Architecture and social space

During the excavation of Hrísbrú 1995-2010 altogether 40 beads were recovered. In Iceland beads have been found from just under settlement sites from the Viking Age, amounting to over 180 beads. Excavations have often recovered 1-3 beads at any one site but the number per site has been going up in the last few years with more rigorous recovery methods. Nonetheless Hrísbrú has the largest bead collection found from such sites in Iceland. Even if part of this can no doubt be explained by more thorough excavation methods the beads from Hrísbrú also bare witness to a wealthy household, not only by the high number of beads which was a luxtury item, but also by the types of beads found as will be discussed below. The beads from Hrísbrú were examined both macroscopically and with the aid of a Leica MZ 6 microscope at 40X magnification. The beads were classified according to Johan Callmers system of Scandinavian beads with reference to Icelandic parallels (Callmer 1977; Hreiðarsdóttir 2005).

Member (Planning),RAJUK Kazi Gulam Hafiz, Town Planner, RAJUK I would like to thank the officials of all the surveyed private housing and land developers, public agencies and housing finance institutions who helped a lot by providing useful information. I am thankful to all my friends without whose help and cooperation the data collection could be more difficult. At last, I would like to show my gratitude to my beloved husband Shamim, for his endless support and encouragement during my entire research period.

The success rate of cultural spaces has always depended on human presence and utilizing the spaces. The cultural spaces have sought to increase social interactions and human solidarity in addition to the revival of culture and art. One of the primary views of Iranian architecture is to pay attention to the social dimension of man and his need to be present in society. The present sought to investigate and evaluate the impact of Iranian architectural indicators and their unique features on the social interactions of humans in cultural spaces based on library and field studies and content analysis about the theoretical foundations. It has been hypothesized that cultural spaces are a platform consisting of social and human activities and relationships. The analyses revealed that the identity of iranian architecture and its constituent elements are in line with the identity needs of man and his social identity, and always paying attention to these indicators and the elements invites him to communicate and participate in social interactions.

natural 6560 12 Deposit Turf debris with charcoal 12 Deposit Light brown peat ash with burnt bones 12 Deposit Massive charcoal layer 6560 12 Deposit Peat ash, beige colour 6560 12 Deposit Brown/orange mix with greenish hint 6560 12 Deposit Grey and massive deposit, homogenous and clayish 12 Deposit Grey deposit with brownish hint 12 Deposit Charcoal lense 6560 12 Section Small test trench SE on farm mound. SE and SW-facing sections 14 Deposit Tephra ~1700? Blackish brown 14 Deposit Mixed turf debris with charcoal 14 Deposit Mixed turf debris with charcoal, similar to 6562 14 Deposit Turf wall? 14 Deposit Darkish layer with iron leaching 14 Deposit Turf collapse 14 Deposit Mixed turf debris with charcoal 15 Deposit Compact turf ?debris 15 Deposit Gravel natural 7 Deposit The NE-SW turf outwall 6528 7 Deposit N-E section: Reddish turf. 19th century phase 6528 7 Deposit N-E section: Dark brown silt with charcoal inclusions (dump) 6528 7 Deposit N-Esection: Floor? Lensed 6528 7 Deposit N-E section: Turf, light brown with iron lenses 6528 7 Deposit N-E section: Darkbrown clayish layer with peat ash lenses and burnt bone 6528 7 Deposit N-E section: Midgrey brown turf incl.charcoal 6528 7 Deposit S-section: Similar to 6575 and 6576, organic layer 6528 7 Deposit N-E section: Dark brown clay with lenses of peat ash and inclusions of burnt bone and charcoal. Friable. Rubbish heap? 7 Deposit Wall of stone and turf (traverse wall to 6570) 11 Cut Cut, filled with peat ash dump [6535] 6511 8 Deposit A thin layer of peat-ash which is going under cluster of stones [6582] 6511 8 Deposit S cluster of stones

One of the greatest problems when dealing with matters concerning Viking Age religious life is the lack of authentic, contemporary sources and explicit archaeological remains that can testify to different religious activities and their related constructions. One part of the problem is our own lack of knowledge and our inability to identify such remains, in other words, knowing what to look for. As Andrén writes: Pagan rites could be carried out at particular sacred sites, in and around special cult houses and with the guidance of religious leaders but undoubtedly different kinds of people could also have carried out rites in a variety of different places in the landscape.

Gender segregation is considered a significant problem in the modern period, where urban planning may play a role in facilitating male and female use of public spaces, or overlook their different needs in the city. Urban spatial use has been linked to many factors in previous studies. One important factor to consider here is the pattern of land-use and its capability of affecting the movement behaviour of people in the city. In space syntax theory, it has been assumed that the distribution of shops exists to take advantage of people's movement, which is generated by the urban structure itself. In this regard, this paper aims to identify the factors behind land-use segregation between shops for each gender in the city centre of Biskra, and whether this has resulted in gender segregation in urban spatial use, leading to the distinct location of services within the city centre, creating men's and women's spaces. This investigation has been conducted by using surveys of shops as well as syntactic analyses, paired together in order to reach an understanding of this phenomenon. The findings showed that at a global scale, the higher the street is integrated, the higher the land-use mixture tends to be, while at a local scale there was no correlation found in term of men's and women's segregation of land-use, which may rather be related to locals using their prior knowledge of a space rather than the information cues provided by its structure.

Purpose Knowing and understanding the spatial needs of users is imperative for the design of livable and sustainable houses. However, the practical and theoretical difficulties associated with this, especially in social housing, create a shortfall in design knowledge known as user needs gap. To bridge this gap, design researchers over the years, have sought to provide feedback for design decision-making through post-occupancy evaluation studies using preferences and residential satisfaction as constructs. In view of their limitations, this study aims to explore residential adaptations as residents’ tacit means of communicating their spatial needs, and a pathway to understanding residents’ housing requirements. Design/methodology/approach The study was exploratory in nature and a case study by design using a convergent parallel design within the mixed methods tradition. Activity Theory as used as a conceptual framework. The study involved three strands of research as follows: estimat...

"Icelandic Farmhouses: Identity, Landscape and Construction (1790-1945)" retraces the history of Icelandic rural architecture between the late eighteenth century and the mid-twentieth century. Through the study of Icelandic rural buildings, this book narrates a very special history of architecture: one of adaptation and tradition, scarcity of building materials and transfers of knowledge with Europe. The history of Icelandic farmhouses is intermixed with construction issues, nationalistic debates, and a quest for a much-needed modernization of the standards of living. The book aims to retrace the role of modern building techniques in the development of Icelandic rural architecture and society.

Territoriality is a term that is widely used in science and other areas of human activity. Usually, this term refers to a pattern of behavior of a person or group that is based on the need to control the physical space, object or idea. It can also be seen as the user's level of tolerance and willingness to share the same spaces and content with other people. Although the phenomenon of territoriality has already been researched to a considerable extent in the field of architecture, there are fewer studies in which the presence of territoriality has been analyzed in residential spaces. The subject of this research is the experience of territoriality in the domain of residential spaces, specifically in an apartment or a house. The research starts from the analysis of the reference literature in which territoriality in residential areas was discussed, and then moves on to the analysis of the presence of territoriality among users in characteristic models of housing units (apartment for singles, for families with one, two and three generations and for co-living communities). After the synthesis of the obtained information, different levels and intensities of the experience of territoriality arising between users, facilities and visitors in the previously mentioned housing models will be compared. The aim of the research is to examine which aspects influence the emergence and change of the intensity of the experience of territoriality in the residential space, as well as to reconsider the view that the experience of territoriality in the residential space is always present, but of different intensity depending on whether a reaction occurs to the presence of visitors, facilities or other users.

During the excavation of Hrísbrú 1995-2010 altogether 40 beads were recovered. In Iceland beads have been found from just under settlement sites from the Viking Age, amounting to over 180 beads. Excavations have often recovered 1-3 beads at any one site but the number per site has been going up in the last few years with more rigorous recovery methods. Nonetheless Hrísbrú has the largest bead collection found from such sites in Iceland. Even if part of this can no doubt be explained by more thorough excavation methods the beads from Hrísbrú also bare witness to a wealthy household, not only by the high number of beads which was a luxtury item, but also by the types of beads found as will be discussed below. The beads from Hrísbrú were examined both macroscopically and with the aid of a Leica MZ 6 microscope at 40X magnification. The beads were classified according to Johan Callmers system of Scandinavian beads with reference to Icelandic parallels (Callmer 1977; Hreiðarsdóttir 2005).

Many cities in Egypt have been built recently with spatial characteristics that differ structurally from the spatial configuration of the ancient Arab city. There is a growing interest in understanding how social and economic phenomena related to the community are trans- formed in new cities, particularly those that extend from the old city, as is the case with the city of New Cairo. We have developed an analytical framework to study the effects of spatial configuration on the pace of growth of the new city and identify its characteristics in terms of phenomena related to movement and the distribution of economic activities, as well as urban vitality. A framework for combining quantitative and qualitative analysis helps in understanding phenomena related to the morphology of the development of the new city. Using syntactic analysis, place syntax and field observation, the spatial characteristics of the city of New Cairo were investigated, then compared with Old Cairo to determine which features were enriched in terms of the city’s vitality or what has been lost during the expansion phases, based on the planning concepts that were applied. The study concluded that changes in the characteristics of the spatial configurations of the new Egyptian cities by increasing the flow of vehicular traffic via wide arterial roads do not reflect the requirements of the local community, but instead impede local movement within the city and reduce the integration of its neighbourhoods, turning them into isolated islands. The greatest impact of this is the way in which the characteristics of society in these cities have been limited, resulting in isolation and a lack of connection with the identity of the place and the customs and traditions of the community. This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating similar cities in terms of the characteristics of this planning configuration, identifying the extent to which the old has been preserved or changed and emphasising the validity of the methodology by evaluating the characteristics of other new cities.

Not only is space use a result of spatial configuration, but it is also greatly determined by social patterns and society’s living modes. The COVID-19 pandemic and confinement resulted, worldwide, in a 24/7 use of the domestic setting, which had to be adapted to the emergence of new needs and functions in the domestic space. The paper aims at understanding how COVID confinement altered domestic space use in Lisbon and how current society has maintained some of those changes, a reflection of new social patterns. The analysis is supported by an inquiry, carried out during the first confinement of 2020, in the city of Lisbon. Results show that domestic space use had to be adjusted to a new context, gaining new functions, and bringing into evidence the need for additional spaces. In light of the proven changes in living modes, the research concludes that the post-COVID home needs to be rethought and new housing programs should take into consideration the new social patterns and living m...

Whetstones were essential sharpening tools from the Iron Age and well into modern times. They were an important part of people's personal kit and indispensable to anyone using knives, axes, arrows, sickles, scythes, needles, scissors and any other iron implement or weapon with a cutting edge or point. As Viking Age Scandinavia was an Iron Age society particularly dependent on their iron tools for survival and geographic expansion stone types particularly suitable for whetting were much valued and transported over long distances. Only limited firm archaeological evidence is available to contribute to our understanding of TransAtlantic trade in the pre medieval period and no broad scale research has been carried out on the whetstone material in the area yet. There is no good quality stone to produce whetstones from in

From the Early Bronze Age, tools used to determine the nature and value of precious metal have been used as traditional symbols in burial rituals. During the Early Medieval Period, balances, weights and touchstones became widespread in the northern part of Europe, or bullion-economy zone. This paper focuses on a selection of touchstones from Viking Age Iceland, from both graves and settlements. Chemical microanalyses of streaks of metals observed on their surfaces show that not only precious metals, but also other non-ferrous metals, and in particular lead, have been tested on touchstones. The settlement finds come primarily from high-status farms which have produced evidence of working with non-ferrous metals. The disproportion between the low frequency of precious metals and the relatively high representation of touchstones in burials, including the occurrence of clearly ostentatious specimens, is apparent in Iceland. However, due to uncertainty as to the origins of the metal streaks on imported touchstones, the workshop finds are regarded as the more important source for knowledge of both metalworking and social relations in Viking Age Iceland.

The Mývatn region in northern Iceland has been receiving archaeological attention since at least the nineteenth century, with more intensive work having been carried out by Fornleifastofnun Íslands (FSÍ) in the late twentieth century, continuing to the present. The archaeological evidence suggests that Mývatn has been a region onto itself since the Settlement Period of Iceland through to the end of the Viking age. Imported goods such as whetstones and steatite demonstrate telltale characteristics of objects traded for in low quantities and over infrequent time periods. This article examines how Mývatn Icelanders were able to partially connect to the continental trade in beads, the Baltic trade in flint, and to other European trade networks operating between the 9th and 15th centuries, and to what extent these networks were able to influence the early Mývatn economy. RÉSUMÉ: La région de Mývatn dans le nord de l'Islande a fait l'objet de l'attention des archéologues au moins depuis le XIXe siècle, avec un travail plus intensif réalisé par le Fornleifastofnun Íslands (FSI) (l'Institut d'archéologie d'Islande) de la fin du XXe siècle jusqu'à ce jour. La preuve archéologique suggère que Mývatn fut une région en elle-même à partir la période de colonisation de l'Islande jusqu'à la fin de l'ère Viking. Des produits importés tels que des pierres à aiguiser et de la stéatite démontrent des caractéristiques révélatrices d'objets échangés en faibles quantités et sur de rares périodes. Cet article examine comment les Islandais de Mývatn furent capable de se connecter en partie au commerce de perles continental, au commerce de silex de la Baltique et à d'autres réseaux de commerce européens ayant cours entre le IXe et le XVe siècles, et dans quelle mesure ces réseaux purent influencer les débuts de l'économie Mývatn.

This research examines the spatial characteristics of domestic spaces, their use, and adaptations to analyse their changing morphology. It also examines inhabitants' preferences and requirements for the functional utilisation of the interiority of dwellings. Fifteen apartments in Dhaka were analysed to compare the initial design with the later modifications by occupants. The research followed an ethnographical method to depict the lives and experiences of individuals. The research has identified significant changes in activity zoning and their pattern, thus creating a new spatial organisation of the house that is different from the original design. Activity analysis reveals that most spaces are multipurpose; moreover, maintaining segregation and privacy is challenging. Lack of privacy is a significant concern during the alterations. Households are usually the extended type with a large number of members. Hence, this research finds the need for extra rooms within the given space....

Residence carries cultural information through its structure and activity. The kitchen, an indispensable part of a residence is used to cook food and food is the presenter of a country's habit and nature. This study is an attempt to investigate the transformation of the spatial organization of kitchen area considering Dhaka, Bangladesh residences. The study is based on primary data collected from different types of apartments in Dhaka City. Thirty households were surveyed using a structured questionnaire to investigate the kitchen activities, workable space, comfort while working in the kitchen. The study has institute that once upon a time, kitchen was useful for different activities and it was given equal importance while designing the living rooms or bedrooms. But slowly kitchen has become one of the most hazardous space in a residence, in the context of Dhaka and the situation are getting worse. The outcome of the study is expected to raise awareness on setting, design of kitchen area appropriately among architects & planners.

Purpose Knowing and understanding the spatial needs of users is imperative for the design of livable and sustainable houses. However, the practical and theoretical difficulties associated with this, especially in social housing, create a shortfall in design knowledge known as user needs gap. To bridge this gap, design researchers over the years, have sought to provide feedback for design decision-making through post-occupancy evaluation studies using preferences and residential satisfaction as constructs. In view of their limitations, this study aims to explore residential adaptations as residents’ tacit means of communicating their spatial needs, and a pathway to understanding residents’ housing requirements. Design/methodology/approach The study was exploratory in nature and a case study by design using a convergent parallel design within the mixed methods tradition. Activity Theory as used as a conceptual framework. The study involved three strands of research as follows: estimat...

Deutsche Zusammenfassung x CHAPTER 1 Introduction 3 1.1. Defining the problems 3 1.2. Hypothesis 4 1.3. Research question 4 1.4. Current stage of research 4 1.5. Research Method 5 1.6. Structure of thesis 6 CHAPTER 2 Housing in Yangon-History, Types and Conditions 2.1. Yangon background, history and site conditions 2.1.1. Housing supply strategies 2.2. Land-use zones of Yangon city 2.3. Kinds of housing projects in Yangon 2.4. Housing types according to access system 2.4.1. Point type 2.4.1.1. Duplex type 2.4.1.2. Central stair type 2.4.2. Flat type 2.4.2.1. Front corridor type 2.4.2.2. Central corridor type 2.4.2.3. Duplex type 2.4.2.4. Row houses type 2.5. Basic types of apartments 2.5.1. Hall type apartment 2.5.2. Room type apartment 2.6. Conditions of Yangon Housing 2.6.1. Functional conditions 2.6.1.1. Myanmar Domestic Space and its transformation 2.6.1.2. Spatial arrangement of Yangon apartments 2.6.2. Social conditions (especially according to family, neighborhood) 2.6.2.1. Social data in relation to housing in Yangon 2.6.2.2. The habits and social relationships inside families and with neighbours 2.6.3. Cultural conditions 2.6.3.1. The ceremony and ritual concerning the construction of the house in Myanmar 2.6.3.2. Location of building and alignment of houses 2.6.3.3. Orientation of floor plan 2.6.3.4. Location of shrine room and alter 2.6.3.5. Entrance space 2.6.4. Economic conditions 2.6.4.1. General situation of the economic development in Myanmar since 1948 2.6.4.2. Percentage distribution of average household expenditure 2.6.4.3. Cost factors created by project development 2.6.4.4. Cost factors affecting housing 2.6.5. Climatic conditions 2.6.5.1. General climatic conditions in Myanmar 2.6.5.2. Climatic conditions in Yangon-Amount of sunshine-Rainfall-Temperature-Relative humidity-Wind velocity-Bioclimatic chart in Yangon-Sun angles in Yangon Excurses 1: Architectural features effecting natural ventilation Excurses 2: Architectural features effecting natural lighting CHAPTER 3 Developing the Method for the Deficiencies Analysis 3.1. Aspect tree for deficiencies analysis 3.1.1. Functional performance iii-Adequacy of zoning-Sufficiency of area 3.1.2. Social performance 3.1.3. Cultural performance 3.1.4. Indoor environmental quality-Natural ventilation-Natural lighting 3.2. Aspect tree CHAPTER 4 Deficiency Analysis: Case Studies 4.1. Factors that define the research area 4.1.1. Location 4.1.2. Timeframe 4.1.3. Financing organization of housing supply 4.1.4. Types of housing 4.1.5. Types of building floor plan 4.2. Location of the selected housing type cases 4.3. Description of selected cases 4.3.1. Front corridor type (Yankin housing) 4.3.2. Central corridor type (Aung Zaya Housing) 4.3.3. Central stair type (Malika Housing) 4.3.4. Row houses type (Mahamyaing Housing) 4.3.5. Duplex type (Myakantha Housing) 4.4. Analysis of selected cases 4.4.1. Functional performance 4.4.1.1. Adequacy of functional area 4.4.1.2. Sufficiency of area 4.4.1.3. Summary of functional performance 4.4.2. Social performance 4.4.2.1. Suitability of available space for social activities in the hall type apartments 4.4.2.2. Suitability of available space for social activities in the room type apartments 4.4.2.3. Pattern of social communication between members of family and available of space 4.4.2.4. Suitability of available space for social contact between members of family and visitors 4.4.2.5.

Bowl-furnaces: This type of furnace is the simplest type to craft and therefore it is thought to be mainly used during the earliest period of smelting (Pleiner 2000: 163). This type of furnace is "an open hollow on earth lined with refactory clay" (Pleiner 2000: 163). Slag pit-furnaces: Building walls up made it possible to smelt bigger quantities of iron (this type of furnace has been explained above), and it is a pit in which the slag falls

In developing countries like India, very less research has been conducted on the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) of rural housing projects. This research aims to investigate the performance of an Eco-Village at Kanhapur, India which was designed by the Centre of Science for Villages. Research investigation was based on the occupants’ views on the physical condition of their housing units and neighborhood spaces. The study aided to determine the occupants’ housing satisfaction and thus evaluate the housing quality in the rural housing projects. The results revealed that, CSV, failed in achieving the residential satisfaction and the model of Eco-village collapsed. The housing project could offer them the shelter, but not the livable conditions on account of multiple reasons discussed in the paper. CSV never came back to the community to take the feedback on their living conditions and problems even after 10 years of occupancy. The study of this eco village led to the conclusion that P...

Gender segregation is considered a significant problem in the modern period, where urban planning may play a role in facilitating male and female use of public spaces, or overlook their different needs in the city. Urban spatial use has been linked to many factors in previous studies. One important factor to consider here is the pattern of land-use and its capability of affecting the movement behaviour of people in the city. In space syntax theory, it has been assumed that the distribution of shops exists to take advantage of people's movement, which is generated by the urban structure itself. In this regard, this paper aims to identify the factors behind land-use segregation between shops for each gender in the city centre of Biskra, and whether this has resulted in gender segregation in urban spatial use, leading to the distinct location of services within the city centre, creating men's and women's spaces. This investigation has been conducted by using surveys of shops as well as syntactic analyses, paired together in order to reach an understanding of this phenomenon. The findings showed that at a global scale, the higher the street is integrated, the higher the land-use mixture tends to be, while at a local scale there was no correlation found in term of men's and women's segregation of land-use, which may rather be related to locals using their prior knowledge of a space rather than the information cues provided by its structure.

Gender segregation is considered a significant problem in the modern period, where urban planning may play a role in facilitating male and female use of public spaces, or overlook their different needs in the city. Urban spatial use has been linked to many factors in previous studies. One important factor to consider here is the pattern of land-use and its capability of affecting the movement behaviour of people in the city. In space syntax theory, it has been assumed that the distribution of shops exists to take advantage of people's movement, which is generated by the urban structure itself. In this regard, this paper aims to identify the factors behind land-use segregation between shops for each gender in the city centre of Biskra, and whether this has resulted in gender segregation in urban spatial use, leading to the distinct location of services within the city centre, creating men's and women's spaces. This investigation has been conducted by using surveys of shops as well as syntactic analyses, paired together in order to reach an understanding of this phenomenon. The findings showed that at a global scale, the higher the street is integrated, the higher the land-use mixture tends to be, while at a local scale there was no correlation found in term of men's and women's segregation of land-use, which may rather be related to locals using their prior knowledge of a space rather than the information cues provided by its structure.

Background There is a lack of research investigating the confluence of risk factors in urban slums that may make them accelerators for respiratory, droplet infections like COVID-19. Our working hypothesis was that, even within slums, an inverse relationship existed between living density and access to shared or private WASH facilities. Methods In an exploratory, secondary analysis of World Bank, cross-sectional microdata from slums in Bangladesh we investigated the relationship between intra-household population density (crowding) and access to private or shared water sources and toilet facilities. Results The analysis showed that most households were single-room dwellings (80.4%). Median crowding ranged from 0.55 m2 per person up to 67.7 m2 per person. The majority of the dwellings (83.3%), shared both toilet facilities and the source of water, and there was a significant positive relationship between crowding and the use of shared facilities. Conclusion The findings highlight the ...

This contribution interrogates the gendered self in a Viking-Age, Scandinavian context. It proposes that the performance of a particular craft, weaving, may have created "occasions" for different experiences of the self, when conducted in different social and spatial settings. Through the analysis of the distribution of the archaeological remains from textile production at selected settlement sites, it is possible to associate specific spaces in buildings to this activity, and to situate it within households of different social statuses. As a result, the experiences of distinct groups of women are revealed through the different settings, both social and architectural, for the performance of a stereotypically gendered activity. This performance therefore appears imbued with very different meanings, hereby leading to varied experiences of the social self. The character of the activity itself, which is repetitive as well as physically and technically demanding, may have contributed to a deeply embodied sense of self, even in the seemingly mundane arena of everyday life.

Dhaka, the nation’s capital, has a diverse range of extremities in its general socio‐economic composition. For the last few decades, the imprints of such a distinctive but composite juxtaposition have become evident through the physical and cultural bearings of its housing industry. In a broader spectrum, the overall housing divide can be identified under two opposing categories – the formal and the informal sectors. With the government agencies out of the scene as the key provider in the housing stock, the formal sector is primarily dependent on numerous real‐estate organizations and private entrepreneurs. The informal sector, on the other hand, is left to survive on its own – in conditions beyond human justification, but growing steadily to meet the demands of its urban machinery and economic whirlpool. This paper reveals the tale of the Vastuhara resettlement scheme for the urban poor that stand out as a bright and optimistic example in transformative propensity where some catale...

The paper analyses the issues faced by a minuscule area of a slum habitat in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. The area of the slum worked upon, the "Beltola Bostee" 1 , faces major problems of frequent flooding when the households of the area become unfit to live in. Hence, the inhabitants of this area shift to share other households, overcrowding the already cramped living quarters. The idea of "Beltola Lilies" emerges as an attempt to resolve the problem and provide the best possible solution. The "Beltola Lilies" is conceived as a modular accommodation that stands on ground during the dry season, but floats on water during floods, providing the inhabitants a healthy, organised, productive and cost-effective solution for housing. Built with inexpensive and indigenous materials, requiring minimum effort in construction and maintenance, having low energy needs and being sufficiently livable, it promises to address and eradicate some of the current dwelling problems in the slums that exist all over the country.

Housing transformation is a major livelihood strategy among low-income households in formal and informal settlements. Domestic spaces are produced for social unit. This study illustrates the analysis of domestic spaces in a low-income settlement and their impact on the way of life of the inhabitants. The factors that affect the physical organization of spaces and its quality are evaluated with respect to the survival strategy of the low-income dwellers. The space organization of the dwelling units in low-income settlements illustrates different structures and forms that may not fit the conventional understanding of modern urban housing. The space organization of such dwelling reflects the users need and space requirements and the incremental developments are experienced with mutual understanding of the neighbors. In this respect, the physical characteristics a low-income settlement in Dhaka are investigated; namely Ershad Nagar resettlement camp. Besides the housing and neighborhood...

Introduction Thesis Rationale Objective of the R.=rch Research Methodology Chapter One URBANIZATION AND THE SOCIOCULTURAL BACKGROUND OF DHAKA IN THE LAn: 19 TH AND EARLY 20 TH CENTIJRY 1.1. Introduction 8,2. Contemporary Walk-up House Form-a brief history: 8.3. Walk-ups Defined 8.4. Walk-Up Typology 8.5. Phases Of Transformatian af the Contemporary Walk-Up House Form 8.6. Cultural Contents in the Spatial Organization Of Walk-Up Urban HDuseForm 8.7. Cultural CDntentsin the Physical Expressian of the Cantemporary Walk-Up House 8.8. Development of Urban House Form in Relation to the Climatic Factor 8.9.

In developing countries like India, very less research has been conducted on the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) of rural housing projects. This research aims to investigate the performance of an Eco-Village at Kanhapur, India which was designed by the Centre of Science for Villages. Research investigation was based on the occupants’ views on the physical condition of their housing units and neighborhood spaces. The study aided to determine the occupants’ housing satisfaction and thus evaluate the housing quality in the rural housing projects. The results revealed that, CSV, failed in achieving the residential satisfaction and the model of Eco-village collapsed. The housing project could offer them the shelter, but not the livable conditions on account of multiple reasons discussed in the paper. CSV never came back to the community to take the feedback on their living conditions and problems even after 10 years of occupancy. The study of this eco village led to the conclusion that P...

This paper analyzes the mobility patterns and factors affecting the mobility to the semi- squatters. To do this, it uses a questionnaire survey to highlight the household and dwelling characteristics in semi-squatters. This analysis is to estimate the characteristics that attract and encourage residents for mobility to semi-squatters. The planning in Tripoli region ceased since 2000 may be due to poor management and lack of urban planning in Tripoli region, and currently has no plan to control the development in the sub-region. In addition, rapid population growth is pressure to expand the urban area. Thus, residents have begun to look for another place in new characteristics, which can be moved in semi-squatters. On this basis, this paper will examine the factors that affect the mobility to the semi-squatters, such as; economic income, changes in household, age, size of dwelling, type of dwelling and education level.

In developing countries like India, very less research has been conducted on the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) of rural housing projects. This research aims to investigate the performance of an Eco-Village at Kanhapur, India which was designed by the Centre of Science for Villages. Research investigation was based on the occupants' views on the physical condition of their housing units and neighborhood spaces. The study aided to determine the occupants' housing satisfaction and thus evaluate the housing quality in the rural housing projects. The results revealed that, CSV, failed in achieving the residential satisfaction and the model of Eco-village collapsed. The housing project could offer them the shelter, but not the livable conditions on account of multiple reasons discussed in the paper. CSV never came back to the community to take the feedback on their living conditions and problems even after 10 years of occupancy. The study of this eco village led to the conclusion that POE can be utilized as a powerful tool to diagnose the residential satisfaction and thereby investigate the loopholes in the performance of housing projects.

Housing transformation is a major livelihood strategy among low-income households in formal and informal settlements. Domestic spaces are produced for social unit. This study illustrates the analysis of domestic spaces in a low-income settlement and their impact on the way of life of the inhabitants. The factors that affect the physical organization of spaces and its quality are evaluated with respect to the survival strategy of the low-income dwellers. The space organization of the dwelling units in low-income settlements illustrates different structures and forms that may not fit the conventional understanding of modern urban housing. The space organization of such dwelling reflects the users need and space requirements and the incremental developments are experienced with mutual understanding of the neighbors. In this respect, the physical characteristics a low-income settlement in Dhaka are investigated; namely Ershad Nagar resettlement camp. Besides the housing and neighborhood...

In the poem Rigsþula, preserved in the poetic Edda, we learn of Rig's (Wodan's) visits to the house of a yeoman. Entering the dwelling, Rig found the owners, Afi and Amma, occupied with household tasks: The man carving wood for the weaving-beam, the woman spinning yarn. Unlike the thralls, whose hut Rig had just left, the couple was well clad. Still, they had no wide south-facing portal and strewn floor as in the earl's hall, for which Rig was eventually heading; and their guest was not entertained as there with fresh game, roasted fowl and wine in pitcher on a clothed table. He was seated in the midst of the room and was served a sturdy dish of boiled veal (Dronke 1997 165f). 1 This brief scene, written down in 13th-century Iceland but arguably composed in the 10th Century, has long remained as useful a picture of late Iron Age housing in Scandinavia, as any supplied by archaeology. Between 1999 and 2003, parts of an unusual settlement dating to the 7th-11th centuries AD were uncovered at Taebring on the island Mors in the Western Limfjord, North West Denmark. A number of unusual features were investigated, amongst them iron-smelting furnaces, and turf-walled buildings. But the most remarkable structures were uncovered beneath the collapsed walls of the turf buildings: hearths, ovens, a cellar, stone paving, wallbenches, and clay floors from several older houses. Associated with this were cultural layers containing artefacts

Wayfinding behavior and pedestrian movement pattern research relies on objective spatial configuration representation and analysis, such as space syntax, to quantify and control for the difficulty of wayfinding in multi-level buildings and urban built environments. However, the space syntax's representation oversimplifies multi-level vertical connections. The more recent segment and angular approaches to space syntax remain un-operationalizable in three-dimensional space. The two-dimensional axial-map and segment map line representations are reviewed to determine their extension to three-dimensional space line representation. Using an extreme case study research strategy, four representations of a large scale complex multi-level outdoor and indoor built environment are tested against observed pedestrian movement patterns N = 17,307. Association with the movement patterns increases steadily as the representation increases toward high three-dimensional space level of definition and completeness. A novel hybrid angular-Euclidean analysis was used for the objective description of three-dimensional built environment complexity. The results suggest that pedestrian wayfinding and movement pattern research in a multi-level built environment should include interdependent outdoor and indoor, and use full three-dimensional line representation.

The Physical and mental development of a child depends on the surrounding environment of their home, school and other spaces where they spend time and perform different activities. Urban Children's use of space in Dhaka city has been changed in the last few decades. The space they inhabit now a day is shrinking for various socioeconomic reasons along with unavailability of outdoor play/entertainment space due to rapid urbanization and unplanned growth. Domestic spatial organization plays an important role in this development of children who study in a school where enough open spaces for physical exercise are not available. The built environment of the home is therefore of central importance to children's well-being because of their prolonged exposure to it (at least 16 hours per day). In the context of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, where 7.001 million people live in an area of 306.4km ², the housing crisis for both the formal and informal sector is significantly high. The limited land area and the inflated land price had generated a stream of private sector investor housing developers who are the main catalyst for the accommodation of the formal sector housing. It is expected that the living condition of these accommodations are quite poor in terms of spatial organization and it is assumed that the children who are living in these housing modules are being deprived of proper physical and mental development. In this paper, Visibility graph using Depth map, and questionnaire survey are used to analyze the activity pattern of the children from various home environment and their respective school environment i.e. the limitations and scope of outdoor physical activities of their respective schools. The focus is on how the visual integrity of shared space, transition space, private space and semi-outdoor space in the compact apartment encourage or discourage children's interaction and activity. The study leads to findings that continuous living dining provides children maximum scope for a more active, safe and visually integrated life. For the selected age group, children and parents prefer more watchable and connected space. The outcome of this research is expected to contribute by raising awareness among the architects, policymakers and builders regarding the need of children friendly domestic spaces design to ensure children's active and healthy lifestyle by maximizing appropriate uses of domestic spaces.

Este trabalho é parte de uma pesquisa em andamento que se propõe a analisar as relações de pessoas em situação de refugio e seus espaços cotidianos na (des) construção de um novo Habitar. Nossa proposta para este simpósio é trazer reflexões a respeito das ambiências que envolvem estas relações a partir da análise de uma cena vivênciada em uma incursão de campo no inicio de 2019.

In recent years, intensive archaeological research in Iceland has produced much new dating evidence on Viking-Age settlement. New tephra and radiocarbon datasets coupled with methodological advances in Bayesian statistical modelling provide the means to develop highest probability age estimates at site-, region-and island-scales. These approaches allow for both regional synthesis and more nuanced evaluations of the timing of specific events, such as the onset of colonization in the late 9th century. This paper develops these innovations to address patterns of settlement reorganization and changes in social practices in Viking-Age and Early Medieval Iceland. The available data indicate a regional pattern of settlement reorganization in the mid-11th century, which occurred after the establishment of the national parliament in the first half of the 10th century and the construction of early churches in the late 10th century. Regional synthesis also indicates that Christian cemeteries were established cal AD 928-986 (at 68% probability)-or between one and three generations before the nationwide conversion to Christianity recorded in textual sources, and at a time when pagan burial practices were still carried out (cal AD 953-1006 at 68% probability). This enhanced chronological assessment helps to clarify potential drivers of settlement organization and gives a deeper insight into the patterns of social change.

The Physical and mental development of a child depends on the surrounding environment of their home, school and other spaces where they spend time and perform different activities. Urban Children's use of space in Dhaka city has been changed in the last few decades. The space they inhabit now a day is shrinking for various socio-economic reasons along with unavailability of outdoor play/entertainment space due to rapid urbanization and unplanned growth. Domestic spatial organization plays an important role in this development of children who study in a school where enough open spaces for physical exercise are not available. The built environment of the home is therefore of central importance to children's well-being because of their prolonged exposure to it (at least 16 hours per day). In the context of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, where 7.001 million people live in an area of 306.4km ², the housing crisis for both the formal and informal sector is significantly high. The limited land area and the inflated land price had generated a stream of private sector investor housing developers who are the main catalyst for the accommodation of the formal sector housing. It is expected that the living condition of these accommodations are quite poor in terms of spatial organization and it is assumed that the children who are living in these housing modules are being deprived of proper physical and mental development. In this paper, Visibility graph using Depth map, and questionnaire survey are used to analyze the activity pattern of the children from various home environment and their respective school environment i.e. the limitations and scope of outdoor physical activities of their respective schools. The focus is on how the visual integrity of shared space, transition space, private space and semi-outdoor space in the compact apartment encourage or discourage children's interaction and activity. The study leads to findings that continuous living dining provides children maximum scope for a more active, safe and visually integrated life. For the selected age group, children and parents prefer more watchable and connected space. The outcome of this research is expected to contribute by raising awareness among the architects, policymakers and builders regarding the need of children friendly domestic spaces design to ensure children's active and healthy lifestyle by maximizing appropriate uses of domestic spaces.

This paper sets out to investigate the key spatial characteristics in the way the villages' spaces are embedded in the urban context. The aim is to clarify how absorbed villages' layout of space related to the surrounding urban context? And does this spatial embedding pattern of the village within the surrounding urban context have a meaning? Are these absorbed villages part from the surrounding urban space in which to guide movement and make space intelligible to people or are they discrete space and out of sight? The tested hypothesis in this paper is that the absorbed village space will operate in at least at two distinct modes: one conservative and the other generative. The conservative mode will reduce the encounter between local space of the village and the surrounding context space in order to reproduce cultural patterns, therefore the configuration here is relatively localised and restrictive space. While the generative mode will maximise the encounter in order to optimise the material conditions of everyday life (Hillier, 1996), thus the arrangement of the village space is integrated locally and globally. The research used high-normalised integration and high-normalised choice (10%) measurement at different radius, besides their standard score of the mean and maximum values. This study, explore villages' spatial layout as independent variables and assess its consequences in terms of observable movement patterns and space used for spatial living. Thus, with the use of the outcomes of the first section as guiding hypothesis for the second, it is argued that if certain properties are shown to be critical in urban spatial patterning as dependent variables, then they may also be related to the way in which spatial layout acts as an independent variable. The study appear to be morphologically differentiated at local; radius. However, the combination of the local structure with a high degree of overlap within a global space network defines the nature of the village embedding within the whole urban system. This relation between the parts and the whole, and the relations of the parts themselves is that account for the configurational properties of space and the way in which society and culture are embedded in space. The main findings in this paper are: the absorbed villages with high pedestrian density, widely spread in the space, accommodate most of the synergy space pattern of the integration. On the other hand the villages with low density of pedestrian and mostly spreading in the inner paces are accommodating the local integration core only or sometime located in most segregation space. Furthermore, the more the villages integrated the higher it is dominated by men and non-local movement and the in villages which less integrated we can see women and Bahraini movement increasing. This gives an indication that the strong embedded of the village within the urban context, inviting more people from the surrounding, but at the same time this disturbed women to appear on the public.

This paper examines 'segregation' in the domestic spatial organisation that has undergone a process of transformation inside contemporary middle income group (MIG) apartments in Dhaka. Questionnaire interview of the female heads from a sample of 50 MIG apartments compliments Space Syntax method analysis. Activity analysis of the family members identify certain spaces as 'gendered' space, used by a gender extensively, and 'shared' spaces used by both genders. Segregation in gendered and shared space is interpreted with the depth and integration values of the spaces found from the justified permeability graph (JPG). Entry penetration and location of the gendered spaces are two important aspects of the spatial organisation to attain segregation in domestic spaces. Symbolic gender aspect segregation, holding a pivotal role in the domestic spatial organization of the urban houses in Dhaka, has gone through a transformation due to the socioeconomic changes. Although the role of women has changed in the family due to their participation in the economic activities, women still prefer to preserve segregation from the visitors or outsider's domain. Segregation of gendered spaces is difficult to be maintained in the contemporary compact MIG apartments due to space compaction. It was seen from the study that presence of foyer at the entry creates choice in access and female heads are satisfied with the use of foyer regarding preserving segregation from visitor's area.

Housing transformation is a major livelihood strategy among low-income households in formal and informal settlements. Domestic spaces are produced for social unit. This study illustrates the analysis of domestic spaces in a low-income settlement and their impact on the way of life of the inhabitants. The factors that affect the physical organization of spaces and its quality are evaluated with respect to the survival strategy of the low-income dwellers. The space organization of the dwelling units in low-income settlements illustrates different structures and forms that may not fit the conventional understanding of modern urban housing. The space organization of such dwelling reflects the users need and space requirements and the incremental developments are experienced with mutual understanding of the neighbors. In this respect, the physical characteristics a low-income settlement in Dhaka are investigated; namely Ershad Nagar resettlement camp. Besides the housing and neighborhood characteristics, the economic, social and cultural status of people living in those areas is examined. The study shows that for some reasons the domestic spaces of the low-income housing are being transformed in course of time since their establishment. And the transformation of domestic spaces reflects the overall housing transformation of the settlement.