientific advancement in bioelectromagnetic medicine.

Economic and Health Impact Assessment
Global Burden Analysis:

US mineral deficiency costs:
1.2B, calcium
2.3B, magnesium $3.8B)
Population prevalence: 68-94% magnesium deficient, 44-75% calcium deficient, 55-85% zinc deficient, 45-65% iron deficient
Potential healthcare savings: $5.3-10.5 billion annually with electromagnetic enhancement implementation
Market Projections:

Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy market:
2.9-3.5 billion (2033)
Compound annual growth rate: 8.2-12.5%, exceeding most medical device sectors
Bioelectric medicine market expansion:
35.42 billion (2030)
Personalized Medicine Applications
Genetic Polymorphism Analysis (28 studies):

CACNA1C rs1006737: ±50% electromagnetic response variation (35-45% population frequency)
SLC11A2 variants: ±40% iron transport response (15-25% population frequency)
ATP7A mutations: ±60% copper transport variation (rare but highest impact)
GSTM1 null deletion: ±30% electromagnetic sensitivity variation (45-55% population frequency)
Clinical Optimization Framework: Genetic testing enables individualized electromagnetic therapy protocols, optimizing field parameters based on calcium channel function, mineral transporter capacity, and detoxification variants.

Safety and Regulatory Framework
International Standards Compliance:

ICNIRP 2020 Guidelines: Comprehensive 0-300 GHz exposure limits with substantial safety margins
IEEE C95.1-2019: North American adoption of harmonized safety standards
WHO harmonization: 54 countries implementing consistent electromagnetic safety protocols
Adverse Event Profile: Exceptionally favorable safety profile established through clinical trials involving thousands of patients. Common side effects limited to mild, transient effects (headache 23-59%, scalp discomfort 17-28% for TMS), with serious events <0.1% incidence.

Future Research Priorities
Emerging Mechanisms:

Quantum biological effects in ion transport: Potential quantum coherence enhancement by electromagnetic fields
Magnetogenetics: Genetically engineered magnetically responsive cellular systems for precise therapeutic control
AI-optimized protocols: Machine learning integration for individualized treatment parameter selection
Critical Research Needs:

Large-scale randomized controlled trials (thousands of participants) to establish definitive clinical protocols
Standardized combination therapy frameworks integrating electromagnetic enhancement with conventional treatments
Long-term safety studies (5+ years) addressing cumulative exposure effects
Scientific Implications and Paradigm Shift
This comprehensive analysis demonstrates that electromagnetic enhancement of mineral absorption represents a convergence of bioelectromagnetics, nutritional science, and personalized medicine with potential to address global micronutrient deficiencies affecting billions worldwide. The mathematical precision of ion cyclotron resonance predictions, clinical validation through FDA-approved devices, and reproducible industrial applications provide compelling evidence for electromagnetic water structuring as a legitimate scientific phenomenon deserving investigation rather than dismissal.

The Royal Jelly Standard establishes that identical measurable effects should receive identical scientific evaluation regardless of their biological or electromagnetic origin. The documented inconsistency in accepting biological water structuring while rejecting electromagnetic methods producing the same quantifiable changes (NMR modifications, surface tension alterations, hydrogen bonding network reorganization) represents a fundamental challenge to scientific objectivity that must be addressed for field advancement.

Methodological Rigor and Validation
Protocol Standardization:

Temperature control precision: ±0.4°C required to distinguish electromagnetic effects from thermal responses
Dosimetry validation: SAR measurements and calibrated field strength documentation
Protocol compliance correlation: <2% false positive rates with rigorous standardization
Evidence Classification Framework:

Level A (Strong): Bone healing, specific pain management applications with multiple randomized controlled trials
Level B (Moderate): Enhanced mineral absorption, stem cell applications with mechanistic validation and preliminary clinical evidence
Level C (Limited): Water structuring effects, combination therapies with physical measurements and small-scale studies
Conclusion
This definitive analysis establishes electromagnetic enhancement as scientifically valid across multiple domains - healthcare, agriculture, industrial processes, and environmental management - with specific mechanisms, quantifiable applications, and significant economic implications. The integration of 355+ new studies with existing research creates an authoritative framework totaling nearly 500 scientific citations spanning bioelectromagnetics, water physics, clinical medicine, agricultural science, and industrial engineering.

The identification of the Royal Jelly Paradox highlights the need for consistent scientific evaluation standards across biological and electromagnetic phenomena in all applications. With proper validation and regulatory oversight, electromagnetic enhancement technologies offer transformative potential for addressing global challenges in health, food production, water management, and sustainable resource utilization while reducing costs through prevention-focused and optimization-based approaches rather than treatment-focused and waste-management paradigms.

Multi-Domain Keywords: bioelectromagnetics, VGCC activation, ion cyclotron resonance, structured water, PEMF therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, bone healing, pain management, agricultural enhancement, industrial water treatment, environmental optimization, personalized medicine, water structuring, electromagnetic therapy

Interdisciplinary Classification: Biomedical Engineering, Agricultural Science, Industrial Engineering, Environmental Technology, Physics, Bioelectromagnetics, Medical Device Technology, Water Science

Comprehensive synthesis - Codex Resonance - September, 9th 2025

Comment on Ultrasound and Cardiac Pacing
Some readers may initially see “mismatches” for therapeutic ultrasound and cardiac pacing when applying the simple  rule. This is resolved once the framework is applied in its full layered form:

Ultrasound: The MHz carrier frequency is set by delivery physics (attenuation/penetration depth, the  factor). The biologically active component is the envelope/PRF that couples to tissue timescales via . Thus, MHz carriers deliver energy, while the resonance condition  is satisfied by the slower envelope, not the raw MHz.

Cardiac pacing: The relevant  is the dominant coupled cycle time (refractory/loop dynamics), not just the full AP width. With  s, the framework predicts  Hz, and with the constant- generalization (), this matches the clinical 1–2 Hz pacing range.


In both cases, the confusion disappears once the two-knob architecture is recognized:  for carrier delivery through tissue, and  for envelope coupling to biological timescales. This is exactly the separation encoded in Eq. (10) of the framework.







Discovery: We report the experimental discovery and validation of a universal transmission law governing optimal frequency selection across optical, electromagnetic, acoustic, and biological domains. Through systematic lithophane transmission experiments in conductive media, we established that optimal frequency equals the inverse of characteristic transmission distance: f* = 1/TD, where TD represents the dominant layer transmission parameter.


Experimental Validation: Direct measurement across five lithophane detail levels (0.2-5.0 mm) in saltwater demonstrated 0.0% prediction error between calculated and experimentally determined optimal frequencies (200-5000 Hz range). Cross-domain validation showed 1.5% average error for biological frequency predictions across neural gamma entrainment (40 Hz), bone PEMF therapy (15 Hz), and cancer TTFields (200 kHz).
Theoretical Framework: The universal law extends to biological systems through f* = 1/(2πτ), where τ represents characteristic biological timescales derived from transmission physics: membrane RC charging (τmem = RmCm), viscoelastic relaxation (τvisc = η/E), and diffusive transport (τdiff = L²/D). This mathematical framework unifies previously disparate therapeutic modalities under fundamental transmission physics.
Acoustic Coupling Innovation: We demonstrate human-frequency entrainment through structured breathing patterns (3:6:9 second cycles) combined with 149 Hz carrier frequencies, achieving measurable voice-frequency coupling with characteristic "exhaust-like" acoustic signatures. Human body resonance chambers (101 Hz whole-body, 504 Hz vocal tract, 686 Hz chest cavity) provide predictable acoustic coupling pathways.
Paradigm Shift: This work transforms frequency-based medicine from empirical optimization to predictive science founded on universal physics principles. Rather than testing multiple frequencies experimentally, practitioners can calculate optimal therapeutic frequencies a priori from measurable tissue transmission properties.
Clinical Impact: The framework enables patient-specific frequency optimization through individual biological parameter measurement (impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, patch-clamp electrophysiology), representing a transition toward precision medicine based on transmission physics rather than population averages.
Falsifiable Predictions: We provide specific testable hypotheses including cortical thickness-dependent TMS optimization, tumor stiffness-correlated TTFields frequencies, and dual-frequency synergistic protocols, enabling rigorous experimental validation of framework predictions and design alike.

This article aims to study a model of traditional agriculture using spate irrigation. To this end, we relied on a methodological approach based on the calculation of spectral indices: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Bare soil Index (BI), and Salinity Index (SI), which allowed us to evaluate the diachronic changes in the soil surface condition in the study area, particularly the evolution of the vegetation cover. The processing of multi-date Landsat images [1985-2020] revealed a widespread degradation in the vegetation cover at the El Feidh perimeter, as well as an increase in salinity. The results obtained indicate that in 1985, the average of the vegetation index (NDVI) was 0.49, which is very important compared to the years 2000 and 2020, when the average NDVI was 0.20 and 0.12, respectively. The vegetation cover area decreased from 98.89% in 1985 to 97.72% in 2000, only to drop again to 42.98% in 2020. In contrast, the average salinity index has increased over the years: it was lower in 1985 (SI = 952.04) than in 2020 (SI = 2261.63). Furthermore, the diachronic analysis of the NDWI shows that soil and plant moisture have also decreased significantly: the average NDWI was 0.19 in 1985, then dropped to-0.03 in 2000, only to drop again to-0.08 in 2020.

ElectroCardiogram(ECG) is used to measure and diagnose electrical activity of heart. R peak detection from ECG signal is our main concern. It is the basic mark for the identification of different arrhythmias. In this paper, R wave extraction is performed by using Wavelet Transform. The wavelet transform has risen over late years as an effective time-frequency analysis and it is efficiently analyze complex non stationary signals. In this research, R wave is extracted accurately then heart beat is analyzed by the detection of RR intervals. R wave extraction is performed and implemented in the most familiar multipurpose tool, MATLAB .In this research,99.9% accurate R peak is detected by this type of approach. By accurate detection of R peak, cardiac diseases can easily be identified such as Sinus tachycardia, Sinus bradycardia, Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), Atrial fibrillation (AF), Ventricular tachycardia and Heart block.

El medidor multicota para piezas producidas por máquinas-herramienta es un sistema que permite medir simultáneamente hasta 16 cotas en piezas producidas por máquinas-herramienta, visualizando sobre una pantalla de ordenador los resultados en forma ...

Estados Unidos y los países en los que tiene influencia técnica utilizan redes de 60 Hz, mientras que Europa y los países en los que tuvo capacidad de influir cuando se comenzó la red de deistribución de electricidad, prefieren 50 Hz. Por número de países, son mayoritarias las redes de 50 Hz. ¿Qué tipo de frecuencia ofrece mayores ventajas? Una de mis alumnas, Nazaret Sinde Lorenzo, me remitió esta respuesta, que me parece interesante y técnicamente correcta: La utilización de diferentes frecuencias en las diferentes zonas geográficas desarrolladas es más bien una razón de tradición, que una razón técnica. Desde el punto de vista técnico y en comparativa de las frecuencias de 50 Hz y 60 Hz no se puede decir que una frecuencia sea muy ventajosa con respecto a la otra, y si así fuera no habría ambas frecuencias, se utilizaría la mejor. Pero también es cierto que si se observan ciertas diferencias entre ambas; por ejemplo en algunas lámparas que utilizan rectificadores, el parpadeo se aprecia menos en el caso de frecuencias de 60 Hz que 50 Hz, debido a que el ciclo se repite cada menos tiempo.

es necesario disponer de instrumental que, con adecuados niveles de exactitud, permitan medir los valores cresta y eficaz aplicados sobre el objeto bajo ensayo. Los criterios básicos para estas mediciones se establecen en las normas IEC 60060. Con el avance tecnológico de los últimos años, las mediciones eléctricas se encuentran en un proceso de modernización, contemplando la implementación de instrumentos virtuales. Con ello, un sistema de medición consistiría de una placa adquisidora apropiada y de un software que cumpla los requisitos de medición necesarios. Debido a esto, están bajo estudio las normas IEC 61083-3 e IEC 61083-4 que tratan sobre el hardware y el software de medición respectivamente, para las mediciones de tensiones de frecuencia industrial en ensayos de alta tensión. El sistema de medición de alta tensión de frecuencia industrial de 300 kV del IITREE está compuesto por un divisor de tensión capacitivo y dos voltímetros analógicos, uno de tensión eficaz y otro de tensión cresta (dividido raíz de 2). El instrumento de valor eficaz es del tipo electroestático y el de valor cresta posee un detector de valor máximo de la onda, que se convierte a corriente y finalmente es medida por un galvanómetro. Ambos poseen una indicación por haz de luz deflactada por un espejo y la cupla antagónica se obtiene con un fleje metálico calibrado. Las calibraciones y mantenimiento de dicho instrumental resultan lentos y costosos. En el mercado convencional, fácilmente se disponen de instrumentos digitales de valor eficaz, no así de valor cresta de la onda. Por ello, se ha recurrido a la instrumentación virtual, mediante una placa adquisidora que registra la señal (tensión) y un software dedicado que realiza los cálculos correspondientes. En el presente trabajo se describe la implementación de un nuevo sistema de medición digital virtual, indicando los requerimientos de la placa de adquisición y el desarrollo del software que realiza el cálculo del valor eficaz y cresta a partir de la señal adquirida. Además de las funciones principales de medición, se han podido desarrollar otras funciones respecto a un voltímetro convencional, como la adquisición de la forma de onda, el perfil de tensión y otros parámetros de interés establecidos por la norma. Adicionalmente se complementó con la corrección por condiciones ambientales Palabras clave: Instrumentación virtual -Alta tensión -Ensayos -Calibración -Voltímetro El reemplazo de los instrumentos analógicos por digitales no es nada reciente, sin embargo, la utilización de estos equipos en las pruebas de alta tensión de frecuencia industrial o continua no fue discutido hasta la década de 2010. 19 a 23 de maio de 2019 Comitê de Estudos D1 -Materiales y técnicas de ensayo emergentes D1-CATALANO Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil

The brain system dynamically produces chaotic signals and there exists evidence that EEG signal is typical chaotic signal which are produced by the chaotic dynamics brain system. In this overview research of ECG chaos using DWT, Lyapunov exponent and time series we compare models and predict the EEG signal based on the spatio-temporal chaotic dynamics ,time series and Lyapunov exponent. Both chaotic and periodic time series can have the similar waveform and spectrum the commonly used approaches for detecting chaotic behavior have limitation. Accurate identification of chaotic behavior from a deterministic periodic process is a difficult but significant issue as underlying dynamics in the data determines the sequent analysis techniques.

The future of wind energy industry passes through the use of larger and more flexible wind turbines in remote locations, which are increasingly offshore to benefit stronger and more uniform wind conditions. Cost of operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines is among 15-35% of the total cost. From this, 80% comes from unplanned maintenance due to different faults in the wind turbine components. Thus, an auspicious way to contribute to the increasing demands and challenges is by applying low-cost advanced fault detection schemes. This work proposes a new method for fault detection of wind turbine actuators and sensors faults in variable-speed wind turbines. For this purpose, time domain signals acquired from the operating wind turbine are converted into two-dimensional matrices to obtain gray-scale digital images. Then, the image pattern recognition is processed getting texture features under a multichannel representation. In this work, four types of texture features are used...

Electrocardiography (ECG) is a medical test used to measure the heart's electrical conduction system. Many cardiac abnormalities can be detected through ECG analysis. Various computerized techniques have been applied to assist physicians in an accurate diagnosis, among them Artificial neural networks (ANNs), Genetic algorithms (GAs) and their combinations (GANNs). A cardiac arrhythmia computerized diagnostics is a good example of such an application. Many different ANN approaches to arrhythmia classification appear in the literature, but we couldn't find any work related to GANN for this problem. In this paper we are closing this gap by presenting classification system of cardiac arrhythmia using GANN classifier. ANN is the base of the system, while GAs are used to evolve ANN architecture and weights. In addition, another GA is used to perform a feature selection task. The system is trained and tested for online UCI Machine Learning data set for cardiac arrhythmia. The classification performance of the system is evaluated by means of classification accuracy. The proposed classifier gives best classification results of 90.23%, 100%, 94.98%, 99.46%, 97.88% and 86.5% on classifying ischemic changes, old anterior myocardial infarction, old inferior myocardial infarction, sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia and right bundle branch block respectively. These results are competitive with the state of the art results in the field; that proves the effectiveness of our application. In addition the tool is enough generic to be used in solving of a wide range of problems. Also we have investigated effectiveness of GA as a training method. Exhaustive experiments demonstrate that classification accuracy of GA-trained classifiers is inversely proportional to the number of classification cases and depends on the content and size of the feature set for the classifier that is built by help of it.

Con el estudio de este manual se pretende que las/los participantes adquieran los conocimientos y desarrollen capacidades, habilidades y destrezas en la realización de instalaciones eléctricas residenciales y puedan desempeñarse de manera exitosa como Electricista Residencial en empresas constituidas o crear su propio emprendimiento productivo, que les permita mejorar su nivel de vida, el de su familia y su comunidad. Este manual responde al curso de Electricidad Residencial y consta de tres unidades: I. Electrotecnia, II. Aparatos de Medición Eléctrica, III. Instalaciones Eléctricas Residenciales. En la unidad "Electrotecnia" se estudian los conceptos y parámetros eléctricos para comprender, analizar y configurar circuitos eléctricos, así como la Ley de Ohm y su aplicación en circuitos de instalaciones eléctricas residenciales. En el manual encontrarán conceptos de electricidad, fórmulas, ejercicios y su aplicación práctica en la solución de situaciones reales de la vida cotidiana, ya sea en una instalación eléctrica o en la reparación de algún artefacto electrodoméstico que no contenga elementos electrónicos. Al final de cada tema encontrarán ejercicios por cada tema estudiado y una Autoevaluación por cada unidad, los que se recomiendan realizarlos, bien sea de forma individual o en equipo para dominar y desarrollar las competencias prevista para el curso. COMPETENCIAS A DESARROLLAR Al concluir el estudio del curso usted poseerá las siguientes competencias: Analizar circuitos eléctricos serie, paralelo y mixto, calculando los parámetros eléctricos correspondientes a Voltaje, Intensidad, Resistencia y Potencia. Utilizar los distintos equipos y aparatos de medición eléctrica de manera correcta en la medición de voltaje, intensidad y resistencia. Realizar instalaciones eléctricas residenciales aplicando técnicas, procedimientos, normas y códigos eléctricos establecidos internacionalmente y en el país. Aplicar normas y medidas de seguridad personal y laboral en los trabajos de electricidad residencial para garantizar la calidad del trabajo y la vida de las personas. Actuar acorde a valores y prácticas de respeto, amor al trabajo, responsabilidad, cooperación, protección al medioambiente y demás comportamiento que dignifican a la persona y aportan a la convivencia en armonía en la familia y la comunidad. ELECTROTECNIA 6 Manual de Electricidad Residencial Manual de Electricidad Residencial Electricidad Residencial Multímetro típico Analógico. En este equipo las escalas se identifican con DC y AC. Negro Corriente Directa Rojo Corriente Alterna Verde Ohmios Multímetro Analógico de Gancho Este modelo de amperímetro de gancho está destinado más al campo industrial, donde en su mayoría se utiliza corriente alterna. Para la medición de corriente alterna "el gancho" debe colocarse solamente en un conductor a la vez, en caso contrario no podrá realizar la medición. En las siguientes figuras se muestra la conexión correcta. 49 Manual de Electricidad Residencial La conexión del aparato para medir voltaje y resistencia se procede igual que el instrumento de medida analógica Conexión de un Amperímetro de Gancho Multímetro digital. Un equipo de medición digital presenta más ventaja frente a un analógico, ya que este puede leerse cómodamente y sin errores. Sin embargo los instrumentos de medición analógico sor más baratos. Partes de un multímetro digital. 65 Manual de Electricidad Residencial Entrada 1 línea negra (viva) 1 línea Blanca (neutro). Estas líneas deben ser repartidas de la siguiente manera las dos líneas rojas a un porta lámpara, las dos azules al siguiente porta lámpara del siguiente tubo y las dos amarilla deben estar en el otro extremo de la lámpara realizando un puente con el otro portalámparas como lo indica la siguiente figura. Armado de una luminaria fluorescente de 2x40W

Con el estudio de este manual se pretende que las/los participantes adquieran los conocimientos y desarrollen capacidades, habilidades y destrezas en la realización de instalaciones eléctricas residenciales y puedan desempeñarse de manera exitosa como Electricista Residencial en empresas constituidas o crear su propio emprendimiento productivo, que les permita mejorar su nivel de vida, el de su familia y su comunidad. Este manual responde al curso de Electricidad Residencial y consta de tres unidades: I. Electrotecnia, II. Aparatos de Medición Eléctrica, III. Instalaciones Eléctricas Residenciales. En la unidad "Electrotecnia" se estudian los conceptos y parámetros eléctricos para comprender, analizar y configurar circuitos eléctricos, así como la Ley de Ohm y su aplicación en circuitos de instalaciones eléctricas residenciales. En el manual encontrarán conceptos de electricidad, fórmulas, ejercicios y su aplicación práctica en la solución de situaciones reales de la vida cotidiana, ya sea en una instalación eléctrica o en la reparación de algún artefacto electrodoméstico que no contenga elementos electrónicos. Al final de cada tema encontrarán ejercicios por cada tema estudiado y una Autoevaluación por cada unidad, los que se recomiendan realizarlos, bien sea de forma individual o en equipo para dominar y desarrollar las competencias prevista para el curso. COMPETENCIAS A DESARROLLAR Al concluir el estudio del curso usted poseerá las siguientes competencias: Analizar circuitos eléctricos serie, paralelo y mixto, calculando los parámetros eléctricos correspondientes a Voltaje, Intensidad, Resistencia y Potencia. Utilizar los distintos equipos y aparatos de medición eléctrica de manera correcta en la medición de voltaje, intensidad y resistencia. Realizar instalaciones eléctricas residenciales aplicando técnicas, procedimientos, normas y códigos eléctricos establecidos internacionalmente y en el país. Aplicar normas y medidas de seguridad personal y laboral en los trabajos de electricidad residencial para garantizar la calidad del trabajo y la vida de las personas. Actuar acorde a valores y prácticas de respeto, amor al trabajo, responsabilidad, cooperación, protección al medioambiente y demás comportamiento que dignifican a la persona y aportan a la convivencia en armonía en la familia y la comunidad. ELECTROTECNIA 6 Manual de Electricidad Residencial Manual de Electricidad Residencial Electricidad Residencial Multímetro típico Analógico. En este equipo las escalas se identifican con DC y AC. Negro Corriente Directa Rojo Corriente Alterna Verde Ohmios Multímetro Analógico de Gancho Este modelo de amperímetro de gancho está destinado más al campo industrial, donde en su mayoría se utiliza corriente alterna. Para la medición de corriente alterna "el gancho" debe colocarse solamente en un conductor a la vez, en caso contrario no podrá realizar la medición. En las siguientes figuras se muestra la conexión correcta. 49 Manual de Electricidad Residencial La conexión del aparato para medir voltaje y resistencia se procede igual que el instrumento de medida analógica Conexión de un Amperímetro de Gancho Multímetro digital. Un equipo de medición digital presenta más ventaja frente a un analógico, ya que este puede leerse cómodamente y sin errores. Sin embargo los instrumentos de medición analógico sor más baratos. Partes de un multímetro digital. 65 Manual de Electricidad Residencial Entrada 1 línea negra (viva) 1 línea Blanca (neutro). Estas líneas deben ser repartidas de la siguiente manera las dos líneas rojas a un porta lámpara, las dos azules al siguiente porta lámpara del siguiente tubo y las dos amarilla deben estar en el otro extremo de la lámpara realizando un puente con el otro portalámparas como lo indica la siguiente figura. Armado de una luminaria fluorescente de 2x40W

System HPCI-1 of U-Star Sensor Technology Co., Ltd (China), some
experiments devoted to AC circuits are included. Among them there
is one dedicated to determine qualitatively the phase shift between
current and voltage in an RC circuit with resistance changes.
Using the circuit and the specific software for this experiment and
another circuit included for other experiment we have designed three
lab projects for determining quantitatively the changes of phase
shift between current and voltage in the RC and RL circuits with
resistance change and how this phase shift behaves in a RLC circuit
when it is predominantly capacitive, inductive or it is in resonance
condition. A proposal of a lab practice that includes the study of the
three circuits was introduced

This paper presents an automation of farm irrigation system embedded Linux board. The system provides a web interface to the user so that the user can control and monitor the system remotely. In this paper, Raspberry Pi is used as an embedded Linux board which is designed based on the arm 11 microcontroller architecture. Embedded Linux board makes the communication with all distributed sensor nodes placed in the farm. The goal of coordinator node is to collect the parameters like soil moisture and soil temperature. The sensors are moisture and soil temperature sensor. Raspberry Pi stores collected data in the database and analyzes the stored data. The system will work according to the algorithm developed for watering the crop. User can make the irrigation system ON or OFF remotely. The system will reduce the water consumption and giving uniform water to the crop results in increasing yield.

There is an increase in cardio logical patients all over the world due to change in modern life style. It forces the medical researchers to search for smart devices that can diagnosis and predict the onset of cardiac problem before it is too late. This motivates the authors to predict Arrhythmia that can help both the patients and the medical practitioners for better healthcare services. The proposed method uses the frequency domain information which can represent the ECG signals of Arrhythmia patients better. Features representing the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia are extracted using the efficient Short Time Fourier Transform and the Wavelet transform. A comparison of these features is made with that of normal human being using Neural Network based classifier. Wavelet based features has shown an improvement of Accuracy over that of STFT features in classifying Arrhythmia as our results reveal. A Mean Square Error (MSE) of with wavelet transform has validated our results.

The future of wind energy industry passes through the use of larger and more flexible wind turbines in remote locations, which are increasingly offshore to benefit stronger and more uniform wind conditions. Cost of operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines is among 15-35% of the total cost. From this, 80% comes from unplanned maintenance due to different faults in the wind turbine components. Thus, an auspicious way to contribute to the increasing demands and challenges is by applying low-cost advanced fault detection schemes. This work proposes a new method for fault detection of wind turbine actuators and sensors faults in variable-speed wind turbines. For this purpose, time domain signals acquired from the operating wind turbine are converted into two-dimensional matrices to obtain gray-scale digital images. Then, the image pattern recognition is processed getting texture features under a multichannel representation. In this work, four types of texture features are used...

Reconfigurable circuit designs for automatic seizure detection devices are essential to prevent epilepsy affected people from severe injuries and other health-related problems. In this proposed design, an automatic seizure detection algorithm based on the Linear binary Support Vector Machine learning algorithm (LSVM) is developed and implemented in a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The experimental results showed that the mean detection accuracy is 86% and sensitivity is 97%. The resource utilization of the implemented design is less when compared to existing hardware implementations. The power consumption of the proposed design is 76mW at 100MHz. The experimental results assure that a physician can make use of this proposed design in detecting seizure events.

Reconfigurable circuit designs for automatic seizure detection devices are essential to prevent epilepsy affected people from severe injuries and other health-related problems. In this proposed design, an automatic seizure detection algorithm based on the Linear binary Support Vector Machine learning algorithm (LSVM) is developed and implemented in a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The experimental results showed that the mean detection accuracy is 86% and sensitivity is 97%. The resource utilization of the implemented design is less when compared to existing hardware implementations. The power consumption of the proposed design is 76mW at 100MHz. The experimental results assure that a physician can make use of this proposed design in detecting seizure events.

En el el presente trabajo se presenta el trabajo realizado para el calibrado de un sensor diseñado y construido por la EUAT, y su utilización para la determinación de vibraciones en la estructura del aparcamiento subterráneo de la Escuela. Para ello se ha desarrollado el dispositivo experimental necesario para su adaptación a la estructura del aparcamiento subterráneo de la Escuela.

ElectroCardiogram(ECG) is used to measure and diagnose electrical activity of heart. R peak detection from ECG signal is our main concern. It is the basic mark for the identification of different arrhythmias. In this paper, R wave extraction is performed by using Wavelet Transform. The wavelet transform has risen over late years as an effective time-frequency analysis and it is efficiently analyze complex non stationary signals. In this research, R wave is extracted accurately then heart beat is analyzed by the detection of RR intervals. R wave extraction is performed and implemented in the most familiar multipurpose tool, MATLAB .In this research,99.9% accurate R peak is detected by this type of approach. By accurate detection of R peak, cardiac diseases can easily be identified such as Sinus tachycardia, Sinus bradycardia, Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), Atrial fibrillation (AF), Ventricular tachycardia and Heart block.

El presente artículo describe el cálculo, diseño y construcción de un generador de impulsos de corriente de 5.000 Amperios, el primero de su tipo que se construye en el país, para ensayar resistencias no-lineales de carburo de silicio utilizadas en pararrayos de fabricación nacional. Se discuten algunos aspectos relativos a la construcción de cada uno de los elementos del circuito de impulso, los resultados y las posibilidades futuras que se derivan de esta experiencia. El generador fue construido en el Laboratorio de Alta Tensión del Instituto de Ensayos e Investigación de la Facultad de Ingeniería, dentro de los programas del Grupo de Investigación en Alta Tensión — GIAT.

Recent days Computer-aided design and image processing techniques are one of the most emerging useful tools for analysis of models in various medical, industrial and research areas. In medical field for the diagnosis of various diseases in vivo techniques including biochemical test, enzymatic tests are needed for continuous monitoring of patients. These diagnosis procedures are time consuming and inconvenient for patients. Therefore Computer assisted designing and image processing techniques are most promising non invasive tools for faster diagnosis and useful tool for designing of biomedical implants. In this paper portal vein was segmented from patient’s Liver computed tomography (CT) image by dedicated software. A Liver’s CT image of 38 year old Indian male patient’s was collected and by using imaged based software MIMICS (Materialise’s Interactive Medical Image Control System, Belgium) 3D model of HPV (hepatic portal vein) was obtained and Solid Work Professional (Dassault Syste...

Background: Gunshot injuries constitute significant contributor to morbidity and mortality of the healthcare in most societies. The global burden of gunshot injuries seems to be on the rise with the increase in violent crimes and unrest across the world. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of gunshot injuries seen in the surgery departments of the two Teaching Hospitals in Port Harcourt from January 2010 to January            2019. Materials and Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was carried out using data obtained from registers for patients who had gunshot injuries from January 2010 to January 2019 in two government-owned tertiary healthcare facilities in Port Harcourt. Results: A total of 1138 cases of gunshot injuries was recorded within the ten-year study period, with relatively higher number of cases seen during the 2011/2012 (122/116), 2015 (134), and 2019 (138). The age range 20 - 44 years are more involved in these injuries, and abdominal injurie...

Se describe la metodología seguida para estimar la incertidumbre del patrón nacional de tensión eléctrica en corriente continua basado en el efecto Josephson. Se aplicó un método general con el que se estimó la incertidumbre intrínseca del patrón y del sistema de medición. Dicho método consiste en identificar las fuentes de incertidumbre que no dependen de la tensión medida, para evaluarlas a través de mediciones de un cortocircuito. Por otro lado, las fuentes de incertidumbre que sí dependen de la tensión medida, se evalúan aparte considerando el peor de los casos. La estimación de incertidumbre que se describe en este documento considera nueve de las principales fuentes de incertidumbre de un patrón de tensión eléctrica Josephson. El valor de incertidumbre del patrón nacional que se obtuvo fue de +/-7,0 nV (a 1σ) para una salida de 10 V, lo cual representa 7,0 partes en 10 10 .

Deuterium (D) incorporation in GeO2/Ge structures following D2 annealing was investigated. Higher D concentrations were obtained for GeO2/Ge samples in comparison to their SiO2/Si counterparts annealed in the same conditions. Oxygen vacancies produced during the annealing step in D2 constitute defect sites for D incorporation, analogous to defects at the SiO2/Si interfacial region. Besides D incorporation, volatilization of the oxide layer is also observed as a consequence of D2 annealing, especially in the high temperature regime of the present study (&gt;450 °C). In parallel to this volatilization, the stoichiometry and chemical structure of remnant oxide are modified as well. These results evidence the broader impact of forming gas annealing in dielectric/Ge structures with respect to SiO2/Si counterparts.

Assistant professor IN ECE DEPARTMENT in Panchkula engineering College -------------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract—This paper describes intelligent Multilanguage voice controlled wheelchair which operates on user’s voice commands (Multilanguage). The disabled people cannot move from one place to another on their own. They continuously need someone to help them in getting the wheelchair moving. This voice controlled system makes them more independent. Powered wheelchairs with the standard joystick interface are unable to be control by many people. A voice controlled wheelchair can provide easy access for physical disabled person who cannot control their movements especially hands. Few patients such as quadriplegic, cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis are dependent on other people to move from one place to another and due to this they don’t have the freedom of mobility. Th...

Future generations of wireless networks are expected to heavily rely on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). UAV networks have extraordinary features like high mobility, frequent topology change, tolerance to link failure, and extending the coverage area by adding external UAVs. UAV network provides several advantages for civilian, commercial, search and rescue applications. A realistic mobility model must be used to assess the dependability and effectiveness of UAV protocols and algorithms.  In this research paper, the performance of the Gauss Markov (GM) and Random Waypoint (RWP) mobility models in multi-UAV networks for a search and rescue scenario is analyzed and evaluated. Additionally, the two mobility models GM and RWP are described in depth, together with the movement patterns they are related with. Furthermore, two-simulation scenarios conduct with help of an NS-3 simulator. The first scenario investigates the effect of UAV Speed by varying it from 10 to 50 m/s. the second scen...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of low-powered devices that have computation, wireless communication and environment-sensing capabilities. These low-cost sensors are usually deployed in a dense and stationary manner for the periodic sensing of environmental phenomena. WSNs open the door for many monitoring applications in the military, in healthcare, and in environmental and urban studies. mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) are a subclass of WSNs in which some or all the sensors are mobile. Many environmental applications are designed and deployed on top of MWSNs in which the sensors' hosts are uncontrolled by end users (e.g., the OpenSense project for air pollution monitoring in the city of Zurich). MWSNs poses many challenges for newly designed applications. In this paper, we evaluate MWSNs with a location-based application. We test various data delivery schemes used by sensors in MWSNs, including GPRS, Wi-Fi, and Hybrid (both GPRS and Wi-Fi). We perform extensive simulation-based experiments using the ns2 simulator.

There are many sources of energy that are renewable and considered to be environmentally friendly and harness natural processes. These sources of energy provide an alternate ‘cleaner’ source of energy, helping to negate the effects of certain forms of pollution. All of these power generation techniques can be described as renewable since they are not depleting any resource to create the energy. While there many large-scale renewable energy projects and production are in existence, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, somewhere in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development. Though the initial cost is high, central / state government should offer incentive programs to make “green” energy a more economically viable option. The main objectives are to bringing down the cost and component used in the power system through the enhancement of efficiency and reliability of the renewable energy sources with minimal maintenance &...

This article deals with the safety assessment of several ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna designs for use in prototype microwave breast imaging systems. First, the performances of the antennas are validated by comparison of measured and simulated data collected for a simple test case. An efficient approach to estimating the specific energy absorption (SA) is introduced and validated. Next, SA produced by the UWB antennas inside more realistic breast models is computed. In particular, the power levels and pulse repetition periods adopted for the SA evaluation follow the measurement protocol employed by a tissue sensing adaptive radar (TSAR) prototype system. Results indicate that the SA for the antennas examined is below limits prescribed in standards for exposure of the general population; however, the difficulties inherent in applying such standards to UWB exposures are discussed. The results also suggest that effective tools for the rapid evaluation of new sensors have been developed. Bioelectromagnetics 33:215-225, 2012.

Two significant motivations for continuing development in early process detection problems are technological plant safety and dependability. To avoid economic losses in oil exploration, faults in Field Digitizing Units (FDUs) instruments must be detected. The creation of algorithms that can detect process issues before they reach their threshold is a big task, and trend checks associated with a particular measured value are typical. The efficiency of the Deep Neural Network (DNN) technique employing Matlab and a lowcomputational power device, such as the Raspberry Pi 4, for drift fault detection in FDUs is evaluated in this article. The DNN classifier is among the deep learning algorithms being studied. The FDUs instruments provided the data for this experiment. In training and testing data, the six features (Distortion, Noise, Common-Mode Rejection (CMRR), Gain Error, Phase Error, and Crosstalk) were extracted from free fault and faulty FDUs. The trained model has been offline tested, with the model being used to detect drift faults using FDU performance. Accuracy, specification, precision, recall, and F-measure were used to determine the efficiency of the classifier, with 99.7% accuracy in the DNN with Matlab and 98% accuracy in the DNN with Python.

Las mediciones en la industria de los materiales de la construcción juegan un papel importante en la rapidez y calidad en la ejecución de las inversiones constructivas. Los Aparatos de Vicat son utilizados en los laboratorios de ensayo por el Ministerio de la Construcción para la determinación de indicadores de calidad del cemento hidráulico, como el tiempo de fraguado y la consistencia normal. Se presenta el programa de pruebas, utilizado en el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Metrología (INIMET) para la evaluación de la conformidad de los componentes en uso de los Aparatos de Vicat con los requisitos de la norma cubana NC-524:2007 ¨Cemento hidráulico-Método de ensayo-Determinación de la consistencia normal y tiempo de fraguado por aguja Vicat" [1]. El procedimiento descrito garantiza incertidumbres de medición que satisfacen los requerimientos de este tipo de evaluación. En este proceso se utilizaron una balanza electrónica, un micrómetro de exterior mecánico, un pie de rey universal y un microscopio de lectura, calibrados en el INIMET y con trazabilidad al Instituto de Metrología D.I. Mendeléiev (VNIIM, Rusia).

The future of wind energy industry passes through the use of larger and more flexible wind turbines in remote locations, which are increasingly offshore to benefit stronger and more uniform wind conditions. Cost of operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines is among 15-35% of the total cost. From this, 80% comes from unplanned maintenance due to different faults in the wind turbine components. Thus, an auspicious way to contribute to the increasing demands and challenges is by applying low-cost advanced fault detection schemes. This work proposes a new method for fault detection of wind turbine actuators and sensors faults in variable-speed wind turbines. For this purpose, time domain signals acquired from the operating wind turbine are converted into two-dimensional matrices to obtain gray-scale digital images. Then, the image pattern recognition is processed getting texture features under a multichannel representation. In this work, four types of texture features are used...