Aluminum Powder

Aerated concrete is a type of light weight concrete which consist of a binder, fine aggregate and an aerating agent. Aluminium powder is the most commonly used aerating agent and it reacts with calcium hydroxide liberating hydrogen bubbles which causes the air entrainment of the mix. In this paper, study of properties aerated concrete incorporating additives like fly ash as a replacement to cement, which lead to the consumption of waste products. A cement to fine aggregate ratio of 1:2 have been adopted and water cement ratio is fixed as 0.45 by trial and error method.

Improving the thermal insulation properties of cement-based materials is the key to reducing energy loss and consumption in buildings. Lightweight cement-based composites can be used efficiently for this purpose, as a structural material with load bearing ability or as a non-structural one for thermal insulation. In this research, lightweight cement pastes containing fly ash and cement were prepared and tested. In these mixes, three different techniques for producing air voids inside the cement paste were used through the incorporation of aluminum powder (AL), air entraining agent (AA), and hollow microspheres (AS). Several experiments were carried out in order to examine the structural and physical characteristics of the cement composites, including dry density, compressive strength, porosity and absorption. A Hot Disk device was used to evaluate the thermal conductivity of different cement composites. In addition, X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was adopted to investiga...

This study critically accessed the pore structure of Aer-Tech material through a scanning electronic microscopy test carried out on two basic mix samples, specimen with fibre glass and specimen without fiber glass. The research results had shown that mix with fiber glass have even distribution of fine and close pores resulting to high compressive strength and reduced void content, whilst mix without fiber glass shows clearly uneven distributed large size pores and open pores resulting to low compressive strength due to higher presence of void space. The scanning electronic microscopy of Aer-Tech sample had shown that through its image analysis that the Aer-tech microscopic structure are compassed with billions of air pores evenly connected. Appreciably, on axial compression co elapse acting similar to steel material. It is also observed that for sample without fibre glass there are a few large sized pores present and their number also increases with an increase in foam volume, which...

The growing need for a better and effective way of reducing structural weight and high cost in productivity of concrete products has led to a great innovation in the use of lightweight concrete such as foam concrete which is known to be in use for about thirty to forty years, but its low quality characteristics has in no small measure hinder its wide industrial application. This paper presents a novel material the GEM-Tech product which early results from laboratory compressing testing of samples suggest that it has formidable characteristics and the potential to result in lightweight elements and huge savings in the construction of structures.

An experimental investigation of hot shock compaction of a nanocrystalline alumina powder was performed. The effects of variations in shock pressure and compaction temperature on the properties of the compacted materials were studied. It was found that the bulk density and hardness of the compacted material increased with shock pressure. Increasing compaction temperature resulted in increases in compact hardness and bonding, and reductions in cracking within the compacted specimens. The results suggest that dense, well bonded, crack free nanocrystalline ceramics may be fabricated more effectively using hot shock compaction, than by room temperature shock compaction followed by sintering or room temperature static compaction followed by sintering.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to optimize the mix proportions of the concrete by the Taguchi method of parameter design. The concrete mix design is done by the L9 orthogonal array that is 34. When a new material is used in the concrete all the mix variables are taken into account so that it may cost so much, it means more need for money, material, personnel and time. In order to reduce the number of mix combination in concrete, the Taguchi method is used. In this project the cement sand and aggregate are partially replaced by cement as fly ash, river sand as M-sand and the compression values are taken and the value is compared with the conventional concrete special concrete compression value is compared with the conventional concrete and S/N value is taken from the compression value and the comparison of the values are done. In order to attain good strength and to avoid cracks, sisal fiber is added in the concrete with a percentage of (1, 1.5, and 2).

This paper reports the results of a study on the formulation and characterization of lightweight concrete made with Cameroonian charcoal as coarse lightweight aggregate. Lightweight concrete is an old material and has been known around the world for over a quarter of a century. They are experiencing a renewed interest, which seems quite deserved because of their properties; it belongs to the family of special concretes. These characteristics suggest new applications. Lightweight concrete has low density than conventional concrete and the use of concrete of low density

At present, construction works, such as high-rise buildings or offices and residential houses, in many countries are growing very fast every year. The accumulation of heat and moisture in building wall plays an important role in its maintenance and energy conservation.AC block, an eco-friendly material, gives a prospective solution to building construction. The usage of AC block reduces the cost of construction up to 20% as reduction of dead load of wall on beam. The use of AC block also reduces the requirement of materials up to 50%.Aerated concrete can produce a light weight, environmentally friendly, lower coefficient of thermal expansion, mould resistance, reduced dead weight and good sound insulation as a result of air voids within aerated concrete this block

An innovation cold manufacturing method of glass foams is presented in the paper. Traditional foaming agents used in conventional expansion processes of glass waste at high temperature were substituted with aluminium powder in aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, which releases hydrogen forming gas bubbles in the viscous sludge and then, by solidification, a porous structure typical for the glass foam. The manufactured foam is adequate for using as a thermal insulation material for inner wall of buildings, having the apparent density of 0.31 g·cm-3, the thermal conductivity of 0.070 W/m·K and the compressive strength of 1.32 MPa. The process originality is the use of recycled aluminum waste, melted by an own microwave heating technique and sprayed with nitrogen jets. The process effectiveness is remarkable in economical and energy terms.

h i g h l i g h t s Shootability of aerated cement paste was studied. Additions were used to study influence in rheological properties. Sepiolite and metakaolin additions increase yield stress and water retention. Thermal conductivity of hardened pastes was tested. Additions used provide the largest expansion speed increase.

This study critically accessed the pore structure of Aer-Tech material through a scanning electronic microscopy test carried out on two basic mix samples, specimen with fibre glass and specimen without fiber glass. The research results had shown that mix with fiber glass have even distribution of fine and close pores resulting to high compressive strength and reduced void content, whilst mix without fiber glass shows clearly uneven distributed large size pores and open pores resulting to low compressive strength due to higher presence of void space. The scanning electronic microscopy of Aer-Tech sample had shown that through its image analysis that the Aer-tech microscopic structure are compassed with billions of air pores evenly connected. Appreciably, on axial compression co elapse acting similar to steel material. It is also observed that for sample without fibre glass there are a few large sized pores present and their number also increases with an increase in foam volume, which...

The use of solid waste for the development of new building materials has been an alternative to reduce environmental impacts through the preservation of natural resources. In this context, this paper evaluates the possibility of using agate gemstone waste, called rolled powder, which basically consists of silica (SiO 2), in the manufacture of aerated foamed concrete blocks completely replacing the natural sand. Preformed foam was used as the air entrained by mechanical stirring with a mixture of natural foaming agents derived from coconut. To produce test specimens, the water/cement ratio and foam concentrations were varied, with three and four levels, respectively. The specimens were left for 28 days at room temperature to be cured, and then underwent analysis to determine their compressive strength, density, and the distribution of air-voids. The experiments demonstrated that the best water/cement ratio was 1.28 for 18% (of total solid mass) addition of foam, which generated a sample with a density of 430 kg/m 3 , and a compressive strength of 1.07 MPa. The result for compressive strength is 11% smaller than the requirements of the Brazilian standard (NBR 13438) for autoclaved aerated concrete blocks, but the results are promising.

The article deals with the mechanical properties of geopolymers, which were filled micro-and nanoparticles from coke production. As a matrix for the preparation of geopolymer was used materiál Baucis Lk and LNa, commercial product from České lupkové závody Nové Strašecí. It has been chosen a shortened technology using higher temperatures during maturing of the geopolymeru. The influence of particle content on the mechanical properties of the above-mentioned geopolymers is discussed.

Instead of pre-treating IBA to remove or to immobilize metallic aluminum, this paper proposes to utilize IBA as aerating agent to replace costly aluminum powder and as silica source to partially replace silica flour/fly ash in the production of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). IBA-AACs with density ranging from 600 to 800 kg/m 3 were successfully synthesized by using IBA as aerating agent. For a given density, the compressive strength of IBA-AAC is higher than that of AAC due to the formation of more uniform pore structure with smaller pore size in IBA-AAC. The free drying shrinkage of IBA-AAC decreases with increasing IBA content. This may be attributed to the porosity of IBA-AAC increases while the strength and stiffness of IBA-AAC decreases with increasing IBA content. As a result, the moisture loss due to drying is faster and the resistance to volume change is reduced in IBA-AAC with higher IBA content.

The submitted paper deals with the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer composite materials reinforced with natural fibres. For this study, we aimed to develop a geopolymer composite reinforced with long flax fibres, which were implemented in the geopolymer in the form of a nonwoven fabric that reinforced the structure of the geopolymer over the entire thickness of the board. In order to compare the properties of the developed composite with natural fibres, a geopolymer without fibres and a geopolymer reinforced with basalt fibres were also produced. The monitored mechanical properties were impact bending, bending strength and compressive strength. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microscopic analysis were also carried out. The results clearly showed the positive effect of the addition of natural fibres on impact bending and bending strength. However, the addition of natural fibr...

The article deals with the mechanical properties of geopolymers, which were filled micro-and nanoparticles from coke production. As a matrix for the preparation of geopolymer was used materiál Baucis Lk and LNa, commercial product from České lupkové závody Nové Strašecí. It has been chosen a shortened technology using higher temperatures during maturing of the geopolymeru. The influence of particle content on the mechanical properties of the above-mentioned geopolymers is discussed.

In this work, geopolymer foam composites containing waste basalt fibre (10, 30, and 50%wt) were exposed to elevated temperatures of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ∘ C. With an increase in high temperature, the geopolymer foams material exhibits a decrease in compressive strength and bending strength. When heated above 600 ∘ C, geopolymer foams materials exhibit a significant reduction in mechanical properties. It shows clearly with the naked eye that surface cracks in case of samples containing 10% of basalt filler. However, when increasing fillers with basalt fibres up to 30% and 50%, the cracking of the sample surface is no longer visible to the naked eye. Especially when the temperature increases, the mechanical properties also increase without decreasing in the sample of 50% by weighing to the binder. The results show that reinforcing the geopolymer foams with basalt ground fibre improves the mechanical properties at high temperatures.

The submitted paper deals with the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer composite materials reinforced with natural fibres. For this study, we aimed to develop a geopolymer composite reinforced with long flax fibres, which were implemented in the geopolymer in the form of a nonwoven fabric that reinforced the structure of the geopolymer over the entire thickness of the board. In order to compare the properties of the developed composite with natural fibres, a geopolymer without fibres and a geopolymer reinforced with basalt fibres were also produced. The monitored mechanical properties were impact bending, bending strength and compressive strength. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microscopic analysis were also carried out. The results clearly showed the positive effect of the addition of natural fibres on impact bending and bending strength. However, the addition of natural fibres in the form of a nonwoven fabric significantly increased the variability of the properties of the developed composites. In addition, a different pattern of joint failure was noted between geopolymer reinforced with flax fibres and geopolymer reinforced with basalt fibres.

Geopolymers are modern, amorphous inorganic aluminosilicate polymers with specific composition and properties. However, to use a geopolymer as an engineering material, its mechanical properties need to be improved. As part of this work, a composite material was obtained-the matrix is a geopolymer, and the reinforcement is basalt fibers. Research on the reinforcement of geopolymer material with layers of basalt fabrics was carried out in order to verify the improvement of mechanical properties in relation to non-reinforced material. Static and dynamic mechanical tests for the evaluation of flexural, compressive, splitting tensile and impact strength were carried out. In case of flexural strength the increase was even 150 % and in the case of impact strength over 60 %. The developed basel fabric reinforcement had a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the tested geopolymer composite material.

Geopolymer has been emerging as an alternative to traditional materials in the construction industry, such as ordinary Portland cement and lime, which have a serious impact on the environment. This paper presented the mechanical strength depending on the sand content added to the geopolymer foam. A series of apparent density, curing age flexural and compression tests were performed on geopolymer foam added by fiber and sand (GMFS). The apparent density of GMFS decreased with longer curing age, but not significantly. The results showed that the combination of a higher ratio of sand with a longer curing age gave GMFS the best mechanical properties in flexural tests but did not show an improvement in the results of the compression test. These results indicated that GMFS was stable after seven days.

The submitted paper deals with the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer composite materials reinforced with natural fibres. For this study, we aimed to develop a geopolymer composite reinforced with long flax fibres, which were implemented in the geopolymer in the form of a nonwoven fabric that reinforced the structure of the geopolymer over the entire thickness of the board. In order to compare the properties of the developed composite with natural fibres, a geopolymer without fibres and a geopolymer reinforced with basalt fibres were also produced. The monitored mechanical properties were impact bending, bending strength and compressive strength. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microscopic analysis were also carried out. The results clearly showed the positive effect of the addition of natural fibres on impact bending and bending strength. However, the addition of natural fibres in the form of a nonwoven fabric significantly increased the variability of the properties of the developed composites. In addition, a different pattern of joint failure was noted between geopolymer reinforced with flax fibres and geopolymer reinforced with basalt fibres.

Geopolymers are modern, amorphous inorganic aluminosilicate polymers with specific composition and properties. However, to use a geopolymer as an engineering material, its mechanical properties need to be improved. As part of this work, a composite material was obtained-the matrix is a geopolymer, and the reinforcement is basalt fibers. Research on the reinforcement of geopolymer material with layers of basalt fabrics was carried out in order to verify the improvement of mechanical properties in relation to non-reinforced material. Static and dynamic mechanical tests for the evaluation of flexural, compressive, splitting tensile and impact strength were carried out. In case of flexural strength the increase was even 150 % and in the case of impact strength over 60 %. The developed basel fabric reinforcement had a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the tested geopolymer composite material.

In our project work, the possibilities of using fly ash and copper slag in concrete as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate was investigated. The advancements in concrete can reduce the consumption of natural and energy sources and lessen the burden of pollutants on environment. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. Presently large amounts of fly ash are generated in thermal industries with an important impact on environment and humans. The effect of fly ash on soils and microorganisms in the soils are influenced by the pH of the ash and trace metal concentration in the ash. Fly ash can become lodged in the deepest part of your lungs, where they trigger asthma, inflammation and immunological reaction. In the present investigation, the incorporation of fly ash and copper slag is studied.

This paper reports the results of a study on the formulation and characterization of lightweight concrete made with Cameroonian charcoal as coarse lightweight aggregate. Lightweight concrete is an old material and has been known around the world for over a quarter of a century. They are experiencing a renewed interest, which seems quite deserved because of their properties; it belongs to the family of special concretes. These characteristics suggest new applications. Lightweight concrete has low density than conventional concrete and the use of concrete of low density

This paper reports the results of a study on the formulation and characterization of lightweight concrete made with Cameroonian charcoal as coarse lightweight aggregate. Lightweight concrete is an old material and has been known around the world for over a quarter of a century. They are experiencing a renewed interest, which seems quite deserved because of their properties; it belongs to the family of special concretes. These characteristics suggest new applications. Lightweight concrete has low density than conventional concrete and the use of concrete of low density

This paper describes the results of an experimentation carried out at the ENEA laboratories of Trisaia Research Center concerning an innovative cellular concrete, covered by an international patent (patent WO/2019/049005): The Bio Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (BAAC). This innovative material preserves the characteristics of the commercial aerated Autoclavated concrete, but in its formulation the metallic aluminum powder does not cause the aeration process that determines the development of the porosity. On the contrary an organic agent is used as biocatalysts of hydrogen peroxide breakdown reactions, whereby molecular oxygen and water are obtained as reaction products. Many are the advantages deriving from the proposed new approach, considering the particular nature of the aerating agent: from the economic affordability, to a greater environmental sustainability thanks to simplification and safety of the entire production process. BAAC samples with a density of 500 kg/m 3 were produced and characterized by a physical and mechanical point of view, according to the technical standards. The results obtained are very similar to those of the AAC. The final product is therefore proposed as a green product, on which we are still working in order to include in the mix design components derived from by-products of other industrial processes.

The aim of BIO-CEM project is focused to test an innovative patented concrete aeration system in scale-up pre-industial production of aerated autoclaved concrete blocks. The aeration system refers to the Bio-Aerated Autoclavated Concrete (BAAC) international patent n°102017000101039 - WO/2019/049005, developed by the ENEA researchers. This activity research is included in the “Proof of Concept Program” granted by ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) in 2018, aiming to reduce the gap between research results and industrial application. The targets of BAAC innovation are addressed to energy saving, CO2 reduction and environmental sustainability, obtained also by complete recycling of waste materials. In this regard, preliminary experiments were conducted in laboratory to test different types of mix design for the optimization of quality parameters such as: mechanical strength, thermal insulation and environmental impact. Thes...

This paper describes the results of an experimentation carried out at the ENEA laboratories of Trisaia Research Center concerning an innovative cellular concrete, covered by an international patent (patent WO/2019/049005): The Bio Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (BAAC). This innovative material preserves the characteristics of the commercial aerated Autoclavated concrete, but in its formulation the metallic aluminum powder does not cause the aeration process that determines the development of the porosity. On the contrary an organic agent is used as biocatalysts of hydrogen peroxide breakdown reactions, whereby molecular oxygen and water are obtained as reaction products. Many are the advantages deriving from the proposed new approach, considering the particular nature of the aerating agent: from the economic affordability, to a greater environmental sustainability thanks to simplification and safety of the entire production process. BAAC samples with a density of 500 kg/m 3 were produced and characterized by a physical and mechanical point of view, according to the technical standards. The results obtained are very similar to those of the AAC. The final product is therefore proposed as a green product, on which we are still working in order to include in the mix design components derived from by-products of other industrial processes.

The aim of BIO-CEM project is focused to test an innovative patented concrete aeration system in scale-up pre-industial production of aerated autoclaved concrete blocks. The aeration system refers to the Bio-Aerated Autoclavated Concrete (BAAC) international patent n°102017000101039 - WO/2019/049005, developed by the ENEA researchers. This activity research is included in the “Proof of Concept Program” granted by ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) in 2018, aiming to reduce the gap between research results and industrial application. The targets of BAAC innovation are addressed to energy saving, CO2 reduction and environmental sustainability, obtained also by complete recycling of waste materials. In this regard, preliminary experiments were conducted in laboratory to test different types of mix design for the optimization of quality parameters such as: mechanical strength, thermal insulation and environmental impact. Thes...

In this study, aluminum dross, which is an industrial waste product from the aluminum casting industry, is used as an admixture in cement paste to observe its effects on the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance in the reinforced steel bars. The mass ratios of cement and aluminum dross used to prepare the cement paste with the controlled water ratio of 48.5 wt.%are1.00:0.05, 1.00:0.1, and 1.00:0.2. The effect the mass ratios of cement and aluminum dross and the average particle sizes of the aluminum dross (<45, 60 and 90 μm in diameter) on porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, and corrosion on the reinforced steel bars have been centered around. The results show that as the quantity of the aluminum dross increases, the porosity of cement paste increases but the bulk density and compressive strength of the paste decrease. In addition, as the particle size of the aluminum dross increases, both pore's size and bulk density increase but the compressive strength decreases. Nevertheless, it found that the addition of aluminum dross to the cement paste causes more corrosion on reinforced steel bar and also more fractured on cement paste.

In this study, aluminum dross, which is an industrial waste product from the aluminum casting industry, is used as an admixture in cement paste to observe its effects on the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance in the reinforced steel bars. The mass ratios of cement and aluminum dross used to prepare the cement paste with the controlled water ratio of 48.5 wt.%are1.00:0.05, 1.00:0.1, and 1.00:0.2. The effect the mass ratios of cement and aluminum dross and the average particle sizes of the aluminum dross (<45, 60 and 90 μm in diameter) on porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, and corrosion on the reinforced steel bars have been centered around. The results show that as the quantity of the aluminum dross increases, the porosity of cement paste increases but the bulk density and compressive strength of the paste decrease. In addition, as the particle size of the aluminum dross increases, both pore's size and bulk density increase but the compressive strength decreases. Nevertheless, it found that the addition of aluminum dross to the cement paste causes more corrosion on reinforced steel bar and also more fractured on cement paste.

In this study, aluminum dross, which is an industrial waste product from the aluminum casting industry, is used as an admixture in cement paste to observe its effects on the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance in the reinforced steel bars. The mass ratios of cement and aluminum dross used to prepare the cement paste with the controlled water ratio of 48.5 wt.%are1.00:0.05, 1.00:0.1, and 1.00:0.2. The effect the mass ratios of cement and aluminum dross and the average particle sizes of the aluminum dross (<45, 60 and 90 μm in diameter) on porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, and corrosion on the reinforced steel bars have been centered around. The results show that as the quantity of the aluminum dross increases, the porosity of cement paste increases but the bulk density and compressive strength of the paste decrease. In addition, as the particle size of the aluminum dross increases, both pore's size and bulk density increase but the compressive strength decreases. Nevertheless, it found that the addition of aluminum dross to the cement paste causes more corrosion on reinforced steel bar and also more fractured on cement paste.

In this study, aluminum dross, which is an industrial waste product from the aluminum casting industry, is used as an admixture in cement paste to observe its effects on the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance in the reinforced steel bars. The mass ratios of cement and aluminum dross used to prepare the cement paste with the controlled water ratio of 48.5 wt.%are1.00:0.05, 1.00:0.1, and 1.00:0.2. The effect the mass ratios of cement and aluminum dross and the average particle sizes of the aluminum dross (<45, 60 and 90 μm in diameter) on porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, and corrosion on the reinforced steel bars have been centered around. The results show that as the quantity of the aluminum dross increases, the porosity of cement paste increases but the bulk density and compressive strength of the paste decrease. In addition, as the particle size of the aluminum dross increases, both pore's size and bulk density increase but the compressive strength decreases. Nevertheless, it found that the addition of aluminum dross to the cement paste causes more corrosion on reinforced steel bar and also more fractured on cement paste.

This paper reports the results of a study on the formulation and characterization of lightweight concrete made with Cameroonian charcoal as coarse lightweight aggregate. Lightweight concrete is an old material and has been known around the world for over a quarter of a century. They are experiencing a renewed interest, which seems quite deserved because of their properties; it belongs to the family of special concretes. These characteristics suggest new applications. Lightweight concrete has low density than conventional concrete and the use of concrete of low density contributes to the reduction of the weight of the elements built with this concrete and subsequently the dimensions of the load-bearing elements, resulting in the reduction of the forces transmitted to the ground by the foundations, and consequently the dimensions of the latter, which allows the construction on soils of low bearing capacity. In this study, we first determined the characteristics of the constituent mate...

This study critically accessed the pore structure of Aer-Tech material through a scanning electronic microscopy test carried out on two basic mix samples, specimen with fibre glass and specimen without fiber glass. The research results had shown that mix with fiber glass have even distribution of fine and close pores resulting to high compressive strength and reduced void content, whilst mix without fiber glass shows clearly uneven distributed large size pores and open pores resulting to low compressive strength due to higher presence of void space. The scanning electronic microscopy of Aer-Tech sample had shown that through its image analysis that the Aer-tech microscopic structure are compassed with billions of air pores evenly connected. Appreciably, on axial compression co elapse acting similar to steel material. It is also observed that for sample without fibre glass there are a few large sized pores present and their number also increases with an increase in foam volume, which...

Aluminum dust is a by-product of aluminum dross recycling industry. There is some metallic aluminum in aluminum dust from composition analysis. In this paper, aluminum dust is used as aerating agent to replace metallic aluminum powder for the production of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The results showed that aluminum dust can successfully replace aluminum powder in AAC production and the gas generation capacity of aluminum dust is around one sixteenth of that of aluminum powder. However, the incorporation of aluminum dust into AAC paste can make a fast yield stress gain to the AAC paste. Therefore, comparing with aluminum powder AAC, aluminum dust AAC has smaller pore size, lower porosity, higher density and higher compressive strength. Furthermore, the porosity of aluminum dust AAC cannot be further increased by increasing aluminum dust dosage because higher aluminum dust dosage leads to a faster yield stress gain. In general, this paper revealed a viable way to recycle alumi...

It has been reported that sandblasting titanium with alumina (Al 2 O 3) powder could generate a negative electric charge on titanium surface. This has been proven to promote osteoblast activities and possibly osseointegration. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of different blasting materials, in terms of the grit sizes and electronegativity, on the generation of a negative charge on the titanium surface. The aim was also to make use of these results to deduct the underlying mechanism of charge generation by sandblasting. Together 60 c.p. 2 titanium plates were machine-cut and polished for sandblasting, and divided into 6 groups with 10 plates in each. Every plate in the study groups was sandblasted with one of the following 6 powder materials: 110 mm Al 2 O 3 grits, 50 mm Al 2 O 3 grits, 150-300 mm glass beads, 45-75 mm glass beads, 250 mm Al powder and 44 mm Al powder. The static voltage on the surface of every titanium plate was measured immediately after sandblasting. The static voltages of the titanium plates were recorded and processed using statistical analysis. The results suggested that only sandblasting with 45-75 mm glass beads generated a positive charge on titanium, while using all other blasting materials lead to a negative charge. Furthermore, blasting grits of the same powder material but of different sizes might lead to different amount and polarity of the charges. This triboelectric effect is likely to be the main mechanism for charge generation through sandblasting.

The use of solid waste for the development of new building materials has been an alternative to reduce environmental impacts through the preservation of natural resources. In this context, this paper evaluates the possibility of using agate gemstone waste, called rolled powder, which basically consists of silica (SiO 2), in the manufacture of aerated foamed concrete blocks completely replacing the natural sand. Preformed foam was used as the air entrained by mechanical stirring with a mixture of natural foaming agents derived from coconut. To produce test specimens, the water/cement ratio and foam concentrations were varied, with three and four levels, respectively. The specimens were left for 28 days at room temperature to be cured, and then underwent analysis to determine their compressive strength, density, and the distribution of air-voids. The experiments demonstrated that the best water/cement ratio was 1.28 for 18% (of total solid mass) addition of foam, which generated a sample with a density of 430 kg/m 3 , and a compressive strength of 1.07 MPa. The result for compressive strength is 11% smaller than the requirements of the Brazilian standard (NBR 13438) for autoclaved aerated concrete blocks, but the results are promising.

It has been reported that sandblasting titanium with alumina (Al 2 O 3) powder could generate a negative electric charge on titanium surface. This has been proven to promote osteoblast activities and possibly osseointegration. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of different blasting materials, in terms of the grit sizes and electronegativity, on the generation of a negative charge on the titanium surface. The aim was also to make use of these results to deduct the underlying mechanism of charge generation by sandblasting. Together 60 c.p. 2 titanium plates were machine-cut and polished for sandblasting, and divided into 6 groups with 10 plates in each. Every plate in the study groups was sandblasted with one of the following 6 powder materials: 110 mm Al 2 O 3 grits, 50 mm Al 2 O 3 grits, 150-300 mm glass beads, 45-75 mm glass beads, 250 mm Al powder and 44 mm Al powder. The static voltage on the surface of every titanium plate was measured immediately after sandblasting. The static voltages of the titanium plates were recorded and processed using statistical analysis. The results suggested that only sandblasting with 45-75 mm glass beads generated a positive charge on titanium, while using all other blasting materials lead to a negative charge. Furthermore, blasting grits of the same powder material but of different sizes might lead to different amount and polarity of the charges. This triboelectric effect is likely to be the main mechanism for charge generation through sandblasting.

In our project work, the possibilities of using fly ash and copper slag in concrete as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate was investigated. The advancements in concrete can reduce the consumption of natural and energy sources and lessen the burden of pollutants on environment. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. Presently large amounts of fly ash are generated in thermal industries with an important impact on environment and humans. The ef ect of fly ash on soils and microorganisms in the soils are influenced by the pH of the ash and trace metal concentration in the ash. Fly ash can become lodged in the deepest part of your lungs, where they trigger asthma, inflammation and immunological reaction. In the present investigation, the incorporation of fly ash and copper slag is studied.

In this study, aluminum white-powdered sludge, which is an industrial waste product from the aluminum-anodizing industry, is used as an admixture in cement paste to observe its effects on the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance in the reinforced steel bars. The mass ratio of cement and aluminum white-powdered sludge (particularly 1.00:0.05, 1.00:0.1, and 1.00:0.2) is used to prepare cement paste by using 48.5 wt.% water ratio. The effect of the mass ratio of cement and aluminum whitepowdered sludge (average particle size of the aluminum white-powdered sludge is less than 45 μm in diameter) on porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, and corrosion resistance have been centered around for this study. Based upon the results of study, as the quantity of the aluminum white-powdered sludge increases, the porosity of cement paste also increases; yet the bulk density and compressive strength of the paste, on the other hands, decrease. However, it was found that the addition of the aluminum white-powdered sludge to the cement paste causes more corrosion on reinforced steel bars and also more damaged on the cement pastes.

This paper reports the results of a study on the formulation and characterization of lightweight concrete made with Cameroonian charcoal as coarse lightweight aggregate. Lightweight concrete is an old material and has been known around the world for over a quarter of a century. They are experiencing a renewed interest, which seems quite deserved because of their properties; it belongs to the family of special concretes. These characteristics suggest new applications. Lightweight concrete has low density than conventional concrete and the use of concrete of low density contributes to the reduction of the weight of the elements built with this concrete and subsequently the dimensions of the load-bearing elements, resulting in the reduction of the forces transmitted to the ground by the foundations, and consequently the dimensions of the latter, which allows the construction on soils of low bearing capacity. In this study, we first determined the characteristics of the constituent materials of our lightweight concretes, and then we formulated our lightweight concretes through two distinct formulation methods, namely the Dreux-Gorisse method and the progressive introduction method. Following these formulations, we have made several samples of lightweight concretes. Using laboratory tests, we have determined some of the physical and mechanical characteristics of these lightweight concrete samples. The results showed that when the charcoal content increases in the concrete, its water absorption rate increases. This is accompanied by a decrease of the mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of concrete evolves with time. The tensile strength is about 5 times lower than the compressive strength. The lightweight concretes developed are applicable for masonry bricks production in accordance with SANS 1215, NF DTU 20- 1 (1999), NF P 14-304 (1983), NF EN 771-3 (2011) and NF EN 771-3 / CN (2012)

Geopolymer has been emerging as an alternative to traditional materials in the construction industry, such as ordinary Portland cement and lime, which have a serious impact on the environment. This paper presented the mechanical strength depending on the sand content added to the geopolymer foam. A series of apparent density, curing age flexural and compression tests were performed on geopolymer foam added by fiber and sand (GMFS). The apparent density of GMFS decreased with longer curing age, but not significantly. The results showed that the combination of a higher ratio of sand with a longer curing age gave GMFS the best mechanical properties in flexural tests but did not show an improvement in the results of the compression test. These results indicated that GMFS was stable after seven days.

Industrial plastic waste such as expanded polystyrene is very difficult to decompose naturally, this will have a global environmental impact. Large amount of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) industrial waste is a major problem in environmental pollution. This study aims to make a geocomposite wall panel consisting of a mixture of clay, activator and expanded polystyrene (EPS) and to determine the physical and mechanical properties as well as the flexural strength capacity of the clay geocomposite panel. This research is focused on the development of soil composites made by mixing shaved EPS with quicklime stabilization clay soil activation of resin and iron oxide with the Static Compaction Method based on volume ratios. EPS content of 40%, 50%, and 60%. Activator 20% for dry bulk weight and optimum moisture content. The material performance was analyzed by testing the composite material which included the flexural strength. Results show addition of EPS makes the flexural strength value decrease because the addition of EPS reduces the density value so that the stiffness of the soil decreases even though there is an activator.

This study was carried out to empirically examine the effectiveness of the use of available waste of construction materials in Jordan on the properties of Portland Pozzolan cement concrete by studying the effects of blending of local limestone powder waste as filler materials and local stone cutting powder (Al-Khamkha) with cement and sand on the performance of fresh and hardened limestone- Al-Khamkha– Portland Pozzolan cement concrete with different replacement of cement and fine aggregate. To study the performance of limestone-Al-Khamkha– Portland Pozzolan cement concrete , different concrete mixes were prepared with cement and sand blended with limestone powder and Al-Khamkha with replacement of Portland Pozzolan cement by limestone powder ( 0% , 5% , 10% and 20 % ) by weight of cement and replacement of fine sand by Al-Khamkha ( 0%, 5%, 7%, and 10% ) by weight of sand. Furthermore, studying the behavior of limestone- Al-Khamkha–Pozzolan cement concrete the concrete cubes specimens were cured in Dead Sea water for 28 days and three months and the compressive strength was investigated. The investigation of this study, therefore, has revealed that compressive strengths of concrete from 5% Lime powder and 5 % Al-Khamkha blended Portland Pozzolan cement increased the compressive strength by 7.41% more than the control concrete specimens. For the other replacement levels, reduction in compressive strength is observed. Observation on the test results also indicate that the compressive strength of all concrete specimens cured in Dead Sea water for 90 days was reduced

Non-Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (NAAC) is light weight concrete whose density is less than the clay bricks because of its foam-like structure. NAAC can be used as an alternative construction material in modern world. The purpose of this investigation is to replace clay bricks in construction with NAAC blocks. This paper adopts an experimental approach on the use of rice husk ash and marble powder as a partial replacement of cement in the production of NAAC. In this study the properties such as water absorption, density, compressive strength and split tensile strength of the prepared sample is checked. Percentage of aluminium powder used is 0.02 times total dry weight of material to design NAAC blocks having size 70.6mm×70.6mm×70.6mm. Material is filled up to 2/3rd height of mould. Results show that the optimum value of compressive strength of NAAC is obtained for combined replacement of cement with 5% of RHA and 5% of marble powder i.e. 5.22 N/mm2 . It is observed from the test result that these NAAC blocks can perform better than C-class clay bricks because of less water absorption and less density. Compressive strength obtained for sample is within the range of C- class bricks i.e. 5N/mm2 to 7.5N/mm2 . Cost obtained for all NAAC block is approximately equal to Rs. 3.5/block. The usage of NAAC block can reduce the cost of overall construction because of its less density it will reduce the overall dead load on structure which will result in less material requirement

In the present situation removal of waste materials is of incredible concern. Different enterprises like the steel industries, thermal power plants, and so on discarded a huge number of squanders. Moreover, quarry dust produced from smashers additionally a significant worry of removal. Additionally, the Flyash delivered by thermal power plants makes a lot of issues in a domain like air contamination, respiratory ailments. This investigation primarily manages the usage of Flyash and quarry residue to utilize them in a superior manner by the utilization of different engineering applications. In this investigation, a commix was set up by the option of Fly ash, lime, and gypsum in the fixed extents, and quarry dust was included the blend supplanting Fly ash by 10, 20, 30, and 40% by weight. By the addition of 20% of quarry dust and the examples and cured by burlap curing unconfined compressive strength was most noteworthy i.e., 51.653 KPa with 56 days curing period.

The waste material is frequently used by researchers globally due to little cost and effective results in engineering applications. Every year millions of ton of waste like Fly ash is generated from the kilns. In addition the sandy silt is produced on very large scale along the dam site which is dumped to the nearby site. The dumping of Fly ash from industries near habitable areas poses environmental threats like air pollution, water contamination and affects biodiversity. This work study aims at utilizing the waste material like Silty sand and Fly ash. In the study a mix was prepared by addition of Fly ash, Lime and gypsum in the fixed proportions and silty sand was added in the mix replacing Fly ash by 10, 20, 30 and 40% by weight. By addition of 10% of silty sand and the samples and cured by burlap method Unconfined compressive strength was highest i.e. 64.58 KPa with 56 days curing period.

Geopolymer has been emerging as an alternative to traditional materials in the construction industry, such as ordinary Portland cement and lime, which have a serious impact on the environment. This paper presented the mechanical strength depending on the sand content added to the geopolymer foam. A series of apparent density, curing age flexural and compression tests were performed on geopolymer foam added by fiber and sand (GMFS). The apparent density of GMFS decreased with longer curing age, but not significantly. The results showed that the combination of a higher ratio of sand with a longer curing age gave GMFS the best mechanical properties in flexural tests but did not show an improvement in the results of the compression test. These results indicated that GMFS was stable after seven days.