Animal Bioscience

The daily maximum temperature and seawater level continuously increase as global warming continues. We examined the adaptability and production performance of heat-stressed goats with a supply of low-saline drinking water. Methods: Twelve Kacang and Kacang Etawah cross goats were exposed to two climatic conditions (control, 25°C to 33°C, 83% relative humidity [RH], temperature humidity index [THI]: 76 to 86; and hot environment, 26°C to 39°C, 81% RH, THI: 77 to 94) and two salt levels in drinking water (0% and 0.4% NaCl). The experimental design was a Latin Square (4×4) with four treatments and four periods (28 days each). Results: Temperature of the rectal, skin, and udder, and respiration rate rose, reached a maximum level on the first day of heat exposures, and then recovered. Plasma sodium rose at 0.4% NaCl level, while the hot environment and salinity treatments increased the drinking water to dry matter (DM) intake ratio. Water excretion was elevated in the hot environment but lowered by the increase in salinity. Total lying time increased, whereas change position frequency decreased in the hot condition. Lying and ruminating and total ruminating time increased and explained the enhanced DM digestibility in the hot conditions. The goats exhibited a high level of plasma sodium as salinity increased, and they demonstrated physiological and behavioral alterations while maintaining their production performances under increasing daily maximum temperatures.

Objective: The objective of the study was to understand and document socio-economic characteristics, production parameters, challenges and management practices used by Fijian households which keep indigenous chickens.Methods: A survey involving 200 households was carried out in coastal and inland communities of Fiji’s wet and semi-dry ecoregions. Data on the influence of ecoregion and location of households relative to the sea on management practices, challenges and productivity of indigenous chickens were analyzed using logistic regression and general linear model of SAS software.Results: Irrespective of location relative to the sea and ecoregion, households indicated that they kept indigenous chickens for food and income generation. The Welsummer was the most (p>0.05) preferred breed. Households in the semi-dry inland communities had the largest (p<0.05) flocks compared to those in semi-dry coastal communities and the wet region. Chickens in the semi-dry region performed bet...

Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a water-soluble microencapsulation method for probiotic strains using gum Arabic (GA) and skim milk (SKM) over a three-month storage period following processing. Methods: Four strains of Pediococcus acidilactici (BYF26, BYF20, BF9, and BF14) that were typical lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the chicken gut were mixed with different ratios of GA and SKM as coating agents before spray drying at an inlet temperature 140°C. After processing, the survivability and probiotic qualities of the strains were assessed from two weeks to three months of storage at varied temperatures, and de-encapsulation was performed to confirm the soluble properties. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the probiotics was assessed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Results: As shown by scanning electron microscopy, spray-drying produced a spherical, white-yellow powder. The encapsulation efficacy (percent) was greatest for a coating containing a combination of 30% gum Arabic: 30% skim milk (w/v) (GA:SKM30) compared to lower concentrations of the two ingredients (p<0.05). Coating with GA:SKM30 (w/v) significantly enhanced (p<0.05) BYF26 survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2.5 to 3) and maintained higher survival rates compared to non-encapsulated cells under an artificial intestinal juices condition of pH 6. De-encapsulation tests indicated that the encapsulated powder dissolved in water while keeping viable cell counts within the effective range of 10 6 for 6 hours. In addition, following three months storage at 4°C, microencapsulation of BYF26 in GA:SKM30 maintained both the number of viable cells (p<0.05) and the preparation's antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria, specifically strains of Salmonella. Conclusion: Our prototype water-soluble probiotic microencapsulation GA:SKM30 effectively maintains LAB characteristics and survival rates, demonstrating its potential for use in preserving probiotic strains that can be used in chickens and potentially in other livestock.

This study compared the effects of non-encapsulated (SEO) savory essential oils, encapsulated savory essential oils (ESEO) and antibiotics (ANT) on growth performance, ileal microbiota, and immune responses in broiler chicks. A total of 360 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks was randomly assigned to six treatments, five replicates, and 12 chickens per replicate. The dietary treatments included a control group (CON), an antibiotic group (ANT, 650 ppm flavophospholipol), and groups receiving SEO and ESEO at the levels of 150 and 300 ppm. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), production efficiency factor (PEF), ileal microbiota, and immune response were measured on day 42. Results indicated an increase (P<0.01) in BWG for birds receiving 150 ppm SEO, while FCR improved (P<0.01) in birds receiving either 150 ppm SEO or ESEO compared to the control and ANT groups. Birds that were fed with 150 ppm SEO showed significantly higher PEF than other treatments except for those fed with ESEO150. Additionally, both SEO and ESEO at 150 ppm level positively influenced the ileal microbial population (P<0.05). Dietary supplementation with varying levels of savory essential oils (SEO or ESEO) increased (P<0.05) the relative weight of the Bursa of Fabricius compared to the ANT group. Specifically, inclusion of 150 ppm SEO led to a notable increase (P<0.05) in anti-SRBC antibody levels at both 35 and 42 days of age, and elevated the IgG level at 35 days of age, when compared to the control birds. Furthermore, supplementation of SEO or ESEO, particularly at the 150ppm level, was effective in enhancing the populations of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, along with improving the growth performance and antibody response in broilers.

"The Land of Rising Sun" of India and "Land of the Dawn lit mountains" is what Arunachal Pradesh is called. One of India's most isolated, culturally varied, Arunachal Pradesh is located in the northeastern part of India. Visitors are drawn in by the area's captivating natural beauty, tribal culture, and wildlife. The cultural and social communities consist of 26 tribes and approximately 120 sub-tribes, each with a distinct culture and traditions. Being a distinctive tribal culture, Arunachal is the destination of fairs and festivals, which are an essential component of the local culture. They celebrate all festivals with folk dances and songs along with traditional foods, and indigenous games. The state is having vivid wildlife and unique flora. The potential for the development of tourism in Arunachal Pradesh is massive due to its natural resources and cultural heritage, and it is crucial to look into the very traditional nature of simplicity in the current development scenario. This study will highlight the tourism resources and SWOT analysis of the state's tourism with some recommendations for tourism development

Species hybridization between Mithun and cattle is a form of outbreeding, to produce new offspring called locally Chungrung by Digaru Mishmi, is a natural paradigmatic shift towards positive development of new breeds (Chungrung), thereby improving the low face value animal (cattle) to high face value animal (Chungrung), without much human manipulation against the desire of Animal. However, there is a dilution in pure germplasm of both the species. Nevertheless, Species hybridization is a boon for Mishmi society, because as per traditionally and customary law and practices, Chungrung worth and value are used at par with Mithun in Mishmi society, like two different facet of same coin, thereby improving the socio-economic status of person. Where Mithun price is sky, rocking costing around Rs 60,000 -80,000 per adult Mithun, in counterpart adult cattle cost around 15,000 -20,000 only. Consequently Mithun and Chungrung is consider as most blessed animal for livelihood sustenance in many different dimension be it in social, culture or religious aspect of Mishmi society in Arunachal Pradesh.

This study was planned to determine the effects of ethanol extract of propolis on the fermentation quality, fatty acid profile, aerobic stability, and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silages. The ethanol extract of propolis was added to alfalfa at levels of 1000 mg/kg (PROP1), 2000 mg/kg (PROP2), and 3000 mg/kg (PROP3); propolis was not added to the control (CON) group. After the propolis was added, the pH value of the alfalfa silage declined, and the crude protein content was effectively preserved (p < 0.05). Adding propolis to alfalfa silages caused crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber (p < 0.05) to decrease. The ethanol extract of propolis significantly improved the lactic acid content and reduced the NH 3-N content (p < 0.05). Propolis significantly improved the unsaturated fatty acid content (p < 0.05) and reduced the saturated fatty acid content (p < 0.05). In addition, propolis significantly improved the relative feed value, the digestibility of the organic matter, and the in vitro metabolic energy content (p < 0.05). These results show that the ethanol extract of propolis improves the silage quality of last cutting alfalfa silages, and has potential as an antimicrobial silage additive.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Bacillus-based probiotics supplemented at two different levels to modulate the productive performance, egg quality, tibia traits, and specific cecal bacteria counts of Hy-Line Brown layers from 25 to 37 weeks of age. Methods: A total of 216 twenty-five-week-old hens were randomly distributed into 3 experimental diets with 12 replicates of 6 birds per cage. Diets included basal diet supplemented with 0 (CON), 3×10 8 (PRO1), or 3×10 9 (PRO2) colony-forming unit (CFU) of the test probiotic containing Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus subtilis FXA, and Bacillus licheniformis G3 per kilogram of feed. Results: Improved egg weights and mass at 29 weeks; and feed intake at 31 weeks (p<0.10) were noticed with the probiotic-supplemented PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Considering egg quality, the shell thickness, Haugh units, and yolk color were improved; but yolk cholesterol was lowered (p<0.05) with PRO1 and PRO2 diets at 29 weeks. At both 33 and 37 weeks, the egg-breaking strength, shell color and thickness, albumen height, Haugh units, and yolk color were improved; but yolk cholesterol was similarly lowered (p<0.05) with the PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Improved tibia Ca, ash, weights, and density; and raised cecal counts of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli (p<0.05) were noticed with PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Improved tibia P but reduced Clostridia counts (p<0.10) were also observed with the PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation of Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus subtilis FXA, and Bacillus licheniformis G3 at 3×10 8 CFU/kg of feed is adequate to significantly improve egg quality, lower yolk cholesterol, enhance several tibia traits, and raise the populations of beneficial cecal bacteria. Modest improvements in several productive parameters and tibia P but reduced Clostridia were also observed; and could warrant further investigation of probiotic effects beyond the current test period.

Since 2011, sargassum has been infesting the coasts of the Mexican Caribbean, affecting the environment, human health, and economic activities. However, sargassum can be used via different processes to obtain alginates, fucoidans, biofuels, agricultural fertilizers, and livestock feed. Nevertheless, the quantity and composition of the sargassum that reaches the coasts of the Mexican Caribbean present a high seasonal variation, which hinders its industrial exploitation. Therefore, to ensure a supply of sargassum susceptible to industrial processing, the pretreatment conditions for its conservation through ensiling were determined. Among them, inoculum addition, sargassum desalination, and the incorporation of additives were evaluated. In sargassum without pretreatment, inoculum addition cannot effectively lower the pH in the silo. In contrast, glucose addition (~261 mg/gdm) in washed sargassum enriched with nutrient solution allows a pH decrease up to ~4.8, reaching an average glucose bioconversion to lactic acid above 68 %. Similar results were obtained when ensiling sargassum without washing, reaching the maximum decrease in pH after 10 d. In addition, low contents of acetic acid (< 20 mg/gdm) and ethanol (< 8 mg/gdm) were registered in these silos, indicating a low activity of other microorganisms. Therefore, adequate sargassum silage requires the addition of inoculant, glucose, and nutrient.

This essay explores the tensions between food security as a fundamental human right and the need for environmental sustainability.  First, I explore the primary challenges to food production, considering both immediate and long-term issues. I discuss the need for these challenges to be dealt with proactively to ensure global food security remains guaranteed.  Next, I detail key ways that these challenges can be met, while maintaining a focus on environmental sustainability. These opportunities are grouped into three areas: development of new technologies, encouragement of behavioural changes and policy shifts. For environmentally sustainable global food security to truly be reached, these different methods will have to be used simultaneously, however, the first and most radical steps must be taken by governments globally enforcing policy shifts.

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the reproductive performance of rabbits fed Moringa oleifera leaves meal and Moringa oleifera twig meal at 0% 5% and 10% leaves meal (MLM) and 10% twigs meal (MTM). Method: Twenty Female grower rabbits of mixed breed with mean Initial weight of 2323.25 +33.12 and five New Zealand White buck. The animals were randomly allocated in completely randomized design. The data collected includes feed intake, conception rate, litter size, litter weight, weaning weight, and average daily weight gain and litter survival rate. Data were analysed using descriptive statistic and ANOVA at α0.05. Result and discussion: The results obtained reveals that feed intake, litter size and average daily weight gained were not significantly different. However conception rate was significantly (P&gt; 0.05) affected. The litter weight after birth was significantly higher in rabbits fed 10% MLM with least litter weight in rabbits fed no MLM/MTM. The weaning weigh...

During 2021, relatively higher numbers of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks were reported in the bovine population compared to preceding years along with reports in mithun and caĴ le in few states of north-eastern regions of India. FMD virus (FMDV) serotype was identifi ed using sandwich ELISA and RT-multiplex PCR on clinical samples from caĴ le (n = 5) and mithun (n = 11) of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. The tests revealed that 2 samples from mithun and 1 sample from caĴ le were found positive for FMDV serotype O. Two samples from suspected FMD in mithun from an organized farm in Nagaland were tested positive for serotype A. Serum samples collected at random and tested using 3AB3 nonstructural protein ELISA revealed a higher FMDV NSP antibody prevalence in caĴ le-yak hybrids (16.7%), followed by mithun (10.6%) and yak (3.8%). Mithun and yak being semi-domesticated species mingle with caĴ le and such close proximity in common habitats and grazing areas might have caused the spread of infection. Furthermore, because of their habitat in forests, yak and mithuns are generally not vaccinated against FMD. The disease in caĴ le, buff alo and semi-domesticated populations of mithun and yak as well as their hybrids in hilly north-eastern parts of India is of high concern. These species need to be vaccinated biannually and monitored for protective antibody status against FMD.

The high cost of feed ingredients is one of the most significant hurdles to livestock production in underdeveloped countries. This study examined the effect of untreated and alkaline treated melon husk diets on the hematological indices and blood chemistry, metabolic trial, and muscle pH of broilers. The five diets contained a control diet of 0% level of inclusion of melon husk, 10% and 20% of untreated melon husk; 10% and 20% level of inclusion of Alkaline treated melon husk as a replacement for maize. The value obtained for the single effect of level of inclusion for ether extract and the nitrogen-free extract was significantly affected (P < 0.05). However, the highest value of the interaction for feed intake was recorded in the treated diet while the control diet recorded the highest value. The pH values obtained two hours after slaughtering for control, untreated, and treated diets were found to be significantly affected (P < 0.05), and the pH value obtained four hours after slaughtering was not significantly affected. Therefore, blood parameters were found to be superior in the diet containing melon husk to control diet while the muscle pH is not adversely affected.

The study was aimed to examine the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane (CH4) in rations based on protein-energy synchronization index (PES) using different meals protein sources (MPS). The study was conducted experimentally with in vitro techniques. The factorial completely randomized design (CRD) was used to examine six types of treatment rations originating from a combination of 3 PES index and two types of MPS, each repeated four times so that there were a total of 24 experimental units. The results showed that the interaction of the SPE index had no significant effect on the production of partial VFA, but had a significant effect on the acetate: propionate (A: P) ratio and CH4 production. The analysis of honestly significant different (HSD) results showed that the lowest A: P ratio and CH4 were found in R1. The orthogonal test shows that coconut and soybean meal had a quadratic effect on the A: P ratio and CH4. It concluded that the best PES index to optimize VF...

The daily maximum temperature and seawater level continuously increase as global warming continues. We examined the adaptability and production performance of heat-stressed goats with a supply of low-saline drinking water. Methods: Twelve Kacang and Kacang Etawah cross goats were exposed to two climatic conditions (control, 25°C to 33°C, 83% relative humidity [RH], temperature humidity index [THI]: 76 to 86; and hot environment, 26°C to 39°C, 81% RH, THI: 77 to 94) and two salt levels in drinking water (0% and 0.4% NaCl). The experimental design was a Latin Square (4×4) with four treatments and four periods (28 days each). Results: Temperature of the rectal, skin, and udder, and respiration rate rose, reached a maximum level on the first day of heat exposures, and then recovered. Plasma sodium rose at 0.4% NaCl level, while the hot environment and salinity treatments increased the drinking water to dry matter (DM) intake ratio. Water excretion was elevated in the hot environment but lowered by the increase in salinity. Total lying time increased, whereas change position frequency decreased in the hot condition. Lying and ruminating and total ruminating time increased and explained the enhanced DM digestibility in the hot conditions. The goats exhibited a high level of plasma sodium as salinity increased, and they demonstrated physiological and behavioral alterations while maintaining their production performances under increasing daily maximum temperatures.

Objective: Stroking calves during the postnatal period could effectively improve humancalf relationships. The objective of this study is to examine how daily calf stroking frequency during the postnatal period affects the establishment of human-calf relationships.Methods: Six calves were stroked by a trainer for 6 minutes once daily for 5 days after birth (D1). Six calves were stroked by a trainer for 3 minutes twice daily for 5 days after birth (D2). A further four calves were stared at but not stroked as the control group. The overall stroking or staring duration was the same for all groups, at 6 min/d and 30 min over 5 days. The tests for reactions to the stationary trainer in an unfamiliar environment and avoidance distance measurements for an approaching trainer were conducted at 1 month and 3 months after the treatment.Results: Calves in both stroking groups approached significantly closer to the stationary trainer, vocalized less, and looked at the trainer shorter than the co...

A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of different sources and levels of dietary fibre-rich ingredients on the growth performance, foie gras quality, and its fatty acid profile in geese. Peer-reviewed articles were strictly evaluated, and selected according to the protocols of the Systematic Review for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE'). The final dataset consisted of 21 in vivo studies covering 83 treatment units. Meta-analysis was performed using a non-linear mixed model (NLME) library. The quadratic patterns (P < 0.001) of the gain:feed ratios were calculated based on the result of meta-analyses of goose data. The linear patterns (P < 0.001) of foie gras quality were also presented. It was concluded from the meta-analysis based on in vivo studies that fibre-rich ingredients effectively improved foie gras quality.

The experimental evidences on the effect of climate change on dairy animals are sufficient but primarily restricted to developed production system of plain land. Hence, this paper assessed the effect of climate change on dairy in the north eastern Himalayan states of India. A random sample of 240 farm households from Asom and Nagaland were interviewed and a case study was conducted in Mizoram. It was found that the livestock compositions have changed and the number of animal per household decreased during drought. The availability of fodder and pasture dwindled which increased the time spent on collection of fodder; and the milk yield of the dairy cows declined. Just & Pope stochastic production function revealed that the increase in maximum temperature is expected to increase the variability in milk yield in the north eastern hill states as the heat stress reduces the milk yield of dairy animals. Hence, location specific scientific housing and feed management may be adopted to reduce the negative effect of climate change on dairy animals.

Objective: Inflammation and pain management in postpartum hyperprolific sows is currently an important animal welfare issue in the swine industry. The present study inves tigates effects of ketoprofen treatment on the incidence of postparturient disorders, feed intake, colostrum yield, piglet colostrum intake, colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and piglet mortality rate during the first 3 days of postnatal life. Methods: In total, 61 Danish Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred sows and their offspring (n = 833) were included in the experiment. The sows were randomly distributed into two groups: i) control (n = 31), sows were treated with tolfenamic acid 2 mg per kg for 2 days postpartum; ii) ketoprofen (n = 30), sows were treated with ketoprofen 3 mg per kg for 2 days postpartum. The farrowing process of the sows was monitored for 24 h daily, and data associated with farrowing were collected. Piglet colostrum intake, sow colostrum yield and colostrum IgG were determined. Results: During the first 3 days postpartum, the incidence of sows that had fever did not differ between control and ketoprofen groups (51.6% and 56.7%, respectively, p = 0.692). Piglet colostrum intake did not differ between control and ketoprofen groups (p = 0.736). However, the proportions of piglets that had inadequate colostrum intake were 71.3%, 22.6%, and 5.4% in those with birth weights of <1.0 kg, 1.0 to 1.29 kg, and ≥1.30 kg, respectively (p<0.001). The piglet mortality rate did not differ between control and ketoprofen groups (p = 0.808). Conclusion: Administration of ketoprofen in postpartum sows for 2 days can control the evidence of postparturient disorders in sows as effectively as the use of tolfenamic acid. No deleterious effect of ketoprofen was detected on sow colostrum yield, piglet colostrum intake and piglet mortality. Therefore, ketoprofen can be recommended as an alternative antiinflammatory drug used in postpartum sows.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Thai native cattle grazing in the lowland or mountain forest on carcass characteristics, meat quality, sensory palatability, and chemical composition. Methods: Twelve male Thai native cattle with an average weight of 110±10 kg are allowed to be grazing in the lowland or Phu Phan mountain forest during the rainy season in northeastern Thailand. Results: The carcass characteristics, meat pH, and meat color were unaffected by treatment (p>0.05). The boiling loss was lower in the cattle grazing on the mountain forest (p = 0.027). The cattle grazing in the mountain forest had increased shear force (p = 0.039), tenderness (p = 0.011), and flavor intensity (p = 0.003). The protein and fat were higher (p<0.001 and p = 0.035, respectively) in cattle grazing in the mountain forest. The different grazing systems of the cattle had no effect (p>0.05) fatty acids in meat, except for capric acid (C10:0) and lauric acid (C12:0), which were higher (p = 0.046 and p = 0.049, respectively) when the cattle were grazing in the mountain forest. The different grazing systems did not influence (p>0.05) the unsaturated fatty acids in meat. Thai native cattle grazing in the Phu Phan mountain forest in the rainy season improves meat quality, sensory evaluation, and chemical composition.

Mao by-products have the potential to be used as ruminant energy feedstuffs to reduce feed costs. We assessed the effect of replacing rice bran in concentrate diets with mao pomace meal on the feed utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics in beef cattle. The present findings found that replacement of rice bran with mao pomace meal improves the rumen fermentation characteristics without any negative effects on feed intake, whereas it decreases nutrient digestibility. Therefore, mao pomace meal could be used as an energy feedstuff in the diet of tropical beef cattle.

Kritapon Sommart1*, Chatchai Kaewpila1, Kanokwan Kongphitee1, Sayan Subepang1, Thumrongsakd Phonbumrung2, Akifumi Ogino3 and Tomoyuki Suzuki4 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002; 2Bureau of Animal Nutrition Development, Department of Livestock Development, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; 3Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0901, Japan; 4Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan *Corresponding author: kritapon@kku.ac.th

Cyanide is a strong toxin in many tropical forage plants that can negatively affect ruminants. The aim of this study is to determine the cyanide removal efficiency, silage quality, and in vitro rumen fermentation of fresh cassava roots ensiled without an additive (control) and with Acremonium cellulase (AC), two cyanide-utilizing bacterial inoculants (Enterococcus feacium KKU-BF7 (BF7) and E. gallinarum KKU-BC10 (BC10)), and their combinations (BF7 + BC10, AC + BF7, AC + BC10 and AC + BF7 + BC10). A completely randomized design was used with eight treatments × four small-scale silo replicates. Additionally, extra silage samples (seven silos/treatment for individually opening after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, and 30 days of ensiling) were added to observe the changes in the total cyanide concentration and pH value. The fresh cassava root contained an optimal number of lactic acid bacteria (105 colony forming units/g fresh matter), and the contents of dry matter (DM) and total cyanides were 30...

The immediate response of animals to fluctuations in any managemental practices or environmental temperature is an alteration in their physiological responses. For those who failed to deal with, their production performance is affected to a great extent. In the present investigation, seasonal and periodical rhythmicity of economic traits and genetic parameters analysis for growth and first lactation traits of Sahiwal cows were performed. Analysis of variance revealed significant effect of period on all growth traits (P≤0.01) and first lactation traits under investigation. Effect of season of birth was significant (P≤0.05) on W6, W12, W18 and W24 whereas BW, W30 and WFC were not significantly affected. Furthermore, season effect was found to be non significant on different first lactation traits except FCI (P≤0.05). The estimates of heritability for BW, W6, W12, W18, W24, W30, WFC, AFC, FL305DMY, FLL, FCI and FSP were 0.12 ± 0.28, 0.67 ± 0.34, 0.49 ± 0.33, 0.19 ± 0.29, 0.19 ± 0.30, 0.42 ± 0.32, 0.43 ± 0.22, 0.11 ± 0.09, 0.26 ± 0.11, 0.09 ± 0.02, 0.02 ± 0.05 and 0.03 ± 0.03 respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations amongst most of the growth and first lactation traits were higher in magnitude. Therefore these results indicated that genetic associations and effect of environmental variations could be effective for formulating selection criteria on the basis of early expressed economic traits in Sahiwal cattle. m Analysis of variance revealed significant effect of period on all growth traits (P≤0.01) and first lactation traits. m The genetic and phenotypic correlations amongst most of the body weight and first lactation traits were higher in magnitude.

The study conducted at Faculty of poultry farm, Assiut University. Eighty weaned rabbits (40 of Newzealand and California rabbit breeds. 20 males and females of each) to evaluate the blood performance and energy value of meat of rabbits drenched different doses of propolis. Rabbits were allocated to one of the treatment groups (control group, 0.2, 0.4 or, 0.6 g drenched propolis /kg body weight) from 42 to 84 days of age. The results indicated that, the differences in body weight, daily gain and fed conversion ratio were not significant among all groups. RBCs and Hb were increased significantly of males treated with 0.2 g of propolis group than females and other groups. No significant differences were observed in Hb, WBCSs and total Protein due to sex. Total leucocytes counts were decreased by using propolis 0.2 treatment of females and males, also, 0.2 group treated California rabbits had the lowest values compared with 0.6 g of Newzealand rabbits. Total protein had the highest values in females and males blood samples treated with 0.4g propolis. The treatment with 0.2g increased total protein values in California but the 0.4g level increased it in Newzealand ones. Energy values (kJ.100 g -1 ) were higher in females (465.38±3.49 vs. 460.04±2.16 kJ.100 g -1 ), California exceeded New Zealand ones, were not significant. The 0.6g propolis level was the highest one (473.63±2.23) and significant. Correlation between W.H.C and cooking loss was negative and not significant. Both blood performance and energy value formulas are completely panoramic ways to evaluate Rabbits health.

The aim of the experiment was to study the influence of lighting programmes on compensatory growth and carcass criteria of broiler chickens. A total number of 120 (one hundred twenty) Ross broiler chicks, one day old were equally divided into 3 treatments of 40 chicks each and further divided into 4 replicates (10 chicks/ replicate). The experimental lighting regime treatments were as follows: continuous, light stimulation and intermittent lighting. The results showed that the birds exposed to T1, and C achieved the highest BW and BWG compared to birds exposed to intermittent lighting. During the period from (0-6) wks of age, birds in groups (C) and (T1) achieved an increase in BWG and improved FCR than the group in (T2). In conclusion results suggested the application of a light stimulation better performance minimizing electricity costs.

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the continuous and intermittent lighting program effects on terms of the productive performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical parameters, innate immune and oxidative status in broiler chicks. Methods: A total of 600 Cobb-500 one day old chicks were randomly allocated into six equal groups (100 chicks per treated group with five replicates of 20 chicks each) based on lighting program; 22 continuous lighting (22 C), 11 h lighting+1 darkness twice daily (11 L/1 D), 20 h continuous lighting (20 C), 5 h lighting+1 darkness four times daily (5 L/1 D), 18 h continuous lighting (18 C) and the final group subjected for 3 h lighting+1 h darkness six times daily (3 L/1 D). The experimental period lasted 42 days. Results: Compared with those under the intermittent light program, broiler chicks exposed to continuous lighting for 22 h had significant improvement in live body weight and carcass (dressing and breast percentage) measured tra...

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Rosewood oil (RO) on performance, carcass and commercial cut yields and microbiology of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Five hundred and forty one-day-old male broiler chicks were arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six repetitions consisting of 15 broiler chicks each. The treatments were: inclusion levels of 0.00mL (0.00EO); 0.15mL (0.15 EO); 0.30mL (0.30 EO); 0.45mL (0.45 EO) and 0.60mL (0.60 EO) of RO/kg diet and control (commercial promoter virginiamycin). At 21 and 40 days old, no significant differences in body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and viability of birds were observed when comparing the controls with the different levels of inclusion of RO. The carcass yields of commercial cuts were not affected by treatments. The increased level of RO reduced the relative weight of the intestines. The broilers consuming growth promoter had the highest concentration of Escherichia co...

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a low-protein diet on growth performance, carcass traits, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and odor emissions in growing-finishing pigs.Methods: A total of 126 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 38.56±0.53 kg were used for a 14-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to one of 6 treatments in 3 replicates of 7 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with different levels of crude protein (CP). Phase 1 (early growing): 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%; phase 2 (late growing): 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%; phase 3 (early finishing): 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%; phase 4 (late finishing): 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%. All experimental diets in each phase were contained the same concentration of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp).Results: Over the entire experimental period, there was no...

This study aimed at predicting feed conversion ratio (FCR) of young rabbits from abundances of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) to improve this trait by selecting animals with the most favorable microbiota and identifying the most relevant microorganisms involved in feed efficiency. Data come from two rabbit populations coming from paternal INRA 1001 line (the G10, selected for 10 generations for decreased residual feed intake and the G0 control produced from frozen embryos of the common ancestor line). There were 296 and 292 FCR data from G10 and G0 individuals, respectively. Phenotypic data were pre-corrected for the systematic effects of group, batch, litter size and sex and the random litter effect. Sequence quality control and chimera removal were performed with the DADA2 pipeline. Samples with less than 5,000 final sequence counts and doubleton ASV were removed. The ASV counts of the final table (including 918 ASVs) were centered log-ratio transformed and corrected for batch effects with a surrogate variable analysis. Nested resampling for hyper-parameter tuning and prediction validation was implemented leading to 25 pairs of training/test sets. Bayesian regression models (Bayesian Lasso, Bayesian Ridge Regression and Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces) and machine learning algorithms (Support vector machine and Elastic net) were fitted to all ASVs leading to an almost null prediction accuracy in all cases. Then, ASVs were ranked for their prediction importance using the permutation accuracy importance score in a Random Forest algorithm based on conditional inference and, different subsets of increasing size (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, All) of the most important ASVs and surrogate variables were used as predictors in the machine learning algorithms. The best performance and the most stable results were obtained with machine learning using the 100 most important ASVs being most of them assigned to order Clostridiales. The medians of the Spearman correlation (interquartile range) were 0.33 (0.09) and 0.32 (0.06) for SVM and ENET, respectively.

Objective: Free-range systems have been increasingly available to the consumer due to increased demand for more sustainable meat-products. In the current study, the effect of free-range (FR) and cage system (CS) was explored on growth performance, meat quality and oxidation products in Italian White breed rabbits during the growing-fattening phase (5 to 13 weeks of age). Methods: Forty rabbits were randomly allotted to two treatment groups according to the rearing system, and each treatment group was replicated five times with four subjects in each replicate (20 rabbits per treatment-group). All rabbits fed the same diet as pelleted, and under FR system, no additional feeds were available to animals. Results: Rearing system had significant effect on rabbit growth performance, where CS group resulted in higher final body weight (p<0.045) and gain (p<0.029) and better feed efficiency (p<0.025) compared to FR rabbits. Most carcass traits were not affected by rearing system; however, a reduction of abdominal fat content (p<0.015) and meat lipids (p<0.034) was observed in FR rabbits. Rearing system had no effects on meat fatty acid profile, whereas meat from FR rabbits resulted less susceptible to lipid and protein oxidation compared to caged animals. In overall, FR system could be suggested as a substitute for conventional caged system because of FR system preserved rabbit meat from oxidation.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of associating calcium butyrate with tannin extract, compared to an antimicrobial on the growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, intestinal histology, immune-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in piglets.Methods: Seventy-two piglets (36 barrows and 36 gilts) weaned at 28±2 d and initial body weight of 7.17±1.07 kg were allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates per treatment and 3 animals per experimental unit. Treatments were composed of NC, negative control: basal diet without additives; PC, positive control: basal diet + 40 mg/kg of colistin sulfate; or BT, basal diet + calcium butyrate + tannin extract. The butyrate and tannin inclusion levels were 0.15% in the pre-starter phase and 0.075% in the starter phase. Incidence of diarrhea was monitored daily, and on d 14 and 35 of experiment, 1 animal from each experimental unit was slaughtere...

Eighty (80) 18 weeks old, grower birds of ISA Brown strain were used to evaluate performance and nutrient digestibility of hens fed dietary turmeric and clove. The birds were randomly divided into 5 groups of 4 replicates per group. Each replicate contained 4 birds. Five experimental diets were formulated for the study namely: Basal diet without test ingredients (control). Diet T1 was basal diet supplemented with 0.1% Clove Bud Powder (CBP) and 0.25% Turmeric Rhizome Powder (TRP). The T2 was basal diet that contained 0.2% CBP and 0.25% TRP. Basal diet containing 0.1% CBP and 0.5% TRP was tagged T3. Diet T4 was basal diet supplemented with 0.2% CLP and 0.5% TRP. The results showed that dietary treatment significantly (P>0.05) influence performance and nutrient digestibility of laying hens. The highest average daily feed intake (ADFI) was observed in hens fed diet T2. The heaviest egg mass (45.24 g/egg) was recorded for laying hens fed 0.1% CBP and 0.25% TRP diet (T1). The main effect of CBP at 0.1% impacted higher Hen Day Production (HDP) (P= 0.048) and egg mass (P = 0.021) than those fed 0.2% CBP. Dietary treatment significantly influenced nutrient digestibility for crude protein (P=0.002), ash (P=0.0001), ether extract (P=0.048), crude fibre (P=0.0002) and nitrogen Free Extract, NFE, (P=0.0003). The highest digestibility for ash (74.22%), ether extract (92.67%) and NFE (76.99%) was observed in laying hens fed diet supplemented with 0.1% CBP and 0.5% TRP (T3).

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the ad libitum and restricted feeding regimen on fasting heat production (FHP) and body composition.Methods: Twelve Hubbard broilers breeders were selected with the same body weight and submitted in two feeding regimes: Restricted (T1) with feed intake of 150 g/bird/d and ad libitum (T2). The birds were randomly distributed on the treatments in two runs with three replications per treatment (per run). The birds were adapted to the feed regimens for ten days. After that, they were allocated in the open-circuit chambers and kept for three days for adaptation. On the last day, oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured by 30 h under fasting. The respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated as the VCO2/VO2 ratio, and the heat production (HP) was obtained using the Brower equation (1985). The FHP was estimated throughout the plateau of HP 12 hours after the feed deprivation. The body composition was analyz...

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters.Methods: Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO2 and VCO2. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R–t)×I+L; I = 1 if tR; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the f...

The aim of this study was the assessment of an influence of dietary humic acids and dietary herbal additive (clove (Syzygium aromaticum), lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) on carcass parameters of Ross 308 broiler chicken (n=60). Broiler chicken were divided into 3 treatments (n=20). The chicken of the control group were fed with complete feed mixtures without any additives. Chicken in treatments T1 were fed a diet containing 1% of humic acid and drank a water containing 150 mg/l of dietary herbal additive, chicken in treatments T2 were fed with complete feed mixture without any additives and drank a water containing 150 mg/l of herbal additive. The carcass weight, weight of heart, liver, gizzard and neck without skin and carcass yield were evaluated. The carcass weight was in the treatment T2 statistically significantly higher (P≤0.05) in compare with control group (values in the order of the groups: 1293.1±179.0; 1429.3±156.1 and 1531.6±282.3 g±SD). In the treatment T1 was weight of gizzard (43.7±7.5 g±SD) significantly higher (P≤0.05) compared to control group (34.9±5.2 g±SD). In the treatment T2 was weight of liver (72.8±11.4 g±SD) significantly higher (P≤0.05) compared to control group (49.3±10.3 g±SD). In indicators weight of heart, weight of neck without skin and carcass yield were recorded nonsignificant different (P≥0.05) compared to the control group.

Objectives: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance and meat quality of lambs fed diets containing four levels of substitution (0, 33, 67, and 100 %) of soybean meal for detoxified castor meal (CM). Methods: Twenty-four sheep (18.5 ± 2.71 kg initial body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. Results: The intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy were not affected (p > 0.05) by the CM levels. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake increased linearly (p < 0.05) and the non-fiber carbohydrates intake (NFC) had a linear decrease (p < 0.05). Final body weight and average daily gain had a decreasing linear effect (p < 0.05) with the inclusion of the CM levels in the diet. Effects of the inclusion of CM were not observed (p > 0.05) on the percentage of total lipids of the lamb meat, but the inclusion of CM in the concentrate had a positive quadratic (p < 0.05) the oleic acid (C18:01n9) in lipids of the lamb meat. Conclusions: Inclusion of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate impairs the productive performance, however it contributed to increase monounsaturated fatty acids content in the meat of lambs. Replacing up to 33% soybean meal with detoxified castor meal is recommended.

Objective: Portable laser methane detectors (LMDs) may be an economical means of estimating CH4 emissions from ruminants. We validated an LMD-based approach and then used that approach to evaluate CH4 emissions from indigenous dairy cows in a dryland area of Ethiopia. Methods: First, we validated our LMD-based approach in Simmental crossbred beef cattle (n = 2) housed in respiration chambers and fed either a high- or low-concentrate diet. From the results of the validation, we constructed an estimation equation to determine CH4 emissions from LMD CH4 concentrations. Next, we used our validated LMD approach to examine CH4 emissions in Fogera dairy cows grazed for 8 h/d (GG, n = 4), fed indoors on natural-grassland hay (CG1, n = 4), or fed indoors on Napier-grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay (CG2, n = 4). All the cows were supplemented with concentrate feed. Results: The exhaled CH4 concentrations measured by LMD were linearly correlated with the CH4 emissions determined by infrared-abs...

This paper is a review of some experiments using black soldier fly (BSF) and its by-product to explore their nutritional value, production potential in Indonesia and its application in the ration of ruminants. Evaluation on the effect of milk replacer, creep feed containing BSF, BSF frass and the possibility to use lactic acid bacteria from BSF as probiotics are presented. Utilization of BSF larvae in milk replacer as skim and cream milk substitute showed that there were similarity on physiological, hematological status and performance of goat kids compared to those offered goat milk or commercial milk replacer. In addition, BSF larvae can be used to substitute soybean meal in the creep feed for post weaning goat kids without any differences in weight gain and blood profiles. However, utilization of BSF frass in the fattening goat ration resulted lower digestibility of dry matter and organic matter due to the chitin content in the frass. Black soldier fly larvae grown on chicken manure harbour lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which have potential as probiotics for ruminants. In general, BSF larvae has potential as ingredient for milk replacer, creep feed, fattening ration, and source of LAB for probiotics.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the provision of a protein-rich supplement on productive performance, and metabolic profile on grazing suckling female beef calves in tropical conditions during 150 d of experimentation.Methods: Fifty-six Nellore suckling female calves, and their respective dams were distributed in a completely randomised design and made to undergo two treatments as follows: UNS (without supplementation), and SUP (supplementation with 5 g/kg body weight [BW] of a protein supplement). Throughout the experiment, animal performance and metabolic profile were evaluated. Also, ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis were assessed for gene expression.Results: SUP female calves showed a higher voluntary intake (p≤0.03) of the diet components evaluated, digestibility of organic matter (p≤0.02) and microbial nitrogen production (MICN; p≤0.02) compared to UNS female calves. In its turn, serum urea nitrogen (p≤0.01) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (p≤0.03...

India has a livestock population of 535.78 M as per the 20 th livestock census. Fulfilling the green fodder demand of countries' vast livestock is challenging for several reasons: uncertain rainfall, low land holding, the pressure of producing food commodities, etc. Several agricultural residues are being burned on the field with a certain level of feed value for the farm animals. The burning of crop residue is responsible for environmental pollution. Often, the farmers are forced to uproot the cotton crop in green condition before harvesting cotton fibres if it is severely infested with pests or if bogus seeds were planted. Such green cotton biomass is dumped and burned in the field. The freshly uprooted cotton biomass has the potential to be converted and preserved to nutritious silage as animal feed. In the present study, a process protocol was developed to utilize the early uprooted GCB for the development of silage, a source of nutritious animal feed. Green cotton biomass (GCB) is chopped to 2-3 mm size and ensiled for 45 days by adding additives like urea and molasses. The ensiled cotton silage showed desirable physical characteristics (colour, flavour, and texture) and an increase in Lactobacillus count and protein content from 3×10 4 cfu/g to 117×10 4 cfu/g and 4.51% to 9.68% respectively.

The aim of the experiment was to study the influence of lighting programmes on compensatory growth and carcass criteria of broiler chickens. A total number of 120 (one hundred twenty) Ross broiler chicks, one day old were equally divided into 3 treatments of 40 chicks each and further divided into 4 replicates (10 chicks/ replicate). The experimental lighting regime treatments were as follows: continuous, light stimulation and intermittent lighting. The results showed that the birds exposed to T1, and C achieved the highest BW and BWG compared to birds exposed to intermittent lighting. During the period from (0-6) wks of age, birds in groups (C) and (T1) achieved an increase in BWG and improved FCR than the group in (T2). In conclusion results suggested the application of a light stimulation better performance minimizing electricity costs.

The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry as well as the economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions by comparing resistant and susceptible Ri chicken lines for avian influenza virus infection. Methods: Ri chickens of resistant (Mx/A; BF2/B21) and susceptible (Mx/G; BF2/B13) lines were selected by genotyping the Mx dynamin like GTPase (Mx) and major histocompatibility complex class I antigen BF2 genes. These chickens were then infected with influenza A virus subtype H5N1, and their lung tissues were collected for RNA sequencing. Results: In total, 972 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between resistant and susceptible Ri chickens, according to the gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways. In particular, DEGs associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions were most abundant. The expression levels of cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18), chemokines (C-C Motif chemokine ligand 4 [CCL4] and CCL17), interferons (IFN-γ), and IFN-stimulated genes (Mx1, CCL19, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthaselike, and protein kinase R) were higher in H5N1-resistant chickens than in H5N1-susceptible chickens. Resistant chickens show stronger immune responses and antiviral activity (cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes) than those of susceptible chickens against HPAIV infection.

The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry as well as the economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions by comparing resistant and susceptible Ri chicken lines for avian influenza virus infection. Methods: Ri chickens of resistant (Mx/A; BF2/B21) and susceptible (Mx/G; BF2/B13) lines were selected by genotyping the Mx dynamin like GTPase (Mx) and major histocompatibility complex class I antigen BF2 genes. These chickens were then infected with influenza A virus subtype H5N1, and their lung tissues were collected for RNA sequencing. Results: In total, 972 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between resistant and susceptible Ri chickens, according to the gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways. In particular, DEGs associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions were most abundant. The expression levels of cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18), chemokines (C-C Motif chemokine ligand 4 [CCL4] and CCL17), interferons (IFN-γ), and IFN-stimulated genes (Mx1, CCL19, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthaselike, and protein kinase R) were higher in H5N1-resistant chickens than in H5N1-susceptible chickens. Resistant chickens show stronger immune responses and antiviral activity (cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes) than those of susceptible chickens against HPAIV infection.

In many places and under certain conditions, feeding shrubs and trees such as date palm leaves to goats and sheep is a common practice to reduce feed costs. The main problem with such materials is the low nutritive value. Therefore, improving their nutritive value before feeding can overcome the problem of low nutritive value. Ensiling with organic acids can be used as a good strategy to increase the digestion and intake of date palm leaves and other agricultural byproducts. The inclusion of malic or lactic acid during ensiling can improve the quality of silages, resulting in improved performance (daily gain or milk production) when these materials are fed to ruminants, resulting in increased profitability. This is the first study to evaluate date palm leaves ensiled with malic or lactic acids in the diet of lactating ewes under desert conditions.

The aim of this study was to characterize the exopolysaccharides (EPS)-producing lactic acid bacteria from Taiwanese ropy fermented milk (TRFM) for developing a clean label low-fat fermented milk. Methods: Potential isolates from TRFM were selected based on the Gram staining test and observation of turbid suspension in the culture broth. Random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and API CHL 50 test were used for strain identification. After evaluation of EPS concentration, target strains were introduced to low-fat milk fermentation for 24 h. Fermentation characters were checked: pH value, acidity, viable count, syneresis, and viscosity. Sensory evaluation of fermented products was carried out by 30 volunteers, while the storage test was performed for 21 days at 4°C. Results: Two EPS-producing strains (APL15 and APL16) were isolated from TRFM and identified as Lactococcus (Lc.) lactis subsp. cremoris. Their EPS concentrations in glucose and lactose media were higher than other published strains of Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris. Low-fat fermented milk separately prepared with APL15 and APL16 reached pH 4.3 and acidity 0.8% with a viable count of 9 log colony-forming units/mL. The physical properties of both products were superior to the control yogurt, showing significant improvements in syneresis and viscosity (p<0.05). Our low-fat products had appropriate sensory scores in appearance and texture according to sensory evaluation. Although decreasing viable cells of strains during the 21-day storage test, low-fat fermented milk made by APL15 exhibited stable physicochemical properties, including pH value, acidity, syneresis and sufficient viable cells throughout the storage period. This study demonstrated that Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris APL15 isolated from TRFM had good fermentation abilities to produce low-fat fermented milk. These data indicate that EPS-producing lactic acid bacteria have great potential to act as natural food stabilizers for low-fat fermented milk.

Objective: The fermentation profile and silage quality of 3 Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivars (cvs. Devis, Hellen, and Trinova) treated with 5 nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha) were evaluated.Methods: The experiment was laid out in split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Annual ryegrass cultivars used in this study have been commonly grown in Turkey. Nitrogen doses were set in main plot and cultivars in split plot in the field. Plants were harvested at full-flowering stage with dry matter content about 220 g/kg for first cutting and 260 g/kg for second cutting. Harvested plants were chopped theoretically into 2 to 3 cm lengths for ensiling. Chopped fresh materials were ensilaged by compressing in 2 L plastic jars about 3±0.1 kg.Results: Effects of N doses on dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter digestibility, relative feed value, crude protein, pH, ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid, acetic ...

Objective: Lactic acid (LA) treatment of cereals is known to improve ruminant performance. However, changes in cereal nutrient levels and variations in rumen fermentation remain unclear. This study was designed to compare the effects of 5% LA treatment on the trophic and morphological characteristics of barley and to discover the differences in rumen fermentation characteristics and metabolomes between LA-treated and untreated barley. Results: Compared with those of untreated barley (BA), the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash and water-soluble carbohydrate contents of barley plants treated with 5% LA for 48 h (BALA) decreased, but the resistant starch (RS) and non-fiber carbohydrate contents increased. Moreover, the amount of proteinaceous matrix in BA decreased in response to LA treatment. During in vitro fermentation, BALA had a greater pH but lower dry matter disappearance and ammonia, methane, and short-chain fatty acid levels than BA. The differential metabolites between BA and BALA were clustered into metabolic pathways such as purine metabolism, lysine degradation, and linoleic acid metabolism. Observable differences in ultrastructure between BALA and BA were noted during fermentation. Lactic treatment altered barley nutrient content, including DM, CP, RS, ash, water-soluble carbohydrates and non-fiber carbohydrates, and affected barley ultrastructure. These variations led to significant and incubation time-dependent changes in the in vitro fermentation characteristics and metabolome.