Bacterial Characterization

This study was designed to determine the serotypes, genotypes, and antibiotic resistance (AbR) patterns of 42 Salmonella isolates recovered from either fecal or litter samples of 12 commercial turkey farms across two seasons (summer and winter) and two ages (3 and 19 weeks). Isolates were serotyped on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme. Genotyping was done by restriction digestion of cDNA (XbaI) and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AbR was determined with Sensititre susceptibility plates. Serovar Kentucky was the most prevalent serotype (26%), followed by Senftenberg (19%), Muenster (17%), Mbandaka (10%), Javiana (7%), Hadar (5%), Heidelberg (5%), 8,(20):nonmotile (5%), Agona (2%), Infantis (2%), and 4,12:r:− (2%). Serovars Kentucky, Heidelberg, Hadar, and 8,(20):nonmotile were isolated only from the 19-week-old bird samples, whereas Senftenberg and Muenster were isolated only from the young birds (3 weeks old). Isolates within any one serotype showed min...

Salmonella contamination during the grow-out phase of poultry production is an area that is receiving increased attention. By assessing the relationship of on-farm Salmonella populations t o environmental parameters and farm management practices, on-farm pathogen control strategies similar to those developed for processing HACCP programs may be identified. A small survey was conducted to determine Salmonella prevalence, populations, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance in fresh excreta and litter from three North Carolina broiler farms. Litter pH, temperature, ammonia levels, moisture content, and water activity were also measured. Composite litter and fecal samples were aseptically collected from three commercial farms (two houses per site) as a function of bird age (1-3 wks, 4-6 wks) and season (summer, winter) and the population of Salmonella species enumerated using a 3-tube Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Fifty percent of the litter (n = 24) and fecal (n = 24) samples were Salmonella positive. Litter and fecal mean and range of Salmonella populations were 1.70 and < 1.0 to 3.6 and 1.57 and < 1.0 to 3.1 log MPN/g, respectively. A total of four different serotypes were isolated from the six broiler houses with Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella Heidelberg being the two most common isolates. Ninety-six percent of the isolates were resistant to > 1 antimicrobial agent (s). The results of this limited survey indicate that while Salmonella spp. populations were statistically different due to a three-way interaction of farm, season and flock age, the difference could not be attributed to the main affects.

Salmonella species are recognized as a major cause of foodborne illnesses that are closely associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry and egg products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Salmonella populations and prevalence in layer feces during the laying cycle and molting of the hen and to characterize the layer fecal Salmonella isolates by serotyping, antibiotic resistance analysis, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Fecal samples were collected from a commercial layer complex consisting of 12 houses. Composite fecal samples across each row were collected as a function of bird age [18 wk (at placement), 25 to 28 wk (first peak of production cycle), 66 to 74 wk (molting), and 75 to 78

The purpose of this study was to survey infections with Salmonella spp. in poultry flocks in the vicinity of Tehran and to determine the most frequent serogroups and serotypes implicated. Twenty-eight samples of pullet, layer, and broiler flocks were randomly collected (n=1463), including freshly dropped feces from live birds or visceral organs from dead birds. In most flocks, 60 samples were taken and 10 fecal samples of each were pooled. Standard cultural methods were used for spp. isolation. The slide agglutination or tube agglutination tests were performed using somatic O poly A-S antisera, and different somatic O monovalent or flagellar H monovalent antisera. Thirty-one isolates were recovered from 1,463 samples. Nine broiler flocks out of 14 (64.2%) and one layer flock out of 11 (9%) were positive for spp. but all pullet flocks were negative. One isolate was obtained from the layer flock and the other 30 isolates were obtained from broiler flocks. The slide agglutination tes t...

This study was designed to determine the serotypes, genotypes, and antibiotic resistance (AbR) patterns of 42 Salmonella isolates recovered from either fecal or litter samples of 12 commercial turkey farms across two seasons (summer and winter) and two ages (3 and 19 weeks). Isolates were serotyped on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme. Genotyping was done by restriction digestion of cDNA (XbaI) and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AbR was determined with Sensititre susceptibility plates. Serovar Kentucky was the most prevalent serotype (26%), followed by Senftenberg (19%), Muenster (17%), Mbandaka (10%), Javiana (7%), Hadar (5%), Heidelberg (5%), 8,(20):nonmotile (5%), Agona (2%), Infantis (2%), and 4,12:r:− (2%). Serovars Kentucky, Heidelberg, Hadar, and 8,(20):nonmotile were isolated only from the 19-week-old bird samples, whereas Senftenberg and Muenster were isolated only from the young birds (3 weeks old). Isolates within any one serotype showed min...

Salmonella contamination during the grow-out phase of poultry production is an area that is receiving increased attention. By assessing the relationship of on-farm Salmonella populations t o environmental parameters and farm management practices, on-farm pathogen control strategies similar to those developed for processing HACCP programs may be identified. A small survey was conducted to determine Salmonella prevalence, populations, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance in fresh excreta and litter from three North Carolina broiler farms. Litter pH, temperature, ammonia levels, moisture content, and water activity were also measured. Composite litter and fecal samples were aseptically collected from three commercial farms (two houses per site) as a function of bird age (1-3 wks, 4-6 wks) and season (summer, winter) and the population of Salmonella species enumerated using a 3-tube Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Fifty percent of the litter (n = 24) and fecal (n = 24) samples were Salmonella positive. Litter and fecal mean and range of Salmonella populations were 1.70 and < 1.0 to 3.6 and 1.57 and < 1.0 to 3.1 log MPN/g, respectively. A total of four different serotypes were isolated from the six broiler houses with Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella Heidelberg being the two most common isolates. Ninety-six percent of the isolates were resistant to > 1 antimicrobial agent (s). The results of this limited survey indicate that while Salmonella spp. populations were statistically different due to a three-way interaction of farm, season and flock age, the difference could not be attributed to the main affects.

Among the 24 species of Pantoea described so far, five have been reported up to 46 times in 21 countries as phytopathogens of at least 31 crop plants. Indeed, P. ananatis and P. agglomerans have been reported as phytopathogenic bacteria for at least ten economically important crops, including rice. Recently, Africa Rice Center and its partners have suspected the presence of an emerging bacterium that causes rice bacterial blight in several African countries. The causal agent has been confirmed as belonging to the genus Pantoea. The objectives of our thesis project were (i) to improve the collection of existing AfricaRice isolates through new collections, and (ii) to develop diagnostic and genotyping tools. Our results showed that bacteria capable of producing bacterial blight symptoms of rice in Africa form a species complex composed mainly of P. ananatis, P. stewartii and P. agglomerans. Various types of diagnostic tools were developed and validated. The results obtained using these tools helped to point out the presence of this bacterial complex in several African countries. Moreover, it provided details on its geographical structure. As a result, we diagnosed a bacterial species complex, which is phytopathogenic of rice in 11 African countries

The present research study has been carried out in the waste disposal site for characterization of physical, chemical and biological parameters to assess the microbial consortium present in the contaminated site and to isolate the potential microorganism for biodegradation of Tributyl Phosphate. The ambient conditions present in the contaminated site shows the values: pH (6.61), Temperature (35.6), Moisture (50.72%), Nutrients; Nitrogen (0.41%), Phosphorus (27.87 mg/l), and Sulphur (993.5 mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved Oxygen (4.58 mg/l), Biological Oxygen Demand (4.62 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (146.1mg/l).The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environment conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentration of Tributyl Phosphate viz. 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l in MSM, the potential microorganism was found to survive at higher concentration and utilized it as a sole source of carbon. This organism was identified as Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes strain DSM 50018T using 16S rRNA sequencing. This organism was found to have high potential for degradation of Tributyl Phosphate present in Low Level Nuclear Waste.

The present research study has been carried out in the waste disposal site for characterization of physical, chemical and biological parameters to assess the microbial consortium present in the contaminated site and to isolate the potential microorganism for biodegradation of Tributyl Phosphate. The ambient conditions present in the contaminated site shows the values: pH (6.61), Temperature (35.6), Moisture (50.72%), Nutrients; Nitrogen (0.41%), Phosphorus (27.87 mg/l), and Sulphur (993.5 mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved Oxygen (4.58 mg/l), Biological Oxygen Demand (4.62 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (146.1 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environment conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentration of Tributyl Phosphate viz. 10, 25, 50...

This study was designed to determine the serotypes, genotypes, and antibiotic resistance (AbR) patterns of 42 Salmonella isolates recovered from either fecal or litter samples of 12 commercial turkey farms across two seasons (summer and winter) and two ages (3 and 19 weeks). Isolates were serotyped on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme. Genotyping was done by restriction digestion of cDNA (XbaI) and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AbR was determined with Sensititre susceptibility plates. Serovar Kentucky was the most prevalent serotype (26%), followed by Senftenberg (19%), Muenster (17%), Mbandaka (10%), Javiana (7%), Hadar (5%), Heidelberg (5%), 8,(20):nonmotile (5%), Agona (2%), Infantis (2%), and 4,12:r:-(2%). Serovars Kentucky, Heidelberg, Hadar, and 8,(20):nonmotile were isolated only from the 19-week-old bird samples, whereas Senftenberg and Muenster were isolated only from the young birds (3 weeks old). Isolates within any one serotype showed mino...

This study was designed to determine the serotypes, genotypes, and antibiotic resistance (AbR) patterns of 42 Salmonella isolates recovered from either fecal or litter samples of 12 commercial turkey farms across two seasons (summer and winter) and two ages (3 and 19 weeks). Isolates were serotyped on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme. Genotyping was done by restriction digestion of cDNA (XbaI) and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AbR was determined with Sensititre susceptibility plates. Serovar Kentucky was the most prevalent serotype (26%), followed by Senftenberg (19%), Muenster (17%),

Bacteria are single celled, ancient life form, omnipresent and living in all conditions. Its isolation and identification from different resources is very much important for its classification and knowledge of its pathogenicity. In soils the bacteria and fungi dominated by its presences and account for almost all the biological and chemical changes in environments. In this study, bacteria from Amjhupi and Ishurdi, Bangladesh soil series were isolated and characterized. Well-isolated colonies of bacteria were evaluated in size, pigmentation, form, margin and elevation. It has been observed that Ishurdi soil was found to have more bacterial population than that of Amjhupi soil. From simple and negative staining, shape and arrangement were determined. The ratio of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated for both soils. Majority of the bacteria were spore and capsule former. The bacteria were nonacid fast and were arranged in chain form in both soils. The presence of rod shaped bacteria (bacillus) compared to round shaped (coccus) in soils is conspicuous.

Salmonella contamination during the grow-out phase of poultry production is an area that is receiving increased attention. By assessing the relationship of on-farm Salmonella populations to environmental parameters and farm management practices, on-farm pathogen control strategies similar to those developed for processing HACCP programs may be identified. A small survey was conducted to determine Salmonella prevalence, populations, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance in fresh excreta and litter from three North Carolina broiler farms. Litter pH, temperature, ammonia levels, moisture content, and water activity were also measured. Composite litter and fecal samples were aseptically collected from three commercial farms (two houses per site) as a function of bird age (1-3 wks, 4-6 wks) and season (summer, winter) and the population of Salmonella species enumerated using a 3-tube Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Fifty percent of the litter (n = 24) and fecal (n = 24) samples were Salmonella positive. Litter and fecal mean and range of Salmonella populations were 1.70 and < 1.0 to 3.6 and 1.57 and < 1.0 to 3.1 log MPN/g, respectively. A total of four different serotypes were isolated from the six broiler houses with Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella Heidelberg being the two most common isolates. Ninety-six percent of the isolates were resistant to > 1 antimicrobial agent (s). The results of this limited survey indicate that while Salmonella spp. populations were statistically different due to a three-way interaction of farm, season and flock age, the difference could not be attributed to the main affects.

Salmonella species are recognized as a major cause of foodborne illnesses that are closely associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry and egg products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Salmonella populations and prevalence in layer feces during the laying cycle and molting of the hen and to characterize the layer fecal Salmonella isolates by serotyping, antibiotic resistance analysis, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Fecal samples were collected from a commercial layer complex consisting of 12 houses. Composite fecal samples across each row were collected as a function of bird age [18 wk (at placement), 25 to 28 wk (first peak of production cycle), 66 to 74 wk (molting), and 75 to 78 wk (second peak of production cycle)]. Bird ages and molting practice did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) Salmonella populations with an average of 1.25, 1.27, 1.20, and 1.14 log most probable number/g for the 18-, 25- to 28-, 66- to 74-, and 75- to 7-wk birds, respectively. However, the 18-wk birds had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (55.6%), followed by the 25- to 28-wk birds (41.7%), 75- to 78-wk birds (16.7%), and 66- to 74-wk birds (5.5%). Of the 45 Salmonella isolates characterized, the most predominant serovar was Salmonella Kentucky (62%). Thirty-five percent of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic. As expected, considerable genetic diversity was observed within and across the different serovars.

This study was designed to determine the serotypes, genotypes, and antibiotic resistance (AbR) patterns of 42 Salmonella isolates recovered from either fecal or litter samples of 12 commercial turkey farms across two seasons (summer and winter) and two ages (3 and 19 weeks). Isolates were serotyped on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme. Genotyping was done by restriction digestion of cDNA (XbaI) and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AbR was determined with Sensititre susceptibility plates. Serovar Kentucky was the most prevalent serotype (26%), followed by Senftenberg (19%), Muenster (17%), Mbandaka (10%), Javiana (7%), Hadar (5%), Heidelberg (5%), 8,(20):nonmotile (5%), Agona (2%), Infantis (2%), and 4,12:r:Ϫ (2%). Serovars Kentucky, Heidelberg, Hadar, and 8,(20):nonmotile were isolated only from the 19-week-old bird samples, whereas Senftenberg and Muenster were isolated only from the young birds (3 weeks old). Isolates within any one serotype showed minor PFGE banding pattern differences, but dendogram analysis indicated that sequence variability between serotypes was more significant than within serotypes. Isolates were resistant to tetracycline (86%), sulfisoxazole (71%), streptomycin (64%), gentamicin (41%), ampicillin (36%), kanamycin (26%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (7%), nalidixic acid (5%), cefoxitin (2%), and ceftiofur (2%). One isolate (Muenster) was resistant to nine antibiotics (2%), and the others were resistant to six (7%), five (12%), four (10%), three (21%), two (24%), and one (10%) antibiotic. Only two isolates (5%) were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The AbR patterns were affected by age; on average, strains recovered from young birds were resistant to more than four drugs compared with fewer than three in older birds (P Ͻ 0.05). This study showed that Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes, genotypes and AbR patterns were affected by bird age but not by season or farm.

The ever increasing use of pesticides has increased the propensity to identify microorganisms for bioremediation.This research study has been carried out for physical, chemical and microbial characterization from animal waste withspecial reference to cow dung for its potential use in bioremediation of hazardous compounds like pesticides.Physico-chemical data shows favorable conditions for the growth and proliferation of microbial consortium. Themicrobial consortium assessed from the animal waste (cow dung) mainly comprised of Pseudomonas sp.,Actinomycetes sp.,Cellulomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium sp., Serratia sp., Nocardiasp., Sarcinasp.,Salmonellasp., Staphyloccocus aureus, Alcaligens sp., Bacillus sp., and Fungi. In order to isolate and identify thepotential microorganism the microbial consortium were exposed to increasing concentrations of pesticidecypermethrin viz., 10mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L and 100/mg/L using scale up process technique. The potential organismresistan...

In India pesticides are widely used for plant protection in agriculture environment. The residual pesticide in soil has adverse effects on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The microbial action in natural environment however degrades the pesticides but the rate of degradation is very slow. The identification of potential organisms for bioremediation of pesticides is important to prevent the toxic effect to the human being through the food chain. Therefore, in the present research study 16S rDNA technique has been employed for the identification of potential organism from the microbial consortium. Microbial consortium was exposed to varying concentrations of fenvalerate viz; 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm using scale up process technique, and found that only one microbial colony was resistant to higher concentration of fenvalerate. The resistant potential microorganism has been characterized by 16S rDNA technique by sequencing and developing Phylogenetic tree and confirming by BL...

The present research study has been carried out in the waste disposal site for characterization of physical, chemical and biological parameters to assess the microbial consortium present in the contaminated site and to isolate the potential micro-organism for biodegradation of Tributyl Phosphate. The ambient conditions present in the contaminated site shows the values: pH (6.61), Temperature (35.6), Moisture (50.72%), Nutrients; Nitrogen (0.41%), Phosphorus (27.87 mg/l), and Sulphur (993.5 mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved Oxygen (4.58 mg/l), Biological Oxygen Demand (4.62 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (146.1mg/l).The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environment conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentration of Tributyl Phosphate viz. 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l in MSM, the potential microorganism was found to survive at higher concentration and utilized it as a sole source of carbon. This organism was identified as Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes strain DSM 50018T using 16S rRNA sequencing. This organism was found to have high potential for degradation of Tributyl Phosphate present in Low Level Nuclear Waste.

The ever increasing use of pesticides has increased the propensity to identify microorganisms for bioremediation. This research study has been carried out for physical, chemical and microbial characterization from animal waste with special reference to cow dung for its potential use in bioremediation of hazardous compounds like pesticides. Physico-chemical data shows favorable conditions for the growth and proliferation of microbial consortium. The microbial consortium assessed from the animal waste (cow dung) mainly comprised of Pseudomonas sp., Actinomycetes sp.,Cellulomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium sp., Serratia sp., Nocardiasp., Sarcinasp., Salmonellasp., Staphyloccocus aureus, Alcaligens sp., Bacillus sp., and Fungi. In order to isolate and identify the potential microorganism the microbial consortium were exposed to increasing concentrations of pesticide cypermethrin viz., 10mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L and 100/mg/L using scale up process technique. The potential organism resistant to higher concentration was identified by 16s rDNA technique. The organism was identified as Pseudomonas plecoglossicida with NCBI BLAST homology and is a novel organism for bioremediation of hazardous compounds.

In India pesticides are widely used for plant protection in agriculture environment. The residual pesticide in soil has adverse effects on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The microbial action in natural environment however degrades the pesticides but the rate of degradation is very slow. The identification of potential organisms for bioremediation of pesticides is important to prevent the toxic effect to the human being through the food chain. Therefore, in the present research study 16S rDNA technique has been employed for the identification of potential organism from the microbial consortium. Microbial consortium was exposed to varying concentrations of fenvalerate viz; 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm using scale up process technique, and found that only one microbial colony was resistant to higher concentration of fenvalerate. The resistant potential microorganism has been characterized by 16S rDNA technique by sequencing and developing Phylogenetic tree and confirming by BLAST tool. The resistant organism was identified as potential organism for the biodegradation of fenvalerate.