Animal Rights law

Resumo O presente artigo analisa as cinco dimensões da autonomia que caracterizam o surgimento de uma nova disciplina jurídica, qual sejam, as autonomias legislativa, didática, científica, jurisdicional e administrativa. A metodologia utilizada foi a evolutiva, através da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O artigo analisa os avanços e a evolução histórica do ensino desta temática em território nacional, concluindo que o Direito Animal já se constitui em nova disciplina jurídica. Por fim, o artigo destaca a necessidade da promulgação de uma Lei de Política Nacional de Proteção Animal e da criação de varas especializadas em Direito Animal pelo Poder Judiciário Brasileiro.

Palavras-chave: Autonomia do direito animal, Autonomia legislativa, Autonomia didática, Autonomia científica, Autonomia administrativa.

This article analyzes the Universal Declaration of Animal Rights (UDAR) as a source of Public International Law (PIL). The research uses historical, evolutionary, and the technique of bibliographical and documentary research. Initially, it identifies the origin and historical development of the UDAR, and then analyzes the influence of the UDAR on constitutional, infra-constitutional norms and Brazilian jurisprudence. Finally, it shows that UDAR, as a declaration of principles, is integrated into the list of new sources of PIL, which are indicative but can influence constitutional and judicial decisions.

Street dogs are an inseparable part of Indian society, yet they remain among the most vulnerable beings. Recently, the Supreme Court of India addressed rising concerns about dog-human conflict, particularly over feeding, sterilization, and relocation. While this is an important step toward balancing public safety with animal welfare, it is equally necessary to recognize that street dogs also face unnecessary cruelty and harassment from sections of society. This paper argues that the state must ensure justice on both sides-by protecting citizens' safety while also penalizing those who harm or disturb dogs without cause.

Japan has made legislatives efforts aimed at the protection of wildlife. Besides the provisions found in some laws, the legal framework have resulted in the enactment of a number of laws especially designed toward wildlife protection. Although no specific reference to the protection of wildlife, general provisions were set in the Basic Environmental Law which articulated general principles and responsibilities related to environment conservation. Legislations directly related to wildlife protection include the Wildlife Protection and Hunting Law, the Law for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Nature Conservation Law and the Natural Parks Law. The study assesses the above legislative efforts against the international accords in the area of wildlife protection. Special reference in this respect is given to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Convention on Wetlands of Special Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (the Rasmar Convention). Bilateral conventions and agreements for the protection of the migratory birds and birds in danger of extinction as an important segment of wildlife that Japan signed with a number of countries are also referred to. These include agreements with the United States, Australia, China and the former Soviet Union. The study concluded that Japan’s legislative efforts do not provide enough protection to wildlife due to some political as well as other factors including the conflict of interests between the environmentalists and other farming and development groups.

Animals have largely been left out in EU law scholarship and environmental law studies, with few exceptions. The role of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights has not been discussed to any greater extent. In this symposium, we discuss the pros and cons of the EU Charter for securing sufficient animal protection in the Member States. More specifically, the contributions in this symposium explore a number of questions such as that of the legal standing of animals and animal rights in the context of the EU, and reflecting on the relationship between animal rights and the EU. It grows out of a workshop we held at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, titled “Animal Law Jurisprudence in the EU and Beyond”. The motivation for the workshop was to try to bridge the discussions between law and theory. So, coming from a variety of perspectives, the symposium brings together EU constitutional law, jurisprudence, and transnational legal theory to reflect on the role of the EU Charter for securing animal rights and protection.
https://verfassungsblog.de/animal-rights-charter/

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ('The Charter') does not mention animals. The ignoring or downplaying of animals is however a general feature of EU law including in the area what might be called 'global value chain law' (GVC Law), a central part of contemporary economic law. Animals do not enjoy a particular or special status and are not given a particular legal form in GVC Law. An insight which allows for deeper reflections on how law has observed both animals and humans throughout history as the difference in status between animals and humans might be smaller than often assumed. This again allows for recasting the concept of social condition produced through law and legal techniques.

The almighty Allah (SWT) has created all living beings, humans, birds, animals and insects.  He is who strongly asks people to treat animals with compassion and not to abuse them which are worthy of consideration and respect. In Sri Lanka, varying concepts are followed among different communities: Buddhists and Hindus consider slaughtering quadrupeds as a cruel act. Meanwhile, Muslims consider the similar act as a divine obligation (Qurbani and Uluhiyya). This study compares the Animal Welfare Bill, initiated by the Commission of Law of Sri Lanka on 2006, with the tenets of Islamic Law (Shariah) through a review of literature and thematic content analysis to identify areas where the right of the animal is violated. According to Animal Welfare Bill of 2006, these areas refer to the slaughter of animals for meals, transport of animals, use of live animals for scientific purposes, and cruelty relating to animals. These identified areas coincide with the identified areas espoused by the...

Integral Ecology claims our attention to the great systemic crisis that our common home – the Earth – is facing, where we are all interconnected, asserting that the oppression of one species can cause the suffering and extinction of another. The Universal Declaration on the Rights of Animals, proclaimed in 1978, inaugurated a new ecological conscience in defense of animals and contributed to the growth of protective legislation that condemned cruelty and mistreatment of non-human animals. However, despite this advance, it still prevails in society anthropocentric ideas of domination of the nature by the men, discrimination through speciesism and utilitarianism, which believes in the submission of the animals, whose existence is limited to the needs of humanity. From the book A Ética da Vida, a Nova Centralidade, by Leonardo Boff (2009), the objective of this work is to bring some concepts of integral ecology as an argument to think about social responsibility in defense of animal rights and to problematize the culture of animal exploitation and the cruelty of the food industry. The research was articulated around the concept of integral ecology, having animal rights as the main issue. The methodology used involves bibliographic research on animal protection legislation, using the following authors: Carla de Abreu Medeiros (2019) and Ana Conceição Barbuda Sanches Guimarães Ferreira (2014). Themes about animal exploitation are studied and presented through the analysis of Peter Singer's Animal Liberation (1989) and some articles from magazines and online newsletters that bring research on the livestock farming and animal bioethics.

The recognition of animal sentience in law has created high expectations but has not yet lived up to them. In some jurisdictions, the recognition of animal sentience has formed the basis of new legal obligations imposed on humans to protect animal interests. So far, however, its potential has been limited because legal officials have interpreted sentience narrowly, as mainly referring to pain. This article proposes identifying other animal characteristics to better serve animal interests, namely sociability and agency. These animal characteristics could, like sentience, be legally recognized by legislatures and receive normative force from the courts.

This article argues that the legal recognition of sociability and agency could address animal exploitation and killing. Animal sociability and agency are already implicitly recognized by the law of most Western states, making it easier for them to be explicitly recognized in the future. Although these characteristics are already found in the law, they have the potential to be more disruptive than sentience because they have never served as the basis for the legal protection of animals. In other words, their potential as protective tools remains underexplored and underexploited. Moreover, sociability and agency more intuitively suggest normative implications because of their demanding nature. Acknowledging that a being is social and agential implies recognizing her need for social relationships and ensuring that her choices are fulfilled.

This research article provides antispeciesist scholars and activists with a critical overview of new concepts around which some may wish to rally, particularly since the legal recognition of sentience has shown limits in multiple jurisdictions. This article explores the potential of legally recognizing sociability and agency by taking examples from the lives of dogs, cows, cats, horses, northern gannets, and dolphins.

Средином 2019. године, Апелациони суд у Београду донео је контроверзну пресуду којом је окривљеног ослободио од оптужбе да је извршио кривично дело обљуба са дететом. Основ ослобађајуће пресуде Суд је нашао у институту правна заблуда, а оваква одлука поделила је правне стручњаке у две супротстављене групе. Крајњи став заузео је Врховни касациони суд када је утврдио да је оваквом пресудом повређен закон у корист окривљеног. У овом раду, аутор се бави кривичним делом oбљуба са дететом, са посебним освртом на проблематику обљубе у ромској популацији. Аутор ће најпре извршити приказ члана закона којим је регулисано ово кривично дело, затим ће приступити анализи института правне заблуде, а потом ће се бавити особеностима ромске националне мањине у оном делу који се односи на обљубу са дететом. Аутор ће разматрати однос обичаја и позитивних правних норми, уз навођење релевантних правних аката, а један део рада посветиће питању потенцијалне дискриминације жртве предметног кривичног дела. На самом крају, аутор ће кроз наведене аспекте анализирати актуелне пресуде Апелационог и Врховног касационог суда, уз давање закључних разматрања о овој теми.

Initiatives promoting animal rights are multiplying, and the ‘European Declaration of the Rights of the Animal’ (EDRA, or DEDA for its acronym in French), proclaimed on 17 February 2025 and drafted by a collective of 9 French scholars, was recently presented as a legal breakthrough for animal protection in Europe. However, an in-depth analysis reveals several concerns that question both its practical utility and its potentially harmful consequences.

After thoroughly examining this text, we have identified two major issues:

A conservative declaration that does not establish any actual rights for animals, despite its title.

A problematic legal approach that disregards scientific and legal advancements.

These shortcomings not only risk limiting the declaration’s impact but could also hinder the progress of animal rights law by imposing scientifically questionable and legally inadequate concepts.

The almighty Allah (SWT) has created all living beings, humans, birds, animals and insects.  He is who strongly asks people to treat animals with compassion and not to abuse them which are worthy of consideration and respect. In Sri Lanka, varying concepts are followed among different communities: Buddhists and Hindus consider slaughtering quadrupeds as a cruel act. Meanwhile, Muslims consider the similar act as a divine obligation (Qurbani and Uluhiyya). This study compares the Animal Welfare Bill, initiated by the Commission of Law of Sri Lanka on 2006, with the tenets of Islamic Law (Shariah) through a review of literature and thematic content analysis to identify areas where the right of the animal is violated. According to Animal Welfare Bill of 2006, these areas refer to the slaughter of animals for meals, transport of animals, use of live animals for scientific purposes, and cruelty relating to animals. These identified areas coincide with the identified areas espoused by the...

There are multiple pieces of evidence suggesting that the prima facie consequences of handling the earth as an anthropocentric mechanism or as an infinitely exploitable product that have resulted in multiple climate crises such as— multiple types of pollution, global warming, overpopulation, waste disposal, and ocean acidification, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and ozone layer depletion and so on. Typically, we observe the surficial causes of such crises and find the temporary solution too, but can we have a long-term solution for them or not? This is the fundamental question we aim to discuss in this philosophical research to provide some preventive and long-term measures regarding contemporary civilizations’ environmental crises. However, the question is, how are we going to work on this? One possible way originates in the philosophy of ‘Deep Ecology,’ which is an environmental ethics part or movement based on the philosophy that humans must immediately need to discern their relationship with the environment, in fact, radically need to change their relationship to Nature from one that values Nature solely for its usefulness to human beings to one that recognizes that Nature has an inherent value. Following such objectives in observance, we aim to highlight some of the modern moral movements pertaining to environmental crises, such as ecofeminism, care ethics, Vedantic movements, etc. and show how such an ethical approach can help us to form some of the philosophical preventive measures that are urgently needed to modern society.

In this article, I explore whether domesticated animals (DAs) of different speciesbelonging to the same community participate in authoring and sustaining, what I call, thefabric of zoodemocracy. The fabric refers to a set of activities, social norms, and valuesthat together sustain our democracies (e.g., cooperation, protest, and helping one’sneighbour). I explore this by situating my intervention within systemic theories ofdemocracy and the political turn in animal rights theory. Specifically, I situate my workwithin Donaldson and Kymlicka’s zoopolitical project, arguing that animals are owedrights to participation in decision making as community members. Some, however,challenge the idea that DAs can actually sustain democratic communities because they donot have, for example, the rational capacities to control themselves. Others suggest thatthere are conceptual and normative problems with the concept of co-authorship advancedby Donaldson and Kymlicka. This article addresses these debates by: (1) identifying someof the key elements needed to sustain the fabric of democratic communities; and (2)empirically testing whether DAs have the necessary capacities to sustain suchcommunities. I do this by analysing the data I collected while conducting a multispeciesethnography at VINE sanctuary, Springfield, Vermont, US, for 8 weeks.

French abstract: Dans ce chapitre, je souhaite mettre en relief deux notions à l'oeuvre en droit animalier : la sensibilité et les impératifs biologiques. Ces deux notions, maintenant inscrites en droit au Québec, ont une incidence importante sur le droit des animaux, comme c’est également le cas dans d’autres États, comme la France.


Or, ces notions sont encore sujettes à débats. Ces débats ne se font pas en vase clos, dans chacun des États les employant. Les notions de sensibilité et d’impératifs biologiques sont constituées en continu par l’avancement des connaissances scientifiques, qui en précisent le contenu, mais également par des réflexions culturelles, linguistiques et philosophiques qui en tracent les contours. Le droit, qui s’exprime avec autorité dans l’interprétation de ces notions, doit être conscient de ces influences. Ce chapitre invite les spécialistes du droit animalier à prendre acte que leurs travaux s’inscrivent dans ce dialogue transsystémique et interdisciplinaire sur le droit des animaux.

Ce chapitre se compose de trois parties. La première partie offre un survol de la réforme québécoise du droit animalier de 2015, permettant de mieux comprendre le rôle qu’y jouent les notions de sensibilité et d’impératifs biologiques. La deuxième partie s’intéresse à la notion de sensibilité, plus particulièrement au regard des débats français au sujet des définitions de la sensibilité et de la sentience. La troisième partie examine la notion d’impératif biologique afin d’en révéler les zones d’incertitude ou, à tout le moins, de potentielle évolution.

English abstract: In this chapter, I would like to highlight two concepts at work in animal law: sentience and biological needs. These two concepts, now enshrined in Québec law, have a major impact on animal law, as they do in other countries such as France.

However, these concepts are still subject to debate. These debates do not take place in a vacuum, in each of the states that apply them. The concepts of sentience and biological needs are constantly shaped by the progress of scientific knowledge, which clarifies their content, but also by cultural, linguistic and philosophical reflections, which outline their contours. The law, which expresses itself with authority in the interpretation of these concepts, must be aware of these influences. This chapter invites animal law scholars and lawyers to recognize that their work is part of this trans-systemic and interdisciplinary dialogue on animal law.

The chapter is divided into three parts. The first part provides an overview of the 2015 Québec animal law reform, in order to better understand the role played by the notions of sentience and biological needs. The second part examines the notion of sentience, with particular reference to French debates on the definitions of sensibilité and sentience. The third part examines the notion of biological needs, revealing areas of uncertainty or at least potential evolution.

Québec offers a fascinating playground for exploring the theoretical intricacies of animal law. Since 2015, the Civil Code of Québec (CCQ) has not only recognised that animals are sentient beings endowed with biological needs, but it has also dereified them by explicitly declaring that they are not things.

Section II of this chapter offers an overview of these legislative changes to provide an international readership with a better understanding of Québec’s animal law. These legislative changes have transformed Québec into a fertile ground for theoretical reflections on animal law that are relevant to other jurisdictions.

In section III of this chapter, I set out the seeds of these reflections. First, I examine how the dereification of animals – the assertion that they are no longer things – can impact their categorisation in civil law. Second, I examine theoretical factors that can influence the impact of the statutory recognition of sentience and biological needs in both civil law and common law. These factors include the prescriptive force attributed to the statutory recognition, the location and invocability of the statutory recognition, and the interpretation of the concepts of sentience and biological needs. Thirdly, I explore this last point in more depth, highlighting that the notions of sentience and biological needs can be interpreted by legal officials in many different ways.

As a result, this chapter will be of interest not only to individuals interested in comparative law seeking a better understanding of Québec law, but also to anyone interested in legal theory considerations regarding the recognition of animal sentience and biological needs.

Der Gastbeitrag im Rechtsblog des Facultas Verlages ("Possard. | RECHT.ethisch.") vom Januar 2025 wirft einen frischen Blick auf die Rolle der Ethik im Rechtssystem. Warum brauchen moderne Jurist:innen eine ethische Orientierung und wie kann Rechtsethik als Kompass in einer digitalisierten und komplexen Welt dienen? Possard zeigt auf, wie Rechtsethik nicht nur moralische Reflexion, sondern auch eine strategische Ressource für eine zukunftsfähige Juristerei ist. Ein kompakter Impuls für alle, die Recht neu denken (wollen).

W toczonej na przełomie XIX i XX w. wielkiej debacie na temat statusu etycznego i prawnego zwierząt wzięli udział również polscy filozofowie i prawnicy. Jednym z nich był Bronisław Łoziński, który w 1895 r. opublikował niesłusznie zapomniany esej pt. „Prawo zwierząt”. Tytułowy termin Autor rozumiał przedmiotowo, jako prawo ochrony zwierząt. Domagał się zaostrzenia kar za znęcanie się, skutecznej prewencji i wzmocnienia pozycji towarzystw ochrony zwierząt, lecz wartością, którą miało chronić prawo była ludzka moralność publiczna, a nie dobrostan zwierząt. Zdaniem Łozińskiego zwierzęta nabywały bowiem status etyczny co najwyżej pośrednio, ze względu na obowiązywanie chrześcijańskiej moralności. Nie miały podmiotowości ani etycznej, ani prawnej.

Au cours des dernières années, le traitement des animaux a retenu une attention sans précédent au Québec et le droit animalier a subi des transformations profondes. Ce champ de recherche en pleine ébullition méritait un pôle de recherche universitaire québécois. L’Observatoire québécois de droit animalier a pour mandat la promotion, l’étude et le développement du droit animalier. Ses activités, organisées autour de trois axes principaux – recherche, éducation et innovation sociale –, visent à combler les lacunes actuelles et à proposer des solutions innovantes pour améliorer la condition animale en droit. Cette note de recherche constitue un premier jalon essentiel dans cette mission, offrant un état de la situation du droit animalier québécois et établissant les bases d’un agenda de recherche auquel sont convié·es juristes et philosophes.

English Abstract: In recent years, the treatment of animals has received unprecedented attention in Quebec, and animal law has undergone profound changes. This burgeoning field of research deserved a university research center in Québec. The Québec Observatory of Animal Law is dedicated to the promotion, study and development of animal law. Its activities, organized around three main axes – research, education, and social innovation – aim to fill current gaps and propose innovative solutions to improve animals’ legal situation. This research note is an essential first step toward that mission, providing an overview of animal law in Québec and laying the groundwork for a research agenda to which are invited jurists and philosophers.

L'autrice et l'auteur commentent cette décision de la Cour du Québec qui émet une ordonnance de sauvegarde prévoyant la « possession en alternance » du chien d'un couple qui se sépare. Elle et il offrent des commentaires sur le statut de l'animal en droit québécois depuis la réforme du droit animalier de 2015, la relation entre le respect de l'animal et le droit des biens, le vocabulaire pour saisir l'animal en droit, le préjudice sérieux et irréparable justifiant l'ordonnance de sauvegarde, et le partage d'un animal en copropriété indivise.

On June 28, 2024, the Third Court Specialized in Constitutional Law of Lima (the court) issued a judgment in Case 4921-2021-0-1801-JR-DC-03, better known as Run Run the Fox case (“Zorrito Run Run” in Spanish). The Run Run judgment is the first judgment in Peru that explicitly recognizes that animals are rights holders, this based on the constitutional duty to protect animals. The constitutional duty to protect animals is an implicit constitutional duty that has both an ecocentric and a sentiocentric dimension.

In this blog post, I make explicit the grounds the court used for recognizing rights to animals. The judgment is not clear in stating the reasons behind its decision. This is not a lack of arguments, but rather a deficiency in the narrative. Therefore, with this blog, I also defend the validity of the Run Run judgment.

Available in: https://blogs.helsinki.fi/animallawblogseries/2024/10/10/run-run-the-fox-and-animals-as-rights-holders-in-peru/

This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of animal welfare certification for compliance with the legal prohibition of cruelty and mistreatment in the egg industry. I analyze the conditions of conventional cage systems, the legal protection to laying hens in Brazil, and the animal welfare certification for laying hens. I conclude that the existing welfare certification for laying hens is enough to ensure the accomplishment of the law, but it is necessary to consider ways to stimulate producers to obtain this certification and, therefore, to change their mode of production, providing a high level of welfare for laying hens.

The longstanding assertion that ‘only legal persons can be rights holders, and that they are so because they are capable of holding duties’, implies that other entities – as nonhuman animals – cannot be legal rights holders. In addition, the various proposals, fruitfully delivered from several scholars to ascribe legal rights to animals, have not yet been attended among most legal systems. Hence, to determine why this assertion remains strongly rooted, and to explain why the proposals offered by the literature have not yet achieved to overpass it, this article carries out a critical study on the theoretical framework offered on the matters of ‘legal personhood’ and on ‘legal rights’, analysing them and examining their capability to ascribe legal rights to animals. Hereby, two general approaches are distinguished and tested on their ability to overcome the assertion: on the one hand, one sustaining that ‘only legal persons can be rights holders’, identified as ‘Personism’; and on the other, one sustaining that ‘non-legal persons can, as well, be rights holders’, identified as ‘non-Personism’. Finally, based on the results of this examination, and by extracting some crucial elements from both approaches – notably from the groundworks offered by authors based on the ‘Interest Theory of Rights’, such as Feinberg, Kramer, Kurki and Pietrzykowski – this work suggests a new understanding, so called the ‘sentience-interest pragmatic view’, a proposal which aims to simplify some of the already existing arguments to make them effective on legal grounds, this is, theoretically solid, as well as pragmatically feasible, for the ascription of rights to animals among our current legal systems.

This contribution has two main objectives. The
first is to isolate and define a particular trait of the CO VID-19
pandemic, namely its zoonotic character, in order to evaluate its
importance in relation to other characteristics of this global health
crisis. The second is to consider how the widespread awareness
of the zoonotic character of the pandemic can change the view
that the human species has of itself — its ‘perceived identity’, so to
speak. Finally, we will try to understand whether the relationships,
both practical and axiological, that the human species has with
non-human animals can be influenced by this identity transformation

Stell dir vor, du bist ein Tier... KinderuniWissenschaft | 17.07.2024 12:00 - 13:30 | 7-12 Jahre Campus der Universität Wien (Hof 2) | Philosophie und Bildungswissenschaft ...welches Tier möchtest du sein? Ist unser Umgang mit Tieren gerecht? Nützen wir die Tiere aus? Sind Tiere Dinge oder Lebewesen? Können Tiere fühlen und denken? Sind wir auch Tiere? Sind wir besser als die Tiere? Haben Tiere Rechte? Wenn du Interesse an diesen Fragen hast, bist du zur Diskussion herzlich eingeladen!

Are animals mere things in the eyes of the law? Public discourse suggests so. However, the history of legal discourses about animals reveals another story. For better or for worse, animals have not been considered as mere things in law. It was long recognized that animals possess certain characteristics that are observable in beings, such as agency, sentience, and sociability. Together, agency, sentience, and sociability constitute a cluster of being-like characteristics sketching, through time, a portrait of the animal that is distanced from the image of a mere object of property. To support this conclusion, we ask where the "wild things" are and have been in our legal history. We relocate animals in the history of legal discourses surrounding them in the territory of Quebec, beginning slightly before codification. As many individuals worldwide would like to see their own jurisdiction explicitly recognize that animals are not things but beings, Quebec provides a fruitful case study for international readers on the impact that such a change may have on legal norms and discourses.

Uvođenjem novog leka oklacitinib maleata u veterinarsku kliničku praksu napravljenje značajan pomak u lečenju alergijskog i kliničkih slučajeva atopijskog dermatitisa(posebno pratećeg svraba) kod pasa.U lečenju ovih bolesti do sada su se najčešće koristili glukokortikoidi, ciklosporin iantihistaminici. Pokazalo se da ciklosporin ima sličnu aktivnost kao i glukokortikoidi,dok je aktivnost antihistaminika slabija. Novi lek oklacitinib maleat ima antiinflamatornii antipruritični efekt sličan onom koji izazivaju glukokortikoidi i ciklosporin, alimu (za razliku od njih) efekt brže nastupa, što mu daje veliku prednost.Oklacitinib je imunomodulator i ima specifičan mehanizam delovanja. Deluje takošto inhibira aktivnost enzima janus kinaza (pre svega JAK1 i JAK3), od kojih zavisifunkcija proinflamatornih i pruritogenih citokina.Oklacitinib je prilično bezbedan lek, ukoliko se koristi u kraćem vremenskom periodui u preporučenim dozama.

Non-human entities, including animals, mountains, rainforests, eco-systems, AI, and robots, are beginning to be considered the subjects of rights in different parts of the world. This innovative book provides a critical outlook on this emerging trend at the crossroad of two of the main concerns of the 21st century: climate change and automation.

Esse trabalho tem como finalidade analisar artigos científicos sobre os modelos de criação de aves poedeiras, abordaremos os sistemas utilizados no Brasil e suas características, tendo como principais modelos de criação o convencional que com o uso de gaiolas abrange a maior parte da cadeia de produção vindo logo após os sistemas alternativos que estão subdivididos em Cage-Free, Free-Range, Orgânico e Colonial (caipira), estes apresentam particularidades por estarem voltados ao melhor condicionamento de bem-estar das aves poedeiras. Contudo, vem havendo uma crescente demanda por produtos de origem orgânica por conta das mudanças dos hábitos alimentares, entretanto o sistema convencional ainda assim ocupa maior espaço na cadeia de produção por ser mais viável economicamente.

This article examines the practical implications of ecological democracy or ecodemocracy, inquiring how capable democratic societies are of addressing environmental challenges. It asks: What is needed to secure democratic legitimacy for policy measures to benefit nonhuman species? What would ecodemocracy look like in practice? Different types of existing and possible types of representation are discussed, including the expansion of the precautionary principle, the Council of All Beings or Parliament of Things, and representation through the Parties for Animals. A possible approach in the form of a mandate for proxy eco-representation similar to civil rights through continuous affirmative action is investigated. Limitations and possibilities of each approach for nature representation are weighed. Key words. anthropocentrism, democracy, ecocentrism, ecological democracy, ecodemocracy, ecological justice, environmental justice, multispecies justice, rights of nature

The present paper takes a look at the vastly different views taken by the international community on instances of male and female circumcision. The former is backed by two different religions and practised widely culturally in the First World; the latter is a cultural tradition mostly observed in the Middle East and Africa. Both involve causing irreversible change to the bodies of (often very young) children without their consent, and both involve risks to the child's health. Yet, while the international community has taken efforts to prohibit female circumcision altogether, it has largely ignored male circumcision. The paper analyses that choice in light of international law and human rights principles.

O trabalho em questão versa sobre a proteção à dignidade animal após o advento da Lei nº 14.064/2020, que majorou a pena aplicável ao crime de maus-tratos contra cães e gatos disposto na Lei de Crimes Ambientais (Lei nº 9.605/98). Com isso, o objetivo é verificar se, com a edição da Lei nº 14.064/2020, conferiu-se maior tutela à dignidade animal na esfera criminal, notadamente à que tange a cães e gatos. Notou-se, precipuamente, que o direito ambiental no Brasil se desenvolveu paulatinamente ao longo das últimas décadas, e que a Constituição Federal de 1988 foi um importante marco tanto para esse ramo do direito, quanto para a formação do direito animal. Verificou-se, ademais, que o referido ato normativo atribuiu também ao Poder Público o dever de manutenção da conservação do meio ambiente. Observou-se que, hodiernamente, o animal ainda é visto como bem sobre o qual se exerce propriedade, contudo, há parte da doutrina que se filia ao seu caráter de sujeito de direito, em vista de s...

L’animal de la famille se trouve dans l’angle mort de deux réformes récentes, soit celles du droit animalier et du droit familial. Ce désintérêt signifie-t-il que l’animal doit être considéré, au sens de la loi, comme un bien de la famille parmi tant d’autres? N’est-il pas – du moins aux yeux des justiciables – quelque chose de plus? Cet article propose d’y voir plus clair en examinant les règles actuelles du droit des familles et l’ensemble de la jurisprudence publiée depuis 1980 qui aborde la situation d’un animal en contexte de séparation – observant que les juges se concentrent sur le titre de propriété de l’animal pour en attribuer la garde, une approche fondée sur la propriété. Or, cette approche semble maintenant en décalage avec la récente reconnaissance juridique des animaux comme êtres vivants doués de sensibilité et ayant des impératifs biologiques prévue à l’article 898.1 du Code civil du Québec. Cet article soutient alors que, en contexte de séparation, l’animal de la famille doit voir sa garde attribuée aux personnes le mieux à même de respecter sa sensibilité et de satisfaire ses impératifs biologiques. Ceci peut impliquer une garde partagée. Sous cette approche fondée sur la sensibilité, le paradigme du droit de la propriété et des droits subjectifs doit être délaissé en faveur du paradigme de l’administration du bien d’autrui et des pouvoirs juridiques afin de penser la relation entre l’animal et l’être humain en ayant la garde.

YouTube Address of the video "Haben Tiere Rechte? Ein Plädoyer für die Würde der Tiere" - Lecture held on 21st May 2012 at the Volkshochschule Urania, Vienna for the series "Hauptmomente der Philosophie" within the Programme UMP-University Meets Public - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkdxQJJAMFDL24VBu9Zk9Tw

This book mainly focuses on laws relating to protection of wild animals in India. Here laws include statutory laws, judicial pronouncements, environmental doctrines, international conventions and national policies. Such type of book totally on laws and policies about wild animal conservation is very rare in present Indian legal academics and based on research work of the author for last ten years relating to contemporary conservation progress and man-animal conflicts in India. It is divided into ten specified Chapters on the broad themes of science, politics, society and law which remain main issues for conservation program in every country from African to European and from American to Asian. This book is meant to remind us the constitutional duty to be compassionate for all living creatures and to revive us about the international obligation that every form of life is unique.

Key Features
• Discusses Legal, Constitutional, Social, Political, Religious status of wild animals
• Simplifies various theories and reports through charts, figures and  tables
• Distinguishes between the legal status of US model of National Parks and Indian model of Sanctuaries
• Analyses ecosystem approach of developed countries and species survival approach of underdeveloped countries 
• Interprets Supreme Court's judgments on eco-centric preservation over anthropocentric conservation
• Refers more than 100 legislations on wild animals from India with UK, USA, Africa, Pakistan and Bangladesh
• Explains more than 100 important Indian and foreign Case Laws relating to wild animals’ vis-a-vis tribal rights, forest rights, trade right

It was back in 1994 that I was asked to write an introduction to the first volume of the Animal Law Review being produced by the students at Lewis and Clark Law School, in Portland Oregon. 2 At approximately the same time at the same school, a group of law students formed the first Student Animal Legal Defense Fund (SALDF). Since that time interest in the topic of animal law has exploded in the realm of the law schools all across the nation. One consequence of this increasing interest is this opportunity I now have to write an introduction to the first volume of the second law journal dedicated to the issues surrounding animals, namely, the Journal of Animal Law, a peer reviewed law review of Michigan State University College of Law. This is a propitious moment to consider what has and has not happened between the creation of the first and this second animal law journals within the United States. 3 I. SOCIAL/LEGAL MOVEMENT While the roots of the present animal welfare social movement reaches back into the 1950's with the efforts of a number of individuals to pass a national animal protection law, 4 it was not until the publication of Professor Peter Singer's Animal Liberation (1977) and Professor Tom Regan's A Case for Animal Rights (1983) that the philosophical claim for animal rights ignited and the movement achieved intellectual traction. This focus on obtaining rights for animals has caused considerable problems for those seeking change in the legal system and confusion in the minds of the broader public who are less willing to accept the brash new ideas of animal rights, but are fairly accepting of the promotion of animal welfare. 5

Imagine a future in which animals had fundamental rights to political participation and voting. What would our towns and cities look like? What kind of infrastructure would we need? And what kind of zoodemocracy would we, animals, co-author? As counterintuitive as it might seem, sometimes what is needed is not a minimal agenda. Animal rights theorists and the animal rights movement more generally have focused for decades on abolishing the farming of animals and on one-issue campaigns such as the abolition of the animal fur trade. These are noble and important pursuits, but what if the driving force to produce meaningful change did not reside in looking at the horrors of factory farming, but rather in envisaging beautiful and joyful futures? What if what we needed was to provide imaginaries full of possibilities, opened to create new relationships and communities; futures that we might long for and might be willing to strive for? In this speculative article, I imagine a realistic and fictional zoodemocracy after the devastating effects of climate change hit Earth and Earth's inhabitants with full force. The reader should imagine that the scenario portrayed in this article is situated at some point at the beginning of the 22 nd century and after many catastrophic events had happened. Location-wise, the article portrays different historical moments in which London, England, transitions from a human-centric polis and democracy to a zoopolis and zoodemocracy.

Philosophers have long articulated theories of animal rights. However, concrete questions such as 'How should the Constitution of Australia change if it recognised the right to self-determination of some wild animals?' has rarely, if ever, been studied. Inspired by Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka's theory of animal rights, this article explores a legal strategy about how wild animals' interest in self-determination could be recognised in the Australian Constitution. I argue that conferring strong constitutional protection to wild animals regarding self-determination would require: [1] recognising fundamental legal rights of wild animals to political representation, immunity from being objects of property rights, self-determination and territory; and [2] defining to whom the proposed rights would apply, and identifying the territories over which animals would have a right to govern themselves. I offer a strategic proposal in relation to point 2, and suggest that granting a legal status beyond the personhood-property divide, what I call 'Legal Animalhood', is the soundest strategy to recognise the fundamental legal rights of wild animals. Finally, I show that the proposed strategy is a better approach to confer strong legal protection to wild animals than Karen Bradshaw's property rights strategy and ecocentric approaches.