American War of Independence

The American Revolution was the collapse of the 13 British colonies in North America at the end of the 18th century. These 13 British colonies felt that taxation was unfair because they had no representation in the British parliament to voice their opinions and participate in deliberations. So they came up with the slogan “no taxation without representation.” Important events in this revolution were the Boston Tea Party and the battles of Lexington and Concord. Colonial forces led by George Washington fought for independence, which ended in 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, which formalized the United States as an independent nation.

Elijah Clark should be remembered as an important frontier leader during the American Revolution in Georgia and South Carolina, and in establishing the peace afterwards. Born in 1742, likely in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, he was the son of ambitious backcountry settler John Clark (1689-1764), although their genealogy remains murky. This article updates the piece that was published in the Journal of the American Revolution.

What became the British Southern Strategy was a part of the American Revolution (1775-1783) from the earliest days of that conflict to the end of the fighting. Trying to implement this idea continued for more than two years after the surrender of the British army at Yorktown, which was brought about because of this grand scheme. This article argues for a new assessment of the war within this context while examining the Southern Strategy's importance and why it failed.

Jabez Pottage was born in 1750, likely at or in the vicinity of the town of Windham, Connecticut. Windham town was in Windham county and located within the historic Nipmuc home area. A Connecticut census taken in 1774 returned a six-county total population of 197,856 men, women, and children, including 1,363 Indians (0.69 percent of the whole). Windham county had 158 Indigenous residents among a total of 28,128 inhabitants; of the Windham male Indians thirty-one were twenty years and above, and forty-three were under twenty.
    Pottage first enlisted in 1775 and went on to serve in the 7th Connecticut Regiment (1777-1780), the Stockbridge Indian Company in 1778, and Sheldon's 2nd Regiment Continental Light Dragoons (1781-1783).

A Sőregi család Cigándra betelepülésének 150 éves évfordulója valamint
az első világháború befejezésének centenáriuma alkalmából Cigánd
Városi Művelődési Központ „Az Isten megőrzött!” - Sőregi János, egy
cigándi polihisztor a Nagy Háborúban (1914-1918) címen „társadalom- és
történettudományi munkák megjelentetése céljából” pályázatot nyújtott
be. Fő célja, hogy Cigánd város neves szülöttének harctéri naplói alapján
a Nagy Háborút és a kapcsolódó történelmi eseményeket felidéző, a
hősöknek és áldozatoknak emléket állító könyvet jelentessen meg, így az
első világháborúval kapcsolatos társadalmi emlékezet ébren tartásával
hozzájáruljon a közös értékeken, történelmen és kultúrán alapuló európai
identitás erősítéséhez. E könyvet tartja most kezében a kedves Olvasó.

This study examines the experiences of Hungarian emigrants who settled in Mexico following the 1848–1849 Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence. While the broader Hungarian emigration to North America has been extensively researched, the presence and activities of Hungarian political refugees in Mexico remain less explored. The article investigates the motivations behind their migration, their integration into Mexican society, and their contributions to their new homeland. Utilizing archival sources, personal correspondences, and contemporary newspaper accounts, the author reconstructs the trajectories of these individuals, shedding light on their roles in various sectors such as agriculture, education, and military affairs. The analysis also considers the challenges they faced in adapting to a new cultural and political environment, as well as the transnational networks they maintained with fellow exiles and supporters of the Hungarian cause. By focusing on this specific group, the study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the Hungarian diaspora's global dispersion in the mid-19th century and highlights Mexico's role as a destination for political refugees during this period.

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Este artículo examina la presencia y las experiencias de los emigrantes húngaros que se establecieron en México tras la Revolución y Guerra de Independencia húngara de 1848–1849. Aunque la emigración húngara hacia América del Norte ha sido ampliamente estudiada, la de los refugiados políticos en México ha recibido menos atención académica. El autor analiza las motivaciones de su migración, su integración en la sociedad mexicana y sus contribuciones en diversos sectores como la agricultura, la educación y los asuntos militares. A través del uso de fuentes archivísticas, correspondencia personal y artículos de prensa contemporáneos, se reconstruyen las trayectorias de estos individuos, destacando los desafíos que enfrentaron al adaptarse a un nuevo entorno cultural y político, así como las redes transnacionales que mantuvieron con otros exiliados y simpatizantes de la causa húngara. Este estudio aporta una comprensión más matizada de la diáspora húngara en el siglo XIX y destaca el papel de México como destino para refugiados políticos de esa época.


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A tanulmány az 1848–1849-es magyar forradalom és szabadságharc bukását követően Mexikóba emigrált magyarok jelenlétét és tapasztalatait vizsgálja. Míg az észak-amerikai magyar emigrációt széles körben kutatták, a mexikói politikai menekültek története kevesebb figyelmet kapott az akadémiai irodalomban. A szerző elemzi migrációjuk motivációit, a mexikói társadalomba való integrációjukat, valamint hozzájárulásukat olyan területeken, mint a mezőgazdaság, az oktatás és a katonai ügyek. Archív források, személyes levelezések és korabeli sajtóanyagok felhasználásával rekonstruálja e személyek életútját, kiemelve az új kulturális és politikai környezethez való alkalmazkodásuk kihívásait, valamint azokat a transznacionális hálózatokat, amelyeket más száműzöttekkel és a magyar ügy támogatóival tartottak fenn. A tanulmány hozzájárul a 19. századi magyar diaszpóra mélyebb megértéséhez, és rámutat Mexikó szerepére mint politikai menekültek célországára ebben az időszakban.

These are the graphics for what was originally an interactive website for students to decide on the decision George Washington had to make in his New Jersey Campaign during the Revolutionary War. It was part of the New Jersey History Partnership Project directed by Ann Elizabeth Pfau. The website was designed by Ralph Greene. However, since it was designed in Flash, it no longer is an interactive website.

Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello was one of the most ambitious architectural projects in early America. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an iconic architectural landmark, it draws hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. But before the house we see today existed, Jefferson designed a smaller, eight-room Palladian villa surrounded by a fantastical English landscape garden known as the first Monticello. This thesis explores the design and construction of this first Monticello with a focus on the differences between Jefferson’s intent and the reality on the ground. The limitations of the early house – evidenced by, among other things, a newly interpreted Jefferson drawing – question the prevailing theory that French neoclassicism was the primary impetus for Jefferson’s decision to expand the house beginning in 1796. New evidence suggests instead that circulation patterns and the institution of slavery played a greater role in the present appearance of Monticello than previously thought.

The King's ministers saw an opportunity in the entry of France (1778), Spain (1779), and the Durch Republic (1780-1781) into the conflict with Great Britain's mainland colonies. Capturing a French sugar island or a strategic Spanish province in the New World could compensate for losing its mainland colonies. Such success could encourage reconciliation that could keep some or all the mainland colonies in the Empire, such as Georgia and South Carolina.

[This document is number 6 out of 9.]

General Yorke, stationed in the Hague, recounts a meeting with Count St. Germain, who claims to be a French emissary seeking peace with England. St. Germain, known for his close ties to the French King and Madame Pompadour, asserts that the French court, except for the Duke of Choiseul, desires peace and is willing to make concessions, including abandoning claims to Canada, Guadaloupe, and the East Indies. Yorke, while acknowledging the sincerity of the King’s desire for peace, remains cautious and awaits further instructions before engaging in further negotiations.

The English Envoy, General Yorke, encountered the Comte de St. Germain, who claimed to be authorized by the French government to negotiate peace. However, his lack of official credentials and the opposition from the Due de Choiseul, who sought to discredit him, complicated the situation. Despite St. Germain’s efforts, his mission was thwarted by internal French politics, making peace negotiations difficult.

Aim: This study examines John J. Zubly's views on leadership by looking at his sermon on the repeal of the Stamp Act. Methods: The study draws on primary and secondary sources, including James MacGregor Burns' theories on transformational and transactional leadership, to explore Zubly's thinking. Results: Like many other prominent Whig-Loyalists, Zubly remained torn between his support for more liberty for the colonies, his desire for order, and his allegiance to Great Britain. Conclusion: Despite his accomplishments and leadership, Zubly's moderation and reliance on transactional leadership proved insufficient in dealing with tumultuous times and rapid change. Recommendations: Moderates facing revolutionary situations and tumultuous times would note that the middle ground often shifts. If they remain inflexible or unaware of change, these leaders will often find themselves out of power or irrelevant, especially if they rely on transactional leadership.

À partir d'une étude de cas (le déploiement et les opérations d'une flotte française en Amérique pendant la guerre d'Indépendance des États-Unis) cet ouvrage collectif propose une enquête approfondie sur les contraintes (politiques, logistiques, techniques, géographiques, humaines...) qui pesaient à l'âge de la voile sur la mise en œuvre de la puissance navale.

Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia is the most fought over place in Canada. There have been over 13 conflicts there in its history involving the French, British, Mi'kmaq, Acadian, Mohawk, and Americans.  The last one occurred in 1781 when two ships commanded by American privateers raided the settlement.

This biographical sketch is part of a series of works relating to Loyalists who participated militarily in the American Revolution. Here we explore the life and times of Cpl. Richard STEERS who was a native of Ireland, and spent the War years as an N.C.O. in a cavalry unit of the Queen's Rangers. His unit fought battles and skirmishes from New York and New Jersey to South Carolina until his commanding officer demanded that they lay down their arms and surrender with Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. After some time as a prisoner of war, Steers was transported by the British to New Brunswick, Canada where he was granted property in the Woodstock area. He and wife Eve Barclay had a large family whose descendants are still found in the area of original settlement - where all have changed their surname to STAIRS.

This study examines Rev. Samuel Peters, a Loyalist minister and writer from Connecticut, and his transactional leadership efforts during the American Revolution. The study relies on primary and secondary historical sources, including Peters’ writings. This study also includes works on leadership, histories of the American Revolution, biographies, correspondence, memoirs, sermons, public statements, and diaries. Peters, one of the most prominent opponents of the American Revolution from Connecticut, relied on transactional strategies, showing the futility of such tactics in the face of transformative times.

Keywords: transactional leadership, the American Revolution, Loyalists, Tories, Connecticut, Samuel Peters

The world is arguably returning to great power competition. However, emerging powers are noted as using grey zone and hybrid means short of war. These modes of conflict remain poorly defined, contradictory, and overlapping within the literature. Complicating efforts to understand these phenomena is an overreliance on examples from the 21st century. I partially address this shortcoming by applying Mazarr’s concept of the grey zone and measured revisionism to French strategy 1774–1783, focusing on exploitation of the American Revolution. Building from Hoffman’s understanding of hybrid warfare, I disentangle these overlapping concepts and demonstrate how they are best understood as separate but interrelated.  I conclude with comparisons to case of Russian hybrid aggression in Ukraine and provide implications for future grey zone and hybrid warfare research.

Az 1920-as években, részben az Egyesült Államok bevándorlást korlátozó intézkedései miatt,  a Magyarországról kivándorolni szándékozók körében Kanada szerepe erősen felértékelődött. Ezt számos egyéb tényező mellett a Kanadáról szóló olyan beszámolók is erősítették, amelyek célja a bevándorlók országba, elsősorban a nyugati tartományokba való csábítása volt.  Zágonyi Sámuel  ez ellen vette fel a harcot és egyfajta ellenpontként igyekezett a kanadai kivándorlásról lebeszélni az azon gondolkodókat. Ennek érdekében saját tapasztalatai alapján könyvet írt a kanadai bevándorlók nehéz körülményeiről és országos előadó körútra is indult. A jelen tanulmányban a Bihar vármegyei alispánnak címzett levelei, újságcikkek, könyve, illetve a budapesti Zeneakadémia dísztermében elhangzott előadása elemzésével mutatom be Zágonyi tevékenységét és a hozzá kapcsolódó kérdéseket, újfajta betekintést adva az 1920-as évek magyar kivándorlásának történetébe.

Contents
        1. Preface
2. Transcription
(Including list of mentioned military units)
                                3. Sick Soldiers Listed by Regiment
(Including list of mentioned military units and identification regiments and company commanders,
plus unit and overall totals)
4. Related Works
______________

1. Preface. This roster lists the sick and injured soldiers of twenty-seven Continental, state, and militia regiments in various hospitals in and near Philadelphia; the lists were “began December 16,1776,” with no end date given.
    The hospitals, wards, and sites mentioned are:

“At Shields's, between Front and Second Streets”
“At McElroy's”
“Mr. Livelong's, Norris's alley”
“At Semple's Store, fr't street”
“At Dr. Young's”
“Bettering house, Ward 7”
“Sprout's Store, W. & front S”
“At William Peden's”
“At Brigade Rendezvous”
“At Mr. Hart's”
“At Barret's house”
“At Francis Rogers's”
“At Judge Shields's”
“In Ward 7”
“18 Entry” [?]
“In Arbuckle's Row”

    Also noted are two nurses and eight tenders caring for the sick:

Nurse – Peter Bryam (possibly) (Weeden, 3rd Virginia), Sam'l Church (PENSION; Durkee, 20th Continental Regiment)
Tender – Ebenezer Cutter (PENSION; Hutchinson, 27th Continental Regiment), Asa Davis (Hazen, 2nd Canadian Regiment), Nath'l Dodge (Hutchinson, 27th Continental Regiment), Jeremy Frier (Weeden, 3rd Virginia), Michael Gaghagan (Weeden, 3rd Virginia), Rich'd Kennedy (Weeden, 3rd Virginia), Wm. Marey (Weeden, 3rd Virginia), Joseph Whitecreek (McAllister, Pennsylvania Flying Camp Battalion)
_________________
Women and Children – Eliz. Williams (3rd Virginia), “Thomas Tracy … A wife and two children” (Delaware Bat'n) Sarah Byram (Colo. Richardson).

This study examines the evolution of U.S. Army Bands from 1914 to 1945, amid societal and military changes. It explores organizational, mission, and role shifts in Army Bands through historical and archival research, against the backdrop of legislative, technological, and cultural changes. The analysis
highlights the influence of World Wars 1 and 2 on Army Bands’ roles in morale, recruiting, and tradition preservation. It also addresses debates on the justification, mission, and utility of Army Bands during military reorganizations and societal shifts. The findings underscore the interaction of the Army and Army Bands in shaping public perception of both while emphasizing Army Bands’ perceived relevance to both military cohesion and cultural heritage. Additionally, the study assesses cultural perceptions,
military strategies, and congressional oversight affecting Army Bands. It reveals changing societal attitudes and evolving roles of Army Bands in ceremonial and combat scenarios. Ultimately, despite their value as military assets, Army Bands are shown not to fulfill direct combat mission requirements.

Finding interesting historic subjects often starts with focusing on the buildings and sites in a local town and seeing who, what, when and where this site gained historical recognition. Then the pleasure is to go deeper and find out about the people, even the Freemasons, that are involved in the event and find there is an interesting subject. An event that took place during the American Revolution and involved key members of local society, notable members of the government and the leadership of both sides, was to capture an important military site. Benedict Arnold had recently been given the command of the fort at West Point. For a year and a half Arnold had been passing military information to the British, and unsuspecting this, General Washington had recently appointed Arnold commander of the Hudson Highlands defenses. Now Arnold was working with British agent Major John André to arrange the surrender of West Point, the keystone of those defenses. At that time West Point bristled with forts and guns commanding a narrow S-curve along the Hudson and severely limited British freedom of movement in the Hudson Valley, a prime focus of strategy. In Washington's words, "West Point was the "key to America." By surrendering West Point to the enemy, the British would then have controlled the "Gibraltar on the Hudson" and cut the rebellious colonies in two. Washington and his forces might have lost the war, and Arnold would regain, as he once had, a position in the British Army. André was discovered as a spy and was imprisoned in Mabie's house, now "the Old 76 House" in Tappan, his trial in the Tappan Dutch Reformed Church, and General Washington would be at the DeWint House.

This article relates how tropical disease ravaged the British army in the late-eighteenth-century Caribbean, using the San Juan expedition of 1780 as a case study. Based on eighteenth-century European understandings of epidemiology, martial and medicinal officials of the San Juan expedition believed that the outbreak of pestilence within the British army reflected a failure in discipline, properly provisioning troops, as well as overall leadership and planning. Thus, despite natural agents playing a significant role in stalling Britain's advance in Nicaragua, eighteenth-century military and medical authorities dictated that difficulties caused by disease and the environment could be overcome by human might. While the British ultimately could not overcome the devastating effects that tropical diseases had on the army, human agency also led to the expedition's failure. The British did not maintain good relations with their Indigenous allies, the Miskito, which resulted in their abandonment of the campaign. Consequently, they were left without crucial soldiers, guides, and labourers who were necessary to continue the invasion of Central America. Moreover, the Spaniards' stout defence of their territory also hindered the British expeditionary force, stalling their advance at the Castillo de la Inmaculada Concepción. As a result, both natural and human agency dictated the outcome of the San Juan expedition.

This study is an attempt to locate a Royal Naval vessel which was destroyed in Blackwater Bay, part of the Pensacola Bay System, Florida, during the spring of 1781. The study utilized maritime cultural landscape theory to construct an understanding of the setting and circumstances in which the ship sank. A history of the ship is introduced to add context to the historical and environmental analysis defined by critical examination of the Royal Navy’s 18thcentury concept of the maritime cultural landscape of Pensacola Bay. The methodology behind the remote sensing survey for the ship and subsequent testing of previously known shipwrecks in this study’s project area are described and a location for the wrecked ship is presented.

María Antonia de Lorena y Austria, reina de Francia, más conocida como María Antonieta, es ejecutada por la Convención Revolucionaria el 16 de octubre de 1793. Tras su fallecimiento, se acuña un gran número de medallas que recuerdan este suceso. Se trata de piezas de distintas procedencias europeas, que muestran una amplia diversidad de mensajes sobre la reina y sus ejecutores, aunque siempre favorables a la monarquía. Este artículo trata de identificar estas medallas y clasificarlas por su lugar de origen. Con esa información se aspira a poder resolver las intenciones con las que se fabrica cada pieza y encontrar elementos comunes en los mensajes que se quieren transmitir sobre la reina difunta.

16-й выпуск сборника традиционно объединил ученых из Москвы, Санкт-Петербурга, Курска, Воронежа, Самары, Кирова, Саратова, Брянска, Калининграда, Челябинска, Марий-Эл, Мордовии, а также коллег из Беларуси (Минск, Витебск) и Казахстана (Актобе). Его отличительной чертой является взаимодействие специалистов в разных областях американистики: историков, филологов, культурологов.
Проблематика статей представляет интерес своим разнообразием и научной значимостью рассматриваемых в них сюжетов. Исследования отражают реалии внутриполитической и внешнеполитической жизни США XVIII–XXI вв., разные грани культуры. Среди рассматриваемых тем – американское рабочее движение, этническая и религиозная история США, российско-американские отношения на современном этапе, деятельность альянса AUKUS. Отражены такие сюжеты, как праздничная культура Новой Англии, свидетельства американцев о походе Наполеона в Россию, феномен «обратного расизма». Затронута проблема русофобии в журналах «Puck» и «Judy». Специальная рубрика посвящена 225-летию Российско-Американской компании. Ряд статей основан на архивных материалах. В свете новых подходов к изучению истории следует выделить нарратив, дискурсивный подход, визуальный поворот, полидисциплинарность, достижения интеллектуальной истории.
Материалы сборника рассчитаны на историков-американистов, преподавателей высшей и средней школы, студентов, бакалавров, магистров и аспирантов, а также всех интересующихся проблемами истории и культуры США.

Jehoiakim Mtohksin was born on March 25 1751 in Stockbridge, western Massachusetts, the Indian mission (last of the “praying towns”) founded in 1736 by white Yale scholar John Sergeant. In 1740 his father Johannes, then eight years old, moved with his parents to Stockbridge; one source notes that Johannes, born in 1731, was carried on his father’s shoulders from their residence on Schodack Island on the Hudson River, just south of Albany, New York, to their new home. (Calloway, 86, “… in 1740 the Mahicans moved the ‘fireplace’ of their nation from the Hudson River to Stockbridge.”)
    The Stockbridge Indigenous community was created in part because of incursions by white settlers in the Massachusetts Bay colony and the loss of tribal population. Usually called a Mohican (Muhheakun’nuk) town, the Stockbridge band also contained members of the Housatonic, Wappinger, Tunxis, Nipmuc, and other Hudson River peoples. In the seventeenth century the Mohican numbered some 4,000 members; by 1700 they had been reduced to about 500 via epidemics of European diseases and warfare with the neighboring Mohawks.
    Stockbridge began with a grant of 23,040 acres, 1/60th (2,304 acres) of which was set aside for Sergeant and four English families. In 1763 the Indigenous residents still held 75 percent of the land, most in common ownership, but through sales and transferals for debt by 1774 they “had become ghettoized on about twelve hundred acres.” By that date the town’s Indian population numbered about 300 men, women, and children. (Calloway, 90)
    Stockbridge Indians served with British forces during the conflicts of the 1750s and 60s; Wappinger men also served, moving their families to Stockbridge for protection while they were away. Upon returning home they found that the New York landlords seized lands claimed by the Wappinger nation, leading most of their members to join the Stockbridge community. In 1762 Wappinger chief Daniel Nimham filed a formal complaint against the wealthy Hudson Valley manor lords, but his suit was thrown out of court in 1765. In 1766 Nimham sailed to London to present his case to the Lords of Trade and they ordered New York authorities to revisit the matter. Lacking the support of Sir William Johnson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Nimham’s case was again dismissed. As Colin Calloway notes, “Nimham and his people had real grievances … and real reasons for fighting against the crown.” Around the same time Mohican leader John Konkapot notified Massachusetts authorities that white Stockbridge inhabitant Elijah Williams “and a party he has made in Town are endeavouring not only To get all the power but all our Lands too into their hands.” An investigating committee was appointed who found that the original town board make-up “of three Indian and two English selectmen had now changed to two and three” and that in light of the continuing loss of Indigenous town land and governing control “that unless some special care be taken to guard the Indian Interest, they will in a short time become a very insignificant people.” (Calloway, 89)

At the end of August 1781 the combined fleets of France and Spain appeared in the mouth of the English Channel. Stormy weather and sickness soon forced them to retire to their home ports of Brest and Cadiz, and so this brief invasion threat attracts little more than passing reference in most studies of eighteenth-century Britain. This article examines the reporting of this crisis in the London newspapers, which provides evidence of public interest in the navy and anxiety about the security of Britain.

Virginia contested New France for control of Ohio lands. Virginia had been probing the interior for some time, attempting to create a "settlement frontier" across Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains from the 1720s. While population pressures may not have immediately necessitated the opening up of vast new territories, Virginia power had always been coined in land and slaves. The lands west of the Appalachians constituted money and power waiting to happen, and the Virginia elite were commercially minded enough to speculate on their engrossment. The French and the Indians of the Ohio Valley could not but respond. In 1749, an expedition under Céleron de Blainville marched to the Ohio Valley to remove traders and to lay claim to the region. Ownership of this territory was also asserted by Virginia, which had no regular troops at its command, but a large vested interest to protect. Significant figures in the colony, amongst them Lieutenant-Governor Robert Dinwiddie, were backers of the Ohio Land Company, which had been formed in 1748 as a private enterprise to promote the commercial settlement of the area. The Company subsequently surveyed their domain and, in 1753, began building a fort at the forks of the Ohio. These actions, borne of the desire for private profit as much as concerns for territorial sovereignty, sparked a French counter-move into the region. The British government's order of August 1753 stipulated that any attempt by the French to build forts in the Ohio Valley or to prevent the erection of forts by the Ohio Company were to be met with force. Dinwiddie thus sent George Washington to request that the French depart, and when he was rebuffed, the Virginia Council had to reply with force. Washington returned with 2 200 men to the Ohio to protect and assist those already there building a fort. A French force captured the Virginian fort on April 17, 1754, then during a parlay on May 28, a French ensign, Joseph Jumonville, was fatally shot by a soldier under Washington. The Virginians retreated and began fortifying a defensive position, Fort Necessity. However, the pursuing French force, commanded fittingly by Captain Louis de Villiers, brother to Jumonville, compelled Washington to surrender in July 1754. The slaying of Jumonville constituted the first "shot heard round the world," and Washington's military defeat, insignificant in terms of 18 th century warfare, would echo across the Atlantic, ultimately provoking what can be termed the first true world war. The Bigger Picture [global image] This fracas near the ends of the earth in the American wilderness provoked a conjuncture of a number of historical processes at work across the globe. The resulting war, known as the Seven Years' War or French and Indian War, would redraw the map of the world. Among the forces at play that need to be examined to explain the unforeseen consequences of Jumonville's murder and Washington's defeat, are: Developments in the nature of warfare The integration of Great Britain The spread of the British Empire Continental European politics Events in Africa, India and the Far East The Military Revolution [image]

The Signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 confronted the authorities of the British colonies in Canada with the problem of American loyalists, who, being supporters of the British Crown, emigrated from the United States. The majority of them settled in Nova Scotia and Quebec, some on the Niagara Peninsula, some in the West Indies; still some returned to England. It has been estimated that about 40, 000 loyalists from the United States arrived in the British colonies in Canada after 1783-The British authorities organized mass sea transport for the supporters of the British Crown, as a result of which 30, 000 people were brought to Nova Scotia. The arrival of such a large group of British citizens had a huge impact upon the development of the province, the more so because before the year 1783 the overall population of Nova Scotia was less than 20, 000. Nova Scotia benefited from the new inhabitants who were well-educated and politically literate; furthermore, the growth in population made it possible in 1784 to divide Nova Scotia into two provinces, with New Bruns wick formed from its northwestern part. Refugees from the American colonies also reached Newfoundland, transforming the colony into an area of. permanent settle ment. The remaining loyalists who arrived in Quebec were in turn allowed to settle in the upper course of the St. Lawrence River and on the shores of Lake Ontario. 1

La producción seriada y sistematizada de medallas conmemorativas que se dió en Europa durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, así como sus respectivos compendios impresos en forma de historias metálicas, parecían terminarse en cuanto se llegaba a la contemporaneidad. En cambio, Napoleón Bonaparte y Vivant Denon -encargado de la nueva empresa- otorgaron a este arte un último empuje en un contexto entre lo revolucionario y lo imperial.

Siguiendo este curso, la simbología animal tomaría cierta importancia en las piezas labradas en honor del militar galo, pero fue el protagonismo de una cigüeña y un cocodrilo quienes dieron el peculiar toque significativo a sus personajes históricos. A continuación, y desde el estudio de las distintas fuentes literarias y visuales, se escudriñan los mensajes que ambos animales escondieron entre sus leyendas y tipos iconográficos.

Szellem az anyagban - az érzéki világ kiterjesztése és a technikai médiumok  Jelen írás tíz évvel ezelőtt készült egy tervezett, de meg nem valósult kiállításhoz kapcsolódva. Némileg rövidítve, javítva, képekkel illusztrálva, négy részre bontva megjelent a Balkonban.

“Humanitarian giddiness” and “Turkophile demonstrations” Parallels between the British and Hungarian press and public opinion  during the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878 The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Great Eastern Crisis were followed with great interest by the European press, including the most important political newspapers of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the United Kingdom. In my thesis, I present the impact of the British political press narrative on Hungarian political life. The Balkan war and the prospect of Slavic unification, as well as the news of Russian intervention in the Balkans, mobilised masses in both countries. In the United Kingdom, the press was divided into two major camps: a pro-peace and a bellicose one, and the latter had a significant influence on public opinion in the Monarchy. Throughout 1876 and 1877, various committees were formed from pro-Turkish students demonstrating in the streets of Pest. Based on the assumption of the press influence of the British elite, the study focuses on the Hungarian domestic political agenda, the student protests in Hungary in 1876 and their role in domestic and foreign policy. The study also examines the relationship between the press releases that triggered the anti-Russian demonstrations in the major cities of the two countries. Finally, the study reviews the impact of British publications in the Hungarian press and on the front of domestic and foreign policy of the Monarchy.

Edited by Dr Stephen Summerfield

Johann von Ewald’s treatise on partisan warfare based upon his experience during the American Revolutionary War. It was praised by Carl von Clausewitz and Gerhard von Scharnhorst. It had a great influence upon Sir John Moore (1761-1809) who created the modern British Army with the concept of the Universal Soldier and influenced his System of Training for his Light Brigade (43rd, 52nd and 95th) at Shorncliffe. His writing was among those recommended to young officers.

This is the third volume in a series exploring the technical manuals that shaped the knowledge of the British Army from its inception to the 20th Century. This follows the tradition of Ken Trotman Publishing of reproducing fine facsimile prints of tomes rescued from obscurity.

A short history on the reasons why those at the time of the American War for Independence stayed loyal to the British Empire. This study is very amateur (as all of my papers are), so any feedback, comments, criticisms, etc. are much appreciated.

In 1770 Lieutenant James Cook, Captain of HMB Endeavour, became the first European to sail along the east coast of Australia. 1 On his return to England Cook and eminent botanist Joseph Banks were national heroes but the small bark Endeavour, which had taken her crew around the world through uncharted waters, was largely ignored. This article traces the subsequent history of Endeavour after Cook.

Research that was done on the Revolutionary War battle of Briar (or Brier) Creek, Georgia March 3, 1779. It was reprinted in a report by Daniel Battle and was published as “Civil War in the Midst of Revolution:  Community Divisions and the Battle of Briar Creek, 1779.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 100 (Summer, 2016): 136-159, and "The Revolutionary War Families of the Battle of Briar Creek." Georgia Genealogical Society Quarterly 53 (Winter 2017): 325-336.

Now there was in the English army a hotheaded and ill-balanced Scotch officer named James Grant. He was a supercilious sort of person, and looked down with ineffable contempt upon the provincial troops." 1 "…these acts they are no proofs of that gentleman's [Thomas Middleton] Merit or Abilities…he was totally unacquainted with the most common Military Rules…I cannot recollect one single instance…where any act…can be produc'd as a specimen of either [Merit, Ability].…under his smooth external carriage toward Colonel Grant he was a Spy upon his actions…"2 Lt. Col. Henry Laurens, second in commander under Col. Thomas Middleton In the season of goodwill, two days before Christmas, 1761 British Lieutenant Colonel James Grant fought in Charleston a duel with South Carolina Provincial Colonel Thomas Middleton. This was the final on-stage appearance by actors in a messy, tragic and consequential three act play known as the Cherokee War, which had just ended, having been fought in somewhat overlapping campaigns, known as the Lyttelton-Montgomery-Grant Expeditions, named after the British commander of each.3 In Grant's Expedition, Colonel Middleton had commanded the provincial militia. Grant had with him part of the Second Battalion of the 1 st Royal Regiment of Foot and the 77 th Regiment of Foot, known as Montgomery's Highlanders, two Scottish Regiments with very different, 1

Violence used to pursue a political outcome is primarily a contest of wills. One side pushes, the other pushes back, in the reciprocal escalation identified in Carl von Clausewitz's opening philosophical speculation on the nature of war. This inherent logic, however, applies not just to war, but to political violence more generally. Actors in the drama of what became the American Revolution used a wide spectrum of types or forms of violence, of which the war for independence was only a parthowever critical. Their choices about how to use violence reflected both the level of escalation in the contest and their cultural notions about the meaning and limits associated with various types of violence. And because in the real world there is no such thing as two singular opposed wills, but instead a vast shifting audience of more or less interested parties, violence is intended not only to diminish the enemy's will, it is also supposed to mobilize more will for one's own side from the as yet uncommitted. Will is something that must be cultivated, nurtured, and, at times, desperately appealed toexemplified by Thomas Paine's cri de coeur, "these are the times that try men's souls." Appealing to will in this way demands a strategic narrative: A claim that "we are winning/can win"; "we are fighting for your interests"; "they are corrupt/evil/ungodly"; "we represent your values and beliefs," and so on. Violence is just a piece of that broader strategic narrative. Violence has an instrumental function, in that it has material results of death, harm, or destruction, nominally designed to build up will on one side and diminish it on the other, but its use must in part match the claims of the strategic narrative, in its effects and in its manner. 