Averaged One Dependence Estimator (AODE)

The demand for durians has increased considerably, gaining significant popularity in the market. Under the Industrial Revolution 4.0, precision agriculture is expanding globally, utilizing a range of digital technologies to provide the farming industry with crucial information for enhancing farm productivity. For durians to produce high-quality fruit, it is essential that the plants receive sufficient nutrients. Therefore, it is crucial for farmers to monitor the growth rate of durian plants to ensure they receive suitable nutrients for optimum growth. Manual growth monitoring often yields inaccurate results and is prone to human error. Thus, automatic systems for plant image analysis could prove highly beneficial for practical and productive agriculture. This research utilizes the you only look once version 5 (YOLOv5) model alongside an image referencing method for growth monitoring. It begins with the detection of the durian tree, segmenting the leaf area and computing tree size through image referencing. This method achieves a precision of 96% in detecting durian trees from images. Through these images, the growth rate of the durian is assessed through comparisons of canopy growth, stem size, and tree height.

In cancer identification, extrapolation of cervical cancer in patients shows a vital role. To save people from the cancer field of cancer detection, machine learning can play a big role in saving lives. In this paper, to make the detection process a portion faster and accurate machine learning techniques such as Decision Stump, C4.5 and Averaged One Dependence Estimators (AODE) for novel NCBI cervical cancer data set are made. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) is a simple decision tree algorithm that is used to create a decision tree of a given set. Here, a top-down Greedy search is used in order to check each attribute at every tree node. For building a Decision Stump algorithm, a decision tree which consists of nodes and an arc that connects nodes with the Entropy concept is used. The extension of the basic Decision Stump algorithm is the C4.5 algorithm on selecting the optimal split it recursively visits each decision node. The process gets continued until there is no further split is possible. In this way, the prediction is possible for the given data set. Bayesian methods are those that explicitly apply Bayes' Theorem for problems such as classification algorithms acts as a quick method for the creation of a statistical predictive model. AODE are based on the Bayesian theorem which is commonly used to solve prediction problems for ease usage in the medical field. In this research Decision Stump, C4.5, and AODE are implemented with help of the training set. The basic designs are used to predict whether a feminine is having cervical cancer or not.

Network anomaly detection system enables to monitor computer network that behaves differently from the network protocol and it is many implemented in various domains. Yet, the problem arises where different application domains have different defining anomalies in their environment. These make a difficulty to choose the best algorithms that suit and fulfill the requirements of certain domains and it is not straightforward. Additionally, the issue of centralization that cause fatal destruction of network system when powerful malicious code injects in the system. Therefore, in this paper we want to conduct experiment using supervised Machine Learning (ML) for network anomaly detection system that low communication cost and network bandwidth minimized by using UNSW-NB15 dataset to compare their performance in term of their accuracy (effective) and processing time (efficient) for a classifier to build a model. Supervised machine learning taking account the important features by labelling...

Network anomaly detection system enables to monitor computer network that behaves differently from the network protocol and it is many implemented in various domains. Yet, the problem arises where different application domains have different defining anomalies in their environment. These make a difficulty to choose the best algorithms that suit and fulfill the requirements of certain domains and it is not straightforward. Additionally, the issue of centralization that cause fatal destruction of network system when powerful malicious code injects in the system. Therefore, in this paper we want to conduct experiment using supervised Machine Learning (ML) for network anomaly detection system that low communication cost and network bandwidth minimized by using UNSW-NB15 dataset to compare their performance in term of their accuracy (effective) and processing time (efficient) for a classifier to build a model. Supervised machine learning taking account the important features by labelling...

There are increased security challenges that target cloud systems. One of the most important requirements of users in cloud storage is protecting their cloud from attacks and keeping data secure. Modern technologies of machine learning are providing the ability to analyze and classify data perfectly. This paper proposes a model placed between users and the cloud, which is based on two phases. The first of which is protecting the cloud from different types of network attacks and detecting normal and abnormal flow. The second one is categorizing the users' data and then encrypting it based on its importance using different encryption algorithms. The accuracy results of random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) are 100% of attack detection for each one. For the second phase of classifying data, the algorithms used are the logistic regression (LR) and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) learning which resulted in 98% accuracy for both. Besides, the encryption algorithms that have been adopted are rivest cipher (RC4), triple data encryption (3DES), and advanced encryption standard (AES) for encryption of the classified data according to the importance which will be then stored in the cloud in its secure form.

One of the methods used in detecting the intrusion detection system is by implementing Naïve Bayes algorithm. However, Naïve Bayes has a problem when one of the probabilities is 0, it will cause inaccurate prediction, or even no prediction was found. This paper proposed two modifications for Naïve Bayes algorithm. The first modification eliminated the variable that has 0 probability and the second modification changed the multiplication operations to addition operations. This modification is only applied when the Naïve Bayes algorithm does not find any prediction results caused by zero probabilities. The results of this research show that the value of precision, recall, and accuracy in the modification made tends to increase and better than the original Naïve Bayes algorithm. The highest precision, recall, and accuracy are obtained from modification by changing the multiplication operation to the addition. Increasing precision can reach 4%, increasing recall reaches 2% and increasin...

Currently, many companies use data mining for various implementations. One form of implementation is intrusion detection system (IDS). In IDS, the main problem for nuisance network administrators in detecting attacks is false alerts. Regardless of the methods implemented by this system, eliminating false alerts is still a huge problem. To describe data traffic passing through the network, a database of the network security layer (NSL) knowledge discovery in database (KDD) dataset is used. The massive traffic of data sent over the network contains excessive and duplicated amounts of information. This causes the classifier to be biased, reduce classification accuracy, and increase false alert. To that end, we proposed a model that significantly improve the accuracy of the intrusion detection system by eliminating false alerts, whether they are false negative or false positive negative alerts. The results show that the proposed intelligent exoplanet atmospheric retrieval (INARA) algori...

Currently, many companies use data mining for various implementations. One form of implementation is intrusion detection system (IDS). In IDS, the main problem for nuisance network administrators in detecting attacks is false alerts. Regardless of the methods implemented by this system, eliminating false alerts is still a huge problem. To describe data traffic passing through the network, a database of the network security layer (NSL) knowledge discovery in database (KDD) dataset is used. The massive traffic of data sent over the network contains excessive and duplicated amounts of information. This causes the classifier to be biased, reduce classification accuracy, and increase false alert. To that end, we proposed a model that significantly improve the accuracy of the intrusion detection system by eliminating false alerts, whether they are false negative or false positive negative alerts. The results show that the proposed intelligent exoplanet atmospheric retrieval (INARA) algorithm has improved accuracy and is able to detect new attack types efficiently.

One of the methods used in detecting the intrusion detection system is by implementing Naïve Bayes algorithm. However, Naïve Bayes has a problem when one of the probabilities is 0, it will cause inaccurate prediction, or even no prediction was found. This paper proposed two modifications for Naïve Bayes algorithm. The first modification eliminated the variable that has 0 probability and the second modification changed the multiplication operations to addition operations. This modification is only applied when the Naïve Bayes algorithm does not find any prediction results caused by zero probabilities. The results of this research show that the value of precision, recall, and accuracy in the modification made tends to increase and better than the original Naïve Bayes algorithm. The highest precision, recall, and accuracy are obtained from modification by changing the multiplication operation to the addition. Increasing precision can reach 4%, increasing recall reaches 2% and increasin...

One of the methods used in detecting the intrusion detection system is by implementing Naïve Bayes algorithm. However, Naïve Bayes has a problem when one of the probabilities is 0, it will cause inaccurate prediction, or even no prediction was found. This paper proposed two modifications for Naïve Bayes algorithm. The first modification eliminated the variable that has 0 probability and the second modification changed the multiplication operations to addition operations. This modification is only applied when the Naïve Bayes algorithm does not find any prediction results caused by zero probabilities. The results of this research show that the value of precision, recall, and accuracy in the modification made tends to increase and better than the original Naïve Bayes algorithm. The highest precision, recall, and accuracy are obtained from modification by changing the multiplication operation to the addition. Increasing precision can reach 4%, increasing recall reaches 2% and increasin...

Network monitoring system consists of large data streams, distributed architecture, and multiple computers that are geographically located all over the world caused a difficulty to detect abnormalities in the system. In addition, when handling network traffic, the data in network is fast incoming and requires an online learning where immediately response and predict the pattern of network traffic for classification once there is an event or request occur. Therefore, this paper aims to develop an effective and efficient network anomaly detection system by using distributed online averaged one dependence estimator (DOAODE) classification algorithm for multi-class network data to overcome these issues. The finding of DOAODE algorithm for multi-class classification is high in accuracy with average 83% and fast to train the network traffic recorded less than ten seconds and takes shorter time when the number of nodes increases.

Network anomaly detection system enables to monitor computer network that behaves differently from the network protocol and it is many implemented in various domains. Yet, the problem arises where different application domains have different defining anomalies in their environment. These make a difficulty to choose the best algorithms that suit and fulfill the requirements of certain domains and it is not straightforward. Additionally, the issue of centralization that cause fatal destruction of network system when powerful malicious code injects in the system. Therefore, in this paper we want to conduct experiment using supervised Machine Learning (ML) for network anomaly detection system that low communication cost and network bandwidth minimized by using UNSW-NB15 dataset to compare their performance in term of their accuracy (effective) and processing time (efficient) for a classifier to build a model. Supervised machine learning taking account the important features by labelling it from the datasets. The best machine learning algorithm for network dataset is AODE with a comparable accuracy is 97.26% and time taken approximately 7 seconds. Also, distributed algorithm solves the issue of centralization with the accuracy and processing time still a considerable compared to a centralized algorithm even though a little drop of the accuracy and a bit longer time needed.

In cancer identification, extrapolation of cervical cancer in patients shows a vital role. To save people from the cancer field of cancer detection, machine learning can play a big role in saving lives. In this paper, to make the detection process a portion faster and accurate machine learning techniques such as Decision Stump, C4.5 and Averaged One Dependence Estimators (AODE) for novel NCBI cervical cancer data set are made. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) is a simple decision tree algorithm that is used to create a decision tree of a given set. Here, a top-down Greedy search is used in order to check each attribute at every tree node. For building a Decision Stump algorithm, a decision tree which consists of nodes and an arc that connects nodes with the Entropy concept is used. The extension of the basic Decision Stump algorithm is the C4.5 algorithm on selecting the optimal split it recursively visits each decision node. The process gets continued until there is no further split is possible. In this way, the prediction is possible for the given data set. Bayesian methods are those that explicitly apply Bayes' Theorem for problems such as classification algorithms acts as a quick method for the creation of a statistical predictive model. AODE are based on the Bayesian theorem which is commonly used to solve prediction problems for ease usage in the medical field. In this research Decision Stump, C4.5, and AODE are implemented with help of the training set. The basic designs are used to predict whether a feminine is having cervical cancer or not.

The internet of things (IoT) is the interconnection of things around us to make our daily process more efficient by providing more comfort and productivity. However, these connections also reveal a lot of sensitive data. Therefore, thinking about the methods of information security and coding are important as the security approaches that rely heavily on coding are not a strong match for these restricted devices. Consequently, this research aims to contribute to filling this gap, which adopts machine learning techniques to enhance network-level security in the low-power devices that use the lightweight MQTT protocol for their work. This study used a set of tools and, through various techniques, trained the proposed system ranging from ensemble methods to deep learning models. The system has come to know what type of attack has occurred, which helps protect IoT devices. The log loss of the ensemble methods is 0.44, and the accuracy of multi-class classification is 98.72% after converting the table data into an image set. The work also uses a convolution neural network, which has a log loss of 0.019 and an accuracy of 99.3%. It also aims to implement these functions in IDS.

Network anomaly detection system enables to monitor computer network that behaves differently from the network protocol and it is many implemented in various domains. Yet, the problem arises where different application domains have different defining anomalies in their environment. These make a difficulty to choose the best algorithms that suit and fulfill the requirements of certain domains and it is not straightforward. Additionally, the issue of centralization that cause fatal destruction of network system when powerful malicious code injects in the system. Therefore, in this paper we want to conduct experiment using supervised Machine Learning (ML) for network anomaly detection system that low communication cost and network bandwidth minimized by using UNSW-NB15 dataset to compare their performance in term of their accuracy (effective) and processing time (efficient) for a classifier to build a model. Supervised machine learning taking account the important features by labelling it from the datasets. The best machine learning algorithm for network dataset is AODE with a comparable accuracy is 97.26% and time taken approximately 7 seconds. Also, distributed algorithm solves the issue of centralization with the accuracy and processing time still a considerable compared to a centralized algorithm even though a little drop of the accuracy and a bit longer time needed.