Biliary pancreatitis

Makalah ini membahas analisis prinsip medan magnetik dalam sistem Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), sebuah teknologi pencitraan medis non-invasif yang memanfaatkan medan magnet dan gelombang radio untuk menghasilkan gambar detail organ dalam manusia. Studi ini menguraikan konsep dasar teknologi MRI, termasuk komponen utama seperti magnet utama, gradien coil, radio frekuensi coil, dan sistem komputer. Selain itu, dijelaskan juga prinsip kerja MRI yang memanfaatkan momen magnetik atom hidrogen dalam tubuh, proses eksitasi oleh pulsa radio frekuensi, serta peran gradien magnet dalam pemilihan irisan gambar. Fokus utama pembahasan adalah penerapan prinsip medan magnetik, seperti penggunaan solenoida, hukum Biot-Savart untuk pemetaan sensitivitas koil, serta penggunaan magnet superkonduktor berbahan Niobium-Titanium (NbTi) dan Niobium-Timah (Nb3Sn) untuk menghasilkan medan magnet yang kuat dan stabil. Makalah ini juga mengidentifikasi tantangan dalam penerapan prinsip medan magnetik pada MRI serta solusi yang dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pencitraan dan efisiensi sistem. Hasil analisis diharapkan dapat memberikan pemahaman yang mendalam mengenai peranan medan magnetik dalam teknologi MRI dan menjadi referensi yang berguna bagi mahasiswa serta pihak terkait di bidang teknik dan medis.

Los quistes de coledoco son dilataciones de los conductos biliares que pueden asociarse con obstruccion biliar intermitente. El flujo biliar puede producir dano hepatico cronico, fibrosis y cirrosis biliar con hipertension portal. Objetivo general: Identificar cuales son las caracteristicas en los pacientes con quiste de coledoco. Material y metodos: Transversal, retrospectivo, descriptivo. Se seleccionaron los expedientes con diagnostico de quiste de coledoco en el periodo comprendido de agosto de 2006 a agosto de 2012. Se detectaron los factores y/o antecedentes fisiopatologicos que se encuentran asociados con las complicaciones. Resultados: Se identificaron 33 individuos con diagnostico de quiste de coledoco en el periodo de agosto de 2006 a agosto de 2012; de ellos, se eliminaron nueve por tener un expediente incompleto. De los 24 sujetos con expediente completo, 18 fueron mujeres (75%) y seis hombres (25%), siendo una relacion 3:1. La manifestacion clinica fue ictericia, en un ...

MRI is a medical imaging modality that works by utilizing hydrogen atoms in the body. Imaging that does not use ionizing radiation but uses an external magnetic field. MRI is able to provide good soft tissue contrast based on the nature of the tissue. The wrist joint is a complex joint consisting of several bones and joints. The bones of the wrist joint consist of the wrist including the distal radius and ulna, 8 carpal bones, and the proximal part consists of 5 metacarpal bones. This type of research is a quantitative study with an experimental approach. This research will be conducted by comparing isotropic 3D sequences and PDW TSE SPAIR Cor sequences. Data collection was carried out from May to July 2022 at the Radiology Installation of RSUP DR. M. Djamil Padang. The author took the Wrist Joint MRI examination data as many as 10 volunteer samples. Based on the results of the research conducted, the researchers concluded that the results of the Wilcoxon test for each anatomy were ...

Background: One of the artifacts found on the CT scan is a metal artifact. Metal artifacts are caused by metal objects present in patients' bodies. The file of metal artifacts can cover the organ that will be evaluated, and it can be inferred with the pixel value (CT number) assessment of the tissue around the metal. Purpose: To determine the effect of the band pass median filter and find the optimal filter to reduce metal artifacts on the head CT scan. Method: A total of 43 samples of patients's files from head CT-scan without any contrast were reconstructed using four band pass median filters and obtained R1, R2, R5, and R10 filters. Two radiology specialists were assessed for the reduction of metal artifacts using the ImageJ application. Result: Four variations of the filter affected the reduction of metal artifacts because the band pass median filter maintained a point that was close to its neighboring points and points that were different from its neighboring points by replacing the value of the pixel with the median value of the grey level of neighboring pixels. The optimal filter recommendation is the R1 filter because it has the largest SNR value (16.9773) and the smallest RMSE value (8.57501) so that the result of the image is more informative and has a diagnostic value. Conclusion: The four filter variations were affected by reducing metal artifacts. Images with substantial SNR and fractional RMSE values produced an image that was more informative and still had diagnostic value.

Background: Patients with chronic pancreatitis can suffer from a range of intense pain, as well as problems related to the functioning of the digestive organs, the evaluation of the quality of life can provide valuable information about the level of physical and emotional discomfort felt by the patients after the surgical intervention. Methods: A prospective study was carried out in the period 2014-2020 in which 113 patients with benign pancreatic pathology treated surgically admitted to the CF2 Clinical Hospital in Bucharest were included. For this study, the statistical method of simple linear regression was applied. Results: Patients' quality of life can also be influenced by the level of social support and medical care they receive. A strong support network, which can provide emotional and practical support, as well as access to appropriate and specialist medical care, can play an important role in managing symptoms and improving patients' quality of life. Conclusions: A...

A workshop was sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases to focus on research gaps and opportunities on drug development for pancreatitis. This conference was held on July 25, 2018, and structured into 3 working groups (WG): acute pancreatitis (AP) WG, recurrent AP WG, and chronic pancreatitis WG. This article reports the outcome of the work accomplished by the AP WG to provide the natural history, epidemiology, and current management of AP; inform about the role of preclinical models in therapy selection; and discuss clinical trial designs with clinical and patient-reported outcomes to test new therapies.

In this paper, we present the spectroscopic description (by the means of UATR-FTIR spectroscopy) for four naturally occurring bile acids, namely lithocholic acid (LC), taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (TC), taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt hydrate (TDC) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), as well as their thermal behaviour in dynamic oxidative atmosphere, by TG/DTG/HF means. It was shown that all samples have a good thermal stability, favourized by the presence of cholan-24-oic structural moiety in all samples, as well as the solid-state structure (intermolecular H-bondings for the carboxylic acids CDC and LC and saline structures for TDC and TC, respectively). These data are simple, but of great interest in identifying the presence of these compounds by fast, reproducible and precise instrumental techniques in complex mixtures, such as biliary stones.

Diagnosis of orbital is recommended for orbital MRI examinations, on of the pathology is retinoblastoma. orbital organs contain a lot of soft tissues so the orbital MRI is one of the right choices because it can appear anatomically and pathologically in a cross-sectional orbital, in two dimensions and three dimensions. Examination protocols on orbital MRI in retinoblastoma cases have several sequences in pre-and post-contrast agent. The purposes of this research were to determine the orbits MRI procedure in the retinoblastoma case. The Method of this research is a descriptive of qualitative with case study method. The data were collected in unit of radiology DR. Saiful Anwar Malang by using observation method, documentation, and interview of radiolog and radiographers. Data analyzed by using presented and data reduction to get the conclusion and suggestion. The results are an orbital MRI examination is concerned with MRI safety with patient screening and informed consent. The protocol for pre-contrast agent orbital MRI was T1 3D TSE axial, T2 TSE axial, DWI axial, T2 TSE fat saturated axial, and T2 DRIVE axial. On post-contrast agent using sagittal T1 FFE sequences, T1 3D TSE axial. The use of slice thickness is 3mm and 1mm in 3D image, 2D T2 DRIVE and 2D T1 FFE post contrast. gadolinium contrast agent as much as 5 mmol/10ml injection intravenously. The selection of sequences in the protocol of orbital MRI can produce detailed orbital anatomy images and provide sufficient clinical information to diagnose retinoblastoma.

Backgroud: Brain MRI examination generally has a long scanning time because many protocols that must be used, one of them is DWI sequences, which are sequences that can provide pathological information on the brain. One way to reduce scan time is to use parallel imaging sensitivity encoding (SENSE) techniques. SENSE utilizing the spatial information RF coil phased array to reduce the acquisition time by reducing the number of sampling lines K space therefore produce quality and good spatial resolution, but its has the limitations, namely the reduction of SNR. The purpose of this research was to analyze in SNR on the variations of SENSE value in MRI brain DWI axial slices. Methods: This research is a quantitative study with an experimental approach in 15 patients MRI Brain. Data was taken by calculating the SNR value through software for the region of interest (ROI) in cortex cerebri, basal ganglia, thalamus, pons and cerebellum, and then ROI in noise background. Data was analyzed descriptively by comparing the differences in SNR values obtained in MRI brain DWI axial between the use of various SENSE values, that are 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0. Results:.

Diagnosis of orbital is recommended for orbital MRI examinations, on of the pathology is retinoblastoma. orbital organs contain a lot of soft tissues so the orbital MRI is one of the right choices because it can appear anatomically and pathologically in a cross-sectional orbital, in two dimensions and three dimensions. Examination protocols on orbital MRI in retinoblastoma cases have several sequences in pre- and post-contrast agent. The purposes of this research was to determine the orbits MRI procedure in the retinoblastoma case.The Methods of this research is a descriptive of qualitative with case study method. The data were collected in unit of radiology DR. Saiful Anwar Malang by using observation method, documentation and interview of radiolog and radiographers. Data analyzed by using presented and data reduction to get the conclusion and suggestion. The results is an orbital MRI examination is concerned with MRI safety with patient screening and informed consent. The protocol...

Background: Orbita CT allows visualization of abnormalities that are not easily seen with konvensional radiography. As a comparison, tomogram are reconstructed by a computer and rotated as anatomical pieces on a monitor. Carcinoma transmits sebaceous is a tumor originating from a malignant sebaceous tumor. This carcinoma usually comes from meibom circles.Research Objectives: To find out the procedure of OrbitaCT-Scan examination using contrast material with clinical Ca Sebaceain Radiology Installation Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Lampung Province Methods: This study is descriptive qualitative with an observational approach Results: After observation of the obtained results that the examination of CT-Scan Orbita using contrast material is done with special preparations, using pre-contrast and post-contrast axial slice which were then reconstructed into coronal and sagittal slice according to doctor and clinical needs. Conclusions: The results of the picture show suggestive soft tissue tumor maligna in the lateral aspect of the palpebrae sinistra size of 1.9 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.2 cm which appears attached to the lateral aspect of the bulb oculis sinistra.

Acute biliary pancreatitis poses a significant clinical challenge as currently no specific pharmaceutical treatment exists. Disturbed intracellular Ca 2+ signalling caused by bile acids is a hallmark of the disease, which induces increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial damage, intra-acinar digestive enzyme activation and cell death. Because of this mechanism of action, prevention of toxic cellular Ca 2+ overload is a promising therapeutic target. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a non-selective cation channel that has recently emerged as an important contributor to oxidative-stress-induced cellular Ca 2+ overload across different diseases. However, the expression and possible functions of TRPM2 in the exocrine pancreas remain unknown. Here we found that TRPM2 is expressed in the plasma membrane of mouse pancreatic acinar and ductal cells, which can be activated by increased oxidative stress induced by H 2 O 2 treatment. TRPM2 activity was found to contribute to bile acidinduced extracellular Ca 2+ influx in acinar cells, but did not have the same effect in ductal cells. The generation of intracellular ROS in response to bile acids was remarkably higher in pancreatic acinar cells compared to isolated ducts, which can explain the difference between acinar and ductal cells. This activity promoted acinar cell necrosis in vitro independently from mitochondrial damage or mitochondrial fragmentation. In addition, bile-acid-induced experimental pancreatitis was less severe in TRPM2 knockout mice, whereas the lack of TRPM2 had no protective effect in cerulein induced acute pancreatitis. Our results suggest that the inhibition of TRPM2 may be a potential treatment option for biliary pancreatitis.

Pancreatic and lung inflammation during acute pancreatitis is a poorly understood, but clinically important, phenomenon. The proto-oncogene Tpl2 (tumor progression locus-2) has recently been shown to have important immunomodulatory effects on some inflammatory processes, but its importance to pancreatitis has not been previously examined. Our studies were designed to (a) define the effects of Tpl2 on pancreatic and lung inflammation during pancreatitis and (b) identify mechanisms and cell types responsible for those effects. We examined pancreatitis-associated Tpl2 effects in wild type and Tpl2 ؊/؊ mice subjected to either secretagogue-induced or bile salt-induced pancreatitis. To determine the myeloid or non-myeloid lineage of cells responsible for the Tpl2 effects, we used Tpl2 ؊/؊ chimeric mice generated by lethal irradiation followed by bone marrow transplantation. Mechanisms responsible for the effects of Tpl2 ablation on caerulein-induced proinflammatory events were evaluated under in vivo and in vitro conditions using the techniques of electrophoretic mobility shift assay, immunoblot analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We found that Tpl2 ablation markedly reduced pancreatic and lung inflammation in these two dissimilar models of pancreatitis, but it did not alter pancreatic injury/necrosis in either model. The reduction in caerulein-induced pancreatic inflammation is dependent upon Tpl2 ablation in non-myeloid cells and is associated with both in vivo and in vitro inhibition of MEK, JNK, and AP-1 activation and the expression of MCP-1, MIP-2, and interleukin-6. Non-myeloid cell expression of Tpl2 regulates pancreatic inflammation during pancreatitis by mediating proinflammatory signals and the generation of neutrophil chemoattracting factors. Severe acute pancreatitis is a devastating disease associated with considerable morbidity and with mortality rates that can * This research was supported by the Stichting Prof. Michaë l-van Vloten Fonds in the Netherlands and the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, MD-Medical Research Trainee Grant 920-03-327) (to G. J. D. v. A.

Latar Belakang galbleder sangat penting bagi keberlangsungan hidup seseorang, karena galbleder berfungsi sebagai penghasil empedu, membantu menyerap lemak dalam tubuh, membantu kerja hati, dan ekresi. Tujuan untuk menganalisa pemeriksaan MRCP dengan Kasus Obstruksi Jundice. Waktu dan tempat penelitian ini dilakukan di RSUD dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh bulan Oktober. Metode penelitian ini bersifat observasi, studi kepustakaan, dan wawancara. pada penelitian ini penulis mengambil salah satu sampel yang mengenai MRCP Galbleder Obstruksi Jundice. Hasil penelitian Dari hasil gambaran juga dapat diketahui bahwa pasien mengalami Obstruksi Jundice (Batu Empedu), yaitu terlihat adanya suatu gumpalan warna hitam. Gambaran yang dihasilkan sangat informatif karena menampilkan Galbleder, Hepar, Splin, Usus-usus serta jaringan otot sekelilingnya dengan batasan yang jelas pada masingmasingnya.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the best imaging for chronic low back pain because of high tissue contrast and no effect of ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the management of Lumbar MRI examination with Low Back Pain Cases.Methods: The research used was a qualitative descriptive research method by collecting data by direct observation which was conducted in December 2022 at Satya Negara Hospital, North Jakarta. The research was conducted using direct observation methods, documentation and decision studies. The sample used was 1 patient.Results: The image results are strengthened by the expertise of a radiologist. The results of the study were obtained from the beginning of the patient's process of coming to radiology to perform a Lumbar MRI examination in the administration section until the examination was completed. Using a GE 1.5 T MRI machine and a whole spine coil. The sequences used are 3-plane location, calibration ...

Background : Magnetic Resonance Angiography is a diagnostic imaging method that can display images of blood vessels. MRA imaging on MRI 3 Tesla provides high spatial resolution making blood vessel contrast increased so that the intracranial vessels are clearer. The efficient technique that does not use contrast media in MRA is Time of Flight. 3D TOF imaging is good for visualizing intracranial vessels. In this method the appropriate flip angle will produce a hyperintense picture of the blood vessels. This study aims to determine the effect of flip angle on anatomical image information on 3D TOF MRA Brain. Methods : This type of research is a quantitative experimental approach, conducted in February 2020 in Pertamina Central Hospital, South Jakarta. Research by conducting flip angle variations of 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° in the 3D TOF sequence of the Brain against 10 volunteers. Criteria for volunteers are healthy people aged 18-25 years. The results of the images were assessed by 3 respondent, including Internal Carotid Artery, Vertebral Artery, Basilar Artery, Anterior Cerebral Artery, Posterior Cerebral Artery, Middle Cerebral Artery, Anterior Communicating Artery, Posterior Communicating Artery. Then the Kappa test was carried out followed by the Friedman test to find the highest mean rank and comparison of flip angle in anatomical information of 3D TOF MRA Brain. Results : The results showed that there was an effect of changes in the values of the flip angle to the anatomical information on 3D TOF MRA Brain with p < 0,05. The optimal Flip angle value is obtained based on the highest mean rank value which is flip angle 25° with a value of 3,22. The higher the value of flip angle, the greater the signal and contrast, but many slow flowing blood vessels will hypointens. Conclussion : There are difference in anatomical image information of 3D TOF sequence among 4 variation flip angle on examination MRA Brain. Flip angle 25° is better than 15°, 20° and 30° at anatomy information on 3D TOF sequences to show intracranial artery because it has a higher mean rank value.

(13%), which should not be compared with ERCP, and in which IOC or EUS might be appropriate alternatives. Also, the authors briefly mentioned, in the limitations section, that an unknown number of true negative MRCPs were excluded from the study. 1 Excluding this potentially large number of cases from the denominator calculation would negatively affect the sensitivity and negative predictive value of MRCP and raise serious doubts about the interpretation of the results of this study. Although most of the article focuses on the exclusion of CBD stones before cholecystectomy, some of the cases that were included in the study were either postoperative (such as bile leak or abnormal IOC, for which ERCP, and not MRCP, is indicated) or "transected" pancreatic duct (in which secretin-enhanced MRCP and ERCP are complementary of each other). 5 This affects interpretation of the results of this study. Furthermore, 6 gastroenterologists performed a total of 110 ERCPs over the 6-year time frame of this study. 1 By extrapolation, each gastroenterologist performed only an average of 3 ERCP procedures per year, and similarly, a small number of MRCPs were performed. This raises a concern about the familiarity of the radiologists and the endoscopists at the authors' institution with MRCP and ERCP, increasing the chances of missing small stones on MRCP as well as overcalling air bubbles or sludge as stones on ERCP. Last but not least, evaluation for possible CBD stones before cholecystectomy starts by measuring serum liver biochemical tests 4 ; such data are not presented in this article.

Los quistes de colédoco son poco comunes, en los países occidentales se ha reportado una incidencia de 1 por cada 100 mil nacidos vivos. En países asiáticos, esta incidencia es mayor, 1 por 100 nacidos vivos. Son usualmente diagnosticados durante la infancia y en el 25 % de los pacientes se presentan durante su vida adulta. Es inusual que se presenten durante el embarazo, sobre todo, que se manifieste durante el primer trimestre. Se realizó un informe de caso con presentación inusual del cuadro clínico no causal, de una embarazada en su primer trimestre con sintomatología obstructiva, evolucionando a colangitis. se realizan exámenes de gabinete como ultrasonografía abdominal y exámenes de laboratorio revelando obstrucción, además de realizarse colangioresonancia y ultrasonografía endoscópica dando como resultado quiste de colédoco tipo 1C, se realiza drenaje. Posteriormente al alta hospitalaria, la paciente presenta nuevamente cuadro de colangitis, se realiza drenaje endoscópico, sin embargo, presenta aborto. Palabras clave Conducto colédoco, ictericia obstructiva, colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica, colangitis.

REVISTA MÉDICA HJCA RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El quiste del colédoco es una malformación congénita de etiología desconocida, caracterizada por diversos grados de dilatación del sistema biliar. El examen inicial para la valoración de la vía biliar debe ser una ecografía abdominal,sin embargo, la resonancia magnética con contraste es el estudio de elección para valorar estas estructuras. El tratamiento quirúrgico final depende del grado de dilatación quística y generalmente está basado en la escisión completa de la vía biliar extrahepática. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de sexo femenino de 27 años con dolor abdominal tipo cólico a nivel de epigastrio e hipocondrio derecho de 7 días de evolución. Se realizaron exámenes de Imagenología (ecografía-TAC-colangio RM)que reportaron colédoco con marcada dilatación fusiforme en toda su extensión, en relación a quiste de colédoco tipo IA. EVOLUCIÓN: Se planificó la exéresis del quiste de colédoco, anastomosis bilio-digestiva en «Y de Roux» y colecistectomía. El procedimiento quirúrgico no tuvo complicaciones. La paciente permaneció hospitalizada por 5 días con adecuada evolución y tolerancia a dieta. CONCLUSIÓN: El quiste de colédoco es una patología congénita infrecuente en la edad adulta generalmente diagnosticada como un hallazgo incidental. El diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno aseguran el éxito del procedimiento quirúrgico y evita la aparición de complicaciones graves (colangiocarcinoma); con la escisión completa el pronóstico es excelente, la mortalidad posoperatoria es mínima.

Bakcground: The differences in fat suppression MR images between Proton Density Fat Saturated sequence with STIR sequence in MRI pedis sagital view. This research aims to analyze the differences of SNR, CNR, and the details MR images. Methods: Secondary data were using by non-probability sampling technique with 10 purposive sampling of pedis MR images Proton Density Fat Saturated sequence and STIR sequence sagittal view in DICOM were done by using imageJ software. The instrument of this research consisted of a worksheet and questionnaire. Result: This research showed SNR p value/sig 0,000 < 0,05 and CNR p value/sig 0,575 > 0,05. In Proton Density Fat Saturated sequence sagittal view the detail of ekstra-articular fluids value is 1,76, tendon Achilles value is 2,88, joint space value is 2,86 and bone marrow value is 2,04, contrast resolution value is 2,418, noise ratio value is 2,32. Pedis MR images of STIR sequence sagittal view the details of ekstra-articular fluids value is 2,92, tendon Achilles value is 3,28, joint space value is 2,84 and bone marrow value is 3,4, contrast resolution value is 3,022 and noise ratio value is 2,44. Conclusion: There is a significant difference of SNR value, no significant differences in CNR value and value of MRI pedis sequence Proton Density Fat Saturated sagittal detail is clear enough to show tendon achiles, bone marrow, joint space and not clear to show ekstra-articular fluids. STIR nice to show tendon achiles and bone marrow and clear enough to show ekstraarticular fluids and joint space.

The images of disparity mesial temporal scelerosis for the diagnostic have been taken by using MRI. These images were done by FLAIR weighting beside T 1 weighting and T 2 weighting which is common to be done in MRI image. By doing arrangement assess short TR, TE parameter got by T 1 , weighting, TR and TE long for the weighting of T 2 image by Spin echo. To clarify disparity mesial temporal scelerosis done with FLAIR weighting, by using recovery inversion image method spin echo, with long TE and TI. These images was taken by using MRI with superconductor magnet generator,that produces magnetic field of 1,5 Tesla. From T 1 weighting which is can show anatomy structure. Weighting T 2 can show disparity of pathology, but is unclear. Then with FLAIR weighting will be got by out of luck disparity image of clear scelerosis temporal with interest and more accurate. And through FLAIR weighting earn more sensitive detect change disparity mesial temporal scelerosis. Abstrak Citra kelainan mesial temporal scelerosis untuk tujuan diagnosa telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan MRI. Citra-citra tersebut telah dibuat dengan menggunakan pembobotan FLAIR disamping pembobotan T 1 dan pembobotan T 2 yang sering dilakukan pda pencitraan dengan MRI Dengan mengambil parameter-parameter TR, TE yang pendek diperoleh pembobotan T 1 , TR dan TE yang panjang didapatkan pembobotan T 2 melalui Spin echo. Untuk memperjelas kelainan mesial temporal scelerosis dilakukan pembobotan FLAIR, dengan menggunakan metoda citra recovery inversion spin echo dan nilai TE dan TI yang panjang. Pencitraan ini menggunakan MRI dengan pembangkit magnet superkonductor yang mampu memproduksi medan magnet sebesar 1,5 Tesla. Pembobotan T 1 dilakukan dapat menunjukkan struktur anatomi. Pembobotan T 2 dapat menunjukkan kelainan pathology, namun dalam hal ini tidak begitu jelas. Kemudian dengan pembobotan FLAIR diperoleh citra scelerosis temporal sangat jelas dan lebih akurat. Oleh karenannya melalui pembobotan FLAIR diperoleh hasil pendeteksian yang sensitive untuk kalainan mesial temporal scelerosis.

AbstrakTelah di lakukan penelitian yang berjudul Optimalisasi Parameter Bandwidth dan Time Echo untuk Mengurangi Susceptibility  Artifacts dan Chemical Shift. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Bandwidth (BW) dan Time Echo (TE) pada MRI Shoulder serta mengetahui nilai variasi Bandwidth dan Time Echo yang optimal untuk mengurangi Susceptibility  Artifacts dan Chemical Shift. Penelitian ini di lakukan di RSU Haji Surabaya  dengan Pesawat MRI 1,5 Tesla,  parameter Bandwidth 170 Hz/Px, 190 Hz/Px dan 210 Hz/Px dengan  variasi TE 16s dan 20s pada pembobotan T2 Medic potongan axial terhadap 4 pasien. Analisa data dilakukan secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode Region of Interest (ROI) pada komputer MRI kemudian dilakukan analisis Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) dan Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) serta analisis terhadap Susceptibility  Artifacts dan Chemical Shift. Variasi Time Echo dan bandwidth berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai SNR dan CNR pada hasil citra T...

The monohydroxy bile acid taurolithocholate permeabilizes the endoplasmic reticulum to Ca2+ in rat liver cells. To assess whether this action on the endoplasmic reticulum was restricted to this tissue, the effects of bile acid were investigated in two cell types quite unrelated to rat hepatocyte, namely human platelets and neuronal NG108-15 cell line. The results showed that taurolithocholate (3-100 microM) had no effect on free cytosolic [Ca2+] in human platelets and NG108-15 cells. whereas it increased it from 180 to 520 nM in rat hepatocytes. In contrast, in cells permeabilized by saponin, taurolithocholate initiated a profound release of the stored Ca2+ from the internal Ca2+ pools in the three cell types. The bile acid released 90% of the Ca2+ pools, with rate constants of about 5 min-1 and half-maximal effects at 15-30 microM. The results also showed that, in contrast with liver cells, which displayed an influx of [14C]taurolithocholate of 2 nmol/min per mg, human platelets an...

Backgroud: blurring artifact is an issue in axial cervical MRI using T2 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) weighted Cartesian. T2W TSE BLADE is potential to substitute its shortcomings. This study aims to analyze the image quality and artifacts between T2W TSE Cartesian and T2W TSE BLADE on axial cervical MRI examination and to determine the better sequence in producing image quality.Methods: this is a quantitative research with descriptive approach. 7 volunteers were scanned for cervical axial examination with T2W TSE, T2W TSE Cartesian and T2W TSE Blade. Images were processed in MathlabTM. SNR of intervertebral disc, spinal cord and CSF were measured using ROI. Image resolution were find out from pixel spacing in DICOM info. Blurring artifact were analyzed by comparing the signal of blurred area to the background noise. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: SNR of T2W TSE Cartesian and T2W TSE BLADE were 22,144 and 17,532 (intervertebral disc), 20,952 and 16,786 (spinal cord...

Background : Examination procedure of Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  Brain Perfusion in patient with tumor disease at Radiology Department of National Brain Hospital used the MR Perfusion sequence with the Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) method with the addition of Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) method which was also used to determine CBF values. Nevertheless CBF values can also be obtained from the use of the DSC method. The application of these two roles in patient with tumor disease certainly has their respective roles in providing accurate information for the diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the application of MR perfusion with the Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) method and the Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) method for the diagnosis of patient with tumor disease at Radiology Department of National Brain Hospital. Methods :The type of this research is qualitative with case study approach. The data were collected from March – April 2019 ...

Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic imaging modality that can generate slices anatomy body multiplanar by contrast in a very good resolution. The results of the  of an MRI description is more accurate for diagnosing Carcinoma of the nasopharynx. On examination of of the neck MRI  with the case of carcinoma, after infusion of contrast Moeller and Reif (2003) suggested to use T1 TSE Coronal and axial sequence  and using the 4 mm slice thickness , but in Radiology instalation of  Ken Saras Hospital using  T1 and T1 TSE TSE Fat Saturation Coronal, sagittal and axial sequence as well as using slice thickness 2 mm in axial slices. The purpose of this research is to know the procedure of examination of of the neck MRI  in the case of Carcinoma of the nasopharynx, justifying  T1 Fat Saturation sequence after infusion media kontaras and reasons of  wearing slice thickness 2 mm in axial slices.Methods: This type of research is qualitative research with case studies ap...

Backgrounds: Genu MRI examination, according to Moeller (2003) and Westbrook (2008), was done by one fat supression technique in every slice. Radiology Installation of PAU dr.S.Hardjolukito Yogyakarta Hospital used two types of fat suppression technique those are STIR and T2-SPAIR. This study aims to find out the image differences between STIR and T2-SPAIR and to determine the fat suppresion technique that produces better image information of axial genu MR imaging.Methods: This research was a quantitative research with an experimental approach. Subjects of this study was image of axial genu MRI examination between STIR and T2- SPAIR in Radiology Installation of PAU dr.S.Hardjolukito Yogyakarta Hospital. The axial genu MR imaging STIR and T2-SPAIR assessed by three radiology phisicians using questioner. Data were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon Sign Test.Results: The results showed a significant difference in all categories of assessment criteria between STIR and T2-SPAIR. In t...

Dilatation of the pancreatic duct indicates obstruction to normal flow or a predictor to pancreatic pathology. Availability of a reference value is therefore important. This Study is aimed at establishing a normogram in apparently healthy adults and its relationship with age, gender and anthropometry. It is a prospective cross sectional survey involving 424 subjects aged 18 to 90 years. The pancreatic duct diameter inclusive of the echogenic walls was taken at the proximal, body and tail. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard procedures. The mean pancreatic duct diameters from proximal to tail were: 2.44±0.59 mm, 2.12±0.48 mm and 1.86±0.52 mm. A very weak positive correlation existed with PD and anthropometry(r = 0.11) Ductal diameters beyond these limits should prompt the need for further investigation.

Backgroud: MRI examination of brain often find patients who are less cooperative, thus requiring rapid acquisition techniques. Parallel imaging technique sensitivity encoding (SENSE) utilizing the spatial information RF coil phased array to reduce the acquisition time by reducing the number of sampling lines K space therefore produce quality and good spatial resolution, but its has the limitations, namely the reduction of signal to noise ratio (SNR). SENSE is used along with pulse sequence one of turbo spin echo (TSE). The purpose of this research was to determine the differences in SNR and scan time on T2 weighted TSE MRI of brain axial slices between use SENSE with no SENSE. Methods: This research is a quantitative study with an experimental approach. Data were collected from May to June 2016 in Radiology Unit Premier Bintaro Hospital by calculating the SNR value through software for the region of interest (ROI) and calculate the scan time through the scan timer on the workstation...

Background: On examination brain MRI often finds non-cooperative patients, requiring rapid acquisition techniques. The parallel imaging sensitivity encoding (SENSE) technique utilizes spatial RF coated phased array information to reduce acquisition time by reducing the K space sampling line to produce good quality and spatial resolution, but has a limitation of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reduction. SENSE is used with MRI sequence pulses one of them turbo spin echo (TSE). The purpose of this study was to determine the difference of SNR and scan time on TSE T2 weighting brain MRI axial slices between use SENSE and without SENSE.Methods: This research is quantitative study with experimental approach. The data were collected from May to June 2016 at the Radiology Installation of Premier Bintaro Hospital by calculating the SNR through the software for the region of interest (ROI) and calculating the scan time through the scan timer on the workstation monitor. Data analysis was done by s...

Background: In brain MR angiography examination, there are many clinical situations where the radiologist want to optimal suppression of stasionary nuclei. So stationary nuclei and flowing nuclei will produce a good contrast. One of the most commonly used method brain MR angiography o is a 3D TOF because it can show  the blood vessels by hyperintens with more hypointens of background. Parameters TR and flip angle is one of the parameters that will determine a stationary nuclei experiencing well suppression and the flowing nuclei will still generate a signal that more hyperintens. The purpose of this study is  to determine the influence of time repetition and flip angle of the anatomical information of 3D TOF brain  MRA examination, and also to determine value the time repetition and flip angle best to display anatomical information of 3D TOF brain MRA examination.Methods: This research is an experimental approach to the pre-experimental research design and post-test only research de...

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fi ne-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) plays a well-established role in the diagnostic workup of suspected mediastinal and abdominal malignancy; however the most eff ective type of needle has yet to be determined. Th e SharkCore Fine Needle BiopsyTM (Medtronic) is thought to facilitate acquisition of tissue with intact architecture and allow for rapid needle passes and device exchanges during the fi ne needle aspiration. We present our initial experience with this needle in EUS-FNA of abdominal and mediastinal masses. Methods: Eleven patients had EUS with FNA with SharkCore Fine Needle BiopsyTM (Medtronic) from July 2015 to November 2015 at our institution. Data were collected regarding procedure indication, needle size, number of passes, diagnostic success, and complications. Th e average patient age was 52 years; fi ve patients were male and six were female. Results: All FNAs were technically successful. Six of the 11 patients had pancreatic masses or lesions, and the remaining fi ve patients had various indications including one patient with mediastinal mass, two with submucosal masses, one with paraesophageal lymphadenopathy, and one with abdominal lymphadenopathy. A 22-guage needle was used in 10 of the 11 patients, and a 25-guage needle was used in the remaining patient, with an average of 3.6 passes. Nine of the 11 FNAs were diagnostic. Diagnoses ranged from acute infl ammatory lung mass to pancreatic pseudopapillary neoplasm to spindle cell lesion. Th ere were no known peri-procedural complications (Table). Conclusion: EUS-FNA with SharkCore Fine Needle BiopsyTM is technically feasible and safe in our initial experience.

Aims: We aimed to present successful endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) applications and results in our pregnant cases. Method: The data of 14 successful ERCP applications in our pregnant patients between 2016 and 2022 were evaluated retrospectively. ERCP procedure was performed by endoscopists experienced in biliary endoscopy while the patients were on the left decubitus position. Fluoroscopy was performed using methods to reduce fetal radiation exposure. Short-term fluoroscopy were used during the procedure. Fluoroscopy times applied to the patient were recorded. Results: ERCP and sphincterotomy were applied to 14 pregnant women who presented with cholestasis findings. Two of the procedures were performed aproprate trimesters in whole patients. The mean maternal age in our pregnant women was 24.8±5.6 (19-38), mean gestational age was 17.8 weeks (10-34w). The fluoroscopy time was 0.16 min (0-35sec). Fetal radiation exposure was negligible in 10 pregnant women (10...

Hafif-orta fliddette akut biliyer pankreatitli hastalarda endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi gereksinimini belirlemede endosonografi ve manyetik rezonans kolanjiyopankreatografinin de¤erlerini karfl›laflt›rmay› amaçlad›k. Metod: Çal›flma üçüncü basamak bir hastanede Haziran 2006 ile Ekim 2009 aras›nda prospektif olarak yürütülmüfltür. Acil endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi gereksinimi olmayan hafif-orta fliddette akut biliyer pankreatitli 95 hasta çal›flmaya al›nm›flt›r. Beflinci günde amilaz, C-reaktif protein ve bilirubin de¤erleri baflvuru de¤erlerine göre %50'den daha fazla düflen hastalar manyetik rezonans kolanjiyopankreatografi veya endosonografi gruplar›na randomize edilmifllerdir ve ana safra kanal› de¤erlendirilmifltir. Endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi, endosonografi veya manyetik rezonans kolanjiyopankreatografi ile tafl tespit edilenlerde yap›lm›flt›r. Endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografideki tafl varl›¤›na göre endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi ifllemleri tedavi ya da tan›sal amaçl› olarak s›n›fland›r›lm›flt›r. Bulgular: Endosonografi grubundaki 48 hastan›n 16's›na (%33) ve manyetik rezonans kolanjiyopankreatografi grubundaki 47 hastan›n 18'ine (%38) endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi yap›lm›flt›r. Terapötik endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi oran›, endosonografi grubunda (14/16) (87%), manyetik rezonans kolanjiyopankreatografi grubundakinden (16/18) (88%), istatistiksel olarak farkl› de¤ildi. Toplam endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi say›s› oranlar› da endosonografi grubunda (16/48) ve manyetik rezonans kolanjiyopankreatografi grubunda (18/47) benzer bulundu. Sonuç: Hafif-orta fliddette akut biliyer pankreatitte terapötik endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi gereklili¤i endosonografi ve manyetik rezonans kolanjiyopankreatografi ile benzer etkinlikte saptanabilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Endoskopik ultrason, endoskopik retrograd kolanjiyopankreatografi, biliyer pankreatit, manyetik rezonans kolanjiyopankreatografi Background/aims: We aimed to compare the value of endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in identifying the patients with mild-moderate acute biliary pancreatitis who require endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Material and Methods: The study was prospectively conducted in a tertiary hospital between June 2006 and October 2009. Ninety-five patients without urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography requirement and with mild-moderate acute biliary pancreatitis were included in the study. Patients whose amylase, C-reactive protein, and bilirubin levels had decreased more than 50% on the fifth day compared to admission levels were randomized to magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic ultrasonography, and the common bile duct was evaluated. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in patients with stone detected with endoscopic ultrasonography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. With regard to the presence of common bile duct stone in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography performances were classified as therapeutic or diagnostic. Results: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in 16 of the 48 patients (33.3%) in the endoscopic ultrasonography group and in 18 of the 47 patients (38%) in the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography group. Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in 14/16 patients (87%) in the endoscopic ultrasonography group and in 16/18 patients (88%) in the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography group. The ratio of total number of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographis was not significantly lower in the endoscopic ultrasonography (16/48) than in the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (18/47) group, and the ratio of therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographis (14/16) was not higher in the endoscopic ultrasonography group than in the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography group (16/18). Conclusions: The necessity of therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was determined with similar efficacy by endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in mild-moderate acute biliary pancreatitis.

This study is an experimental study, data collected by observation. Data processed by the Friedman test and Wilcoxon test. From the results of this research note there is a difference between Spin Echo T1 artifact lumbar MRI with pre saturation and Spin Echo T1 without pre-saturation. These results can be seen from the average value of the overall test Friedman test with p value &lt; 0.001 in axial cuts and sagittal cuts. Then the ratio of artifacts to see the value of the Wilcoxon test performed two variables, to determine the differences of each placement pre saturation. Values obtained in the setting of artifacts terkecul Anterior presaturasi in both sagittal and axial to pieces.

Background: Lumbar MRI examination at T2 weighted is recommended using the Fast Spin Echo (FSE) sequence because it can detect early symptoms of a pathology, such as edema, tumors, infections, fractures, ligament injuries, and produce images with strong signals in CSF including details of nerve roots. Based on the observations of researchers at MRCCC Siloam Hospital Semanggi Jakarta that uses TR values ​​in the range of 3500-7500 ms with 3 Tesla MRI. This study aims to determine the differences in image quality and anatomical information as well as knowing the TR values ​​that produce best quality and anatomical information on Lumbar MRI on T2WI FSE. Methods: This type of research is an experiment, then a different friedman test was carried out to determine differences in image quality and anatomical information with variations in TR values ​​that produced best image quality and anatomical information. Result: Friedman test shows there are significant differences between the variati...

The influence of echo train length (ETL) toward image quality of sagital lumbal on MRI using T2-weighted FSE was analyzed on 20 images from four patients. Quantitative data analysis was performed using ROI two methods: image processing method on MRI's computer and using matlab software, then conducted the statistical test.

Acute pancreatitis is a frequent disease that lacks specific drug treatment. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of acute pancreatitis is essential for the development of new therapeutics. Several inducers of acute pancreatitis trigger sustained Ca2+ increases in the cytosol and mitochondria of pancreatic acinar cells. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) mediates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake that regulates bioenergetics and plays an important role in cell survival, damage and death. Aberrant Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial damage in pancreatic acinar cells have been implicated in the initiation of acute pancreatitis. The primary aim of this study was to assess the involvement of the MCU in experimental acute pancreatitis. We found that pancreatic acinar cells from MCU−/− mice display dramatically reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. This is consistent with the drastic changes of stimulus-metabolism coupling, manifested by the reduction of mitochondrial NADH/FAD+ responses to chol...

On ultrasound examination of the gallbladder Cholelithiasis and Gallbladder Polyp usually have similar results but have their own characteristics that can differentiate. In the image results Cholelithiasis, which is usually called gallstones, has a characteristic Sonopattern Hyperechoic with an Acousstic Shadow behind it, where when using the technique the patient&#39;s position changes the stone according to the direction of Earth&#39;s gravity. While the results of the Gallbladder Polyp image, which is a tumor protrusion attached to the gallbladder wall, has the characteristic Sonopattern Hyperecoic without an acoustic shadow behind it, where when using the technique the patient&#39;s position changes not according to the direction of Earth&#39;s gravity. In both cases, the presence or absence of an acoustic shadow behind it is based on the density of the tissue that the sound waves pass through from the ultrasound device, so that when passing through the stone, the acoustic shado...

Backgroud: blurring artifact is an issue in axial cervical MRI using T2 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) weighted Cartesian. T2W TSE BLADE is potential to substitute its shortcomings. This study aims to analyze the image quality and artifacts between T2W TSE Cartesian and T2W TSE BLADE on axial cervical MRI examination and to determine the better sequence in producing image quality.Methods: this is a quantitative research with descriptive approach. 7 volunteers were scanned for cervical axial examination with T2W TSE, T2W TSE Cartesian and T2W TSE Blade. Images were processed in MathlabTM. SNR of intervertebral disc, spinal cord and CSF were measured using ROI. Image resolution were find out from pixel spacing in DICOM info. Blurring artifact were analyzed by comparing the signal of blurred area to the background noise. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: SNR of T2W TSE Cartesian and T2W TSE BLADE were 22,144 and 17,532 (intervertebral disc), 20,952 and 16,786 (spinal cord...

On ultrasound examination of the gallbladder Cholelithiasis and Gallbladder Polyp usually have similar results but have their own characteristics that can differentiate. In the image results Cholelithiasis, which is usually called gallstones, has a characteristic Sonopattern Hyperechoic with an Acousstic Shadow behind it, where when using the technique the patient&#39;s position changes the stone according to the direction of Earth&#39;s gravity. While the results of the Gallbladder Polyp image, which is a tumor protrusion attached to the gallbladder wall, has the characteristic Sonopattern Hyperecoic without an acoustic shadow behind it, where when using the technique the patient&#39;s position changes not according to the direction of Earth&#39;s gravity. In both cases, the presence or absence of an acoustic shadow behind it is based on the density of the tissue that the sound waves pass through from the ultrasound device, so that when passing through the stone, the acoustic shado...

Presentar el caso de un paciente con quiste de colédoco y su tratamiento, debido a su baja frecuencia y al riesgo elevado a desarrollar colangiocarcinoma. Presentación: mujer de 26 años con cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal en hipocondrio derecho y epigastrio, intolerancia a los colecistoquinéticos, además de ictericia conjuntival, acude a urgencias manejándose con analgésicos, se efectúa ultrasonido de hígado y vías biliares reportando vesícula normal, hígado normal, colédoco proximal de 7 mm, colédoco distal dilatado de 35 mm con microlitos en su interior. Se ingresa a piso y se solicitan exámenes de laboratorio, los cuales se reportaron normales. Se efectúa colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica reportando quiste de colédoco fusiforme tipo I, por lo que se programa para cirugía efectuándole resección del quiste más colecistectomía y hepaticoyeyunoanastomosis en Y de Roux con prolene del 3-0. Se encuentra quiste de colédoco de 6 x 4 cm que abarca desde el hepático común hasta páncreas. Evolucionó de manera satisfactoria, tolerando vía oral al cuarto día de operada, egresándose al séptimo día; es vista en la consulta con molestias propias de la cirugía, pero se encuentra anictérica y con herida quirúrgica bien cicatrizada, ultrasonido de control normal. Exámenes de laboratorio de control normales. Conclusiones: Es un padecimiento poco frecuente. Se encuentra un caso entre 100,000 a l50,000, de predominio en los países asiáticos; 20 a 30% se diagnostica en adultos. Tiene una incidencia elevada de desarrollar colangiocarcinoma, de ahí la importancia de la resección del quiste. El tipo I continúa siendo el más frecuente, reportándose así en la literatura mundial.

Background: There are two image acquisition techniques in MRCP examination, which are breath-hold and trigger technique. Acquisition process in breath hold occurs when the patient holds their breath, meanwhile trigger technique uses respiratory gatting that functioned to monitor patient’s respiration and the acquisition occurs in the transition phase of inspiration and expiration. In Royal Taruma Jakarta Hospital this two technique are used sustainably, but in other hospital, such as Hasan Sadikin Bandung Hospital just uses one technique. This research aims to know the difference of anatomic image information of breath-hold and trigger technique in MRCP examination using T2 HASTE sequence coronal slab and to know which examination technique is better to produce anatomic image information between breath-hold and trigger technique.Methods: This research type was quantitative research with the observational approach. The data obtained by scanning 10 patients using breath-hold and trigg...

Objective Although there are various experimental pancreatic models in animals, only a few studies have evaluated how intraductal pressure and contrast agent affect the development of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograpy (ERCP). Materials and methods The rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=8/group). The rats in all groups underwent laparotomy and their biliopancreatic ducts were cannulated transduodenally using a 24G catheter. In the control group, group 1, the biliopancreatic ducts of the rats were not infused with any fluid. The biliopancreatic ducts of the rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 were infused with 0.5 ml isotonic NaCl solution at 10, 2, and 50 mmHg, respectively. Groups 5, 6, and 7 were given 0.5 ml of 50% diluted contrast agent at 10, 25, and 50 mmHg, respectively. The serum amylase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured 24 h after the procedure. Pancreatic tissue was also evaluated histopathologically. Results Pancreatitis due to the contrast agent was noted when comparing the low pressure isotonic NaCl group and the low pressure contrast group (p<0.05). Based on serum amylase and CRP values, there was a positive correlation between the severity and frequency of acute pancreatitis and pressure (p<0.01). AST and LDH levels increased in all of the groups that underwent the procedure; however, no correlation was detected with increasing pressure or with the use of contrast agent (p>0.05). Both pancreatic edema and the inflammatory cell infiltration score were elevated in isotonic NaCl and contrast group (p<0.05); however, necrosis was not significantly changed (p>0.05). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the main mechanism for preventing pancreatitis after ERCP is to minimize trauma to the pancreatic canal, to cannulate the pancreas only when it is necessary, and to give contrast agent under low pressure when it is needed.