Abnormal Psychology

Deficits in explicit spatial memory, as well as abnormalities of the hippocampus and neighboring medial temporal structures, have been documented in schizophrenia and depression. Recent evidence relying on the contextual cueing paradigm has shown that integrity of these structures is crucial not only for explicit memory but also for implicit spatial memory. Using this paradigm, the authors show that implicit memory for spatial context is severely impaired in clinically depressed patients but reaches a normal level in schizophrenia patients, although in these patients, acquisition is slower than in controls. By contrast, implicit memory for isolated locations and colors is normal in both schizophrenia and depressed patients. These findings suggest an implicit memory impairment specific to spatial context in depression. The implications for research on the differences between schizophrenia and depression in abnormalities of the hippocampal system and for research on the neural correlates of contextual cueing are discussed.

Behavioral genetic investigations have consistently demonstrated large genetic influences for the core symptom dimensions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), namely inattention (INATT) and hyperactivity (HYP). Yet little is known regarding potential similarities and differences in the type of genetic influence (i.e., additive vs. nonadditive) on INATT and HYP. As these symptom dimensions form the basis of the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders subtype classification system, evidence of differential genetic influences would have important implications for research investigating causal mechanisms for ADHD. The current meta-analysis aimed to investigate the nature of etiological influences for INATT and HYP by comparing the type and magnitude of genetic and environmental influences each. A comprehensive literature search yielded 79 twin and adoption studies of INATT and/or HYP. Of these, 13 samples of INATT and 9 samples of HYP were retained for analysis. Results indicated that both dimensions were highly heritable (genetic factors accounted for 71% and 73% of the variance in INATT and HYP, respectively). However, the 2 dimensions were distinct as to the type of genetic influence. Dominant genetic effects were significantly larger for INATT than for HYP, whereas additive genetic effects were larger for HYP than for INATT. Estimates of unique environmental effects were small to moderate and shared environmental effects were negligible for both symptom dimensions. The pattern of results generally persisted across several moderating factors, including gender, age, informant, and measurement method. These findings highlight the need for future studies to disambiguate INATT and HYP when investigating the causal mechanisms, and particularly genetic influences, behind ADHD.

Behavioral genetic investigations have consistently demonstrated large genetic influences for the core symptom dimensions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), namely inattention (INATT) and hyperactivity (HYP). Yet little is known regarding potential similarities and differences in the type of genetic influence (i.e., additive vs. nonadditive) on INATT and HYP. As these symptom dimensions form the basis of the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders subtype classification system, evidence of differential genetic influences would have important implications for research investigating causal mechanisms for ADHD. The current meta-analysis aimed to investigate the nature of etiological influences for INATT and HYP by comparing the type and magnitude of genetic and environmental influences each. A comprehensive literature search yielded 79 twin and adoption studies of INATT and/or HYP. Of these, 13 samples of INATT and 9 samples of HYP were retained for analysis. Results indicated that both dimensions were highly heritable (genetic factors accounted for 71% and 73% of the variance in INATT and HYP, respectively). However, the 2 dimensions were distinct as to the type of genetic influence. Dominant genetic effects were significantly larger for INATT than for HYP, whereas additive genetic effects were larger for HYP than for INATT. Estimates of unique environmental effects were small to moderate and shared environmental effects were negligible for both symptom dimensions. The pattern of results generally persisted across several moderating factors, including gender, age, informant, and measurement method. These findings highlight the need for future studies to disambiguate INATT and HYP when investigating the causal mechanisms, and particularly genetic influences, behind ADHD.

Introduction: Forensic psychology plays a critical role in the criminal justice system, bridging the gap between psychology and law enforcement. One of its most signifi cant applications is in criminal profi ling, which involves the analysis of crime scene evidence, behavioral patterns, and psychological indicators to construct a profi le of potential offenders. This study explores the intersection of forensic psychology and criminal profi ling, focusing on how psychological principles aid in understanding and predicting criminal behavior. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of criminal profi ling as a tool in criminal investigations, and to examine the methodologies that underpin profi ling practices as a vital tool in the fi eld of forensic sciences. Methodology: Qualitative content analysis of documented criminal cases from reputable journals were reviewed for this study. Related articles were searched for from Google Scholar and Research Gate using the Keywords. A selection of high-profi le cases where profi ling signifi cantly contributed to suspect identifi cation were analyzed to assess the practical utility of psychological profi ling. Results: The results indicate that while criminal profi ling is not a standalone solution, it offers valuable insights when integrated with traditional investigative techniques. Psychological constructs such as personality disorders, cognitive distortions, and behavioral consistency were found to be instrumental in building accurate profi les. However, the fi ndings also highlight challenges including subjectivity, bias, and the risk of stereotyping, potentially compromising investigative objectivity. Conclusion: Forensic psychology, through the application of criminal profi ling, provides a powerful adjunct to investigative procedures. When used responsibly and in conjunction with empirical data and forensic evidence, profi ling can enhance the effi ciency and direction of criminal investigations. Continued research and standardization of profi ling methodologies are essential to maximize its reliability and effectiveness in modern forensic practice. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the practical roles and limitations of forensic psychology's role in the pursuit of justice.

In a laboratory smoking experiment, 25 couples in which 1 or both partners continued to smoke despite 1 of them having heart or lung disease discussed a health-related disagreement before and during a period of smoking. Immediately afterward, the partners used independent joysticks to recall their continuous emotional experience during the interaction while watching themselves on video. Participants in dual-smoker couples reported increased positive emotion contingent upon lighting up, whereas those in single-smoker couples reported the opposite. The results highlight the role of smoking in close relationships, particularly in regulating emotional closeness when both partners smoke. Attention to this fit between symptom and system may be useful in helping couples achieve stable cessation.

Multitasking is becoming ever more prevalent in learning contexts, so it is essential to know about its cognitive influence. While there is evidence that multitasking degrades executive function, others propose that its influence is context dependent. The current study investigated the association between internet multitasking and problem-solving capacity among 361 Sikkim college and university students (189 males, 172 females), with gender differences. Internet multitasking was measured with the 5-item Internet Multitasking Scale (Reinecke et al., 2016), which had high reliability (α = .84), and problem-solving was quantified with the 35-item Problem-Solving Inventory (Heppner & Peterson, 1982), which also had high reliability (α = .90). On this problem-solving scale, higher scores represent lower functional ability. Scores indicated that men did ever so marginally better at multitasking (M = 26.7) and problem-solving (M = 117) compared to women (M = 23.4 and 113, respectively). There was a large positive correlation (Spearman's ρ = 0.672, p < .001) indicating that there was more multitasking related to poorer functional problem-solving ability. There were gender differences on internet multitasking (p = 0.046), but not for problem-solving (p = 0.250). Regression analysis confirmed that internet multitasking significantly predicted problem-solving scores (β = 0.505, p < .001) with 25.5% of variance accounted for (R² = 0.255). Excessive multitasking may disable effective problem-solving. Future studies should investigate the relationship longitudinally, and educational institutions should promote reflective technology use to enable the cognitive potential of students.

The study examined mental disorder as a predictor of criminal behaviours among young adults. Sectional design was adopted and convenience sampling technique was used to draw the sample. A total of 141 participants were used. An average age of 21.50 years (SD = 2.19) was found. One hundred and seven (107) (75.9%) of all participants were male and thirty four (34) (24.1%) were female. Two instruments were used for data collection: NPD subscale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) and antisocial behavior questionnaire (ASBQ). It was hypothesized that narcissistic personality disorder will not significantly predict antisocial behavior among young adults. Regression results showed that Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) (β = .570, t = 8.17, p< .001) is a significant predictor of Antisocial Behaviour (ASB) among young adults, therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. In Conclusion, Mental illness is a very broad concept; however, various mental illnesses have been linked to criminal behavior. This implies that individuals with narcissistic personality disorders are predisposed to criminal behaviours. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended were that the services of psychologists should be employed in the law courts to examine the mental health of offenders, to aid the jury in deciding if they should be sent to prison or a psychiatric hospital for rehabilitation.

Studying germination in the native and non-native range of a species can provide unique insights into processes of range expansion and adaptation; however, traits related to germination have rarely been compared between native and nonnative populations. In a series of common garden experiments, we explored whether differences in the seasonality of precipitation, specifically, summer drought vs summer rain, and the amount and variation of annual and seasonal precipitation affect the germination responses of populations of an annual ruderal plant, Centaurea solstitialis, from its native range and from two non-native regions with different climates. We found that seeds from all native populations, irrespective of the precipitation seasonality of the region in which they occurred, and non-native populations from regions with dry summers displayed similarly high germination proportions and rates. In contrast, genotypes from the non-native region with predominantly summer rain exhibited much lower germination fractions and rates. Also, percent germination was strongly correlated with variation in precipitation in winter, the season that follows germination for C. solstitialis. Specifically, germination was lower for native and non-native populations experiencing greater variation in winter precipitation. This correlation, however, was greatly influenced by the non-native region with summer rain, which also exhibited the greatest variation in winter precipitation among studied regions. These results suggest that rather than general climatic patterns, the degree of risk experienced at early developmental stages could exert an important control over the germination strategy of C. solstitialis populations in both native and non-native ranges. Also, these findings reveal a largely unique germination response in C. solstitialis genotypes growing in the non-native region with summer rain and high variation in winter precipitation. Our work raises the possibility that rapid adaptive changes in germination strategies may contribute to the success of globally distributed invaders.

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with significantly elevated rates ofpsychiatric comorbidities, with anxiety disorders representing the most prevalent co-occurring
conditions. Despite growing recognition of this comorbidity, a concise synthesis of prevalencerates, underlying mechanisms, and effective interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder(GAD) in autistic adolescents remains needed.

A sample of 26 adult male hemophiliacs was divided into two groups on the basis of their psychosocial adjustment. The poorly adjusted group rated their mothers as significantly higher in tendencies toward dominating, overprotecting, and ignoring their children. In studying the psychosocial adjustment of hemophiliacs, it was observed that these Ss frequently were exposed to similar patterns of child rearing. Support was found in earlier studies Browne, Mally, & Kane, 1960) that mothers of hemophiliacs tend to overprotect and infantilize their sons. In fact, studies of juvenile diabetics (Swift, Seidman, & Stein, 1967) and of other children considered to be physically vulnerable ) also revealed the mothers' tendencies to protect, infantilize, and dominate their children. These attitudes seemed initially based on the realistic possibility of physical danger to the child; however, even when the children in these studies were old enough to fend for themselves, the mothers continued their protective roles. The mothers' attitudes in these studies seemed to reflect feelings of inadequacy as a childbearer and guilty feelings of having burdened a child with a chronic illness. Although feelings of guilt and responsibility were also apparent in mothers of diabetics and other chronically ill children, they may be more salient in mothers of hemophiliacs, for in this disease the defects in blood clotting are transmitted as sex-linked, recessive genetic traits by the carrier mother to the son. That is, the mother passes on a genetically determined condition which she herself does not have. Hemophilia is a life-long, serious condition, found almost exclusively in males and usually J-

Rumination in depression is a risk factor for longer, more intense, and harder-to-treat depressions. But there appear to be multiple types of depressive rumination -whether they all share these vulnerability mechanisms, and thus would benefit from the same types of clinical attention is unclear. In the current study, we examined neural correlates of empirically-derived dimensions of trait rumination in 35 depressed participants. These individuals and 29 never-depressed controls completed 17 self-report measures of rumination and an alternating emotion-processing/executivecontrol task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessment. We examined associations of regions of interest-the amygdala and other cortical regions subserving a potential role in deficient cognitive control and elaborative emotion-processing-with trait rumination. Rumination of all types was generally associated with increased sustained amygdala reactivity. When controlling for amygdala reactivity, distinct activity patterns in hippocampus were also associated with specific dimensions of rumination. We discuss the possibly utility of targeting more basic biological substrates of emotional reactivity in depressed patients who frequently ruminate.

The Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) was administered to girls with Turner's syndrome, their sisters, nonsiblings with growth retardation and primary amenorrhea, and to nurses. The results were compared to English and American normative values. The total group of Turner girls obtained a low Neuroticism (N) score compared to the control groups. When the total group was divided on the basis of their karyotypes, the low N score could be referred solely to girls with karyotype 45X, who scored significantly lower than any other group tested so far with the MPT. Turner girls with chromosomal abnormalities other than 45X scored within normal limits. No variables other than karyotype 4SX were related to an extremely low N score. It was accordingly concluded that exceptional emotional stability, as reflected in a very low N score on the MPI, is concomitant with the total absence of one sex chromosome, probably due to a developmental abnormality of the central nervous system.

The Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) was administered to girls with Turner's syndrome, their sisters, nonsiblings with growth retardation and primary amenorrhea, and to nurses. The results were compared to English and American normative values. The total group of Turner girls obtained a low Neuroticism (N) score compared to the control groups. When the total group was divided on the basis of their karyotypes, the low N score could be referred solely to girls with karyotype 45X, who scored significantly lower than any other group tested so far with the MPT. Turner girls with chromosomal abnormalities other than 45X scored within normal limits. No variables other than karyotype 4SX were related to an extremely low N score. It was accordingly concluded that exceptional emotional stability, as reflected in a very low N score on the MPI, is concomitant with the total absence of one sex chromosome, probably due to a developmental abnormality of the central nervous system.

The study has the background that between the human heart and the mind there must be synchronization in order for good behavior. The study was intended to identify Robert frager&#39;s view of qalb with the Sigmund Freud&#39;s theory of psychoanalysis and also to a ratio between qalb Robert Frager and psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud. The study is qualitative in style with the method of library research that uses comparative analysis to compare qalb&#39;s opinion with sigmund Freud&#39;s psychoanalysis. Qalb is a place where man attains his individuality to spiritual, spiritual knowledge, and human consciousness, and helps one to believe in something. Psychoanalysis is all human behavior based on unconsciousness. The study may conclude that qalb, with personalities, is indeed different. But in reality humans cannot rely on one aspect to do something good. Instinct is needed as an inducement for the personality to direct one&#39;s behavior, but man needs the heart as his guide.

Complications in the research into personality disorders may be rooted in the assumption within psychiatric diagnosis that underlying constructs are measured with equally valid observed items without rank or recognition of measurement error. The aim of this paper is to investigate the internal validity of DSM-IV (APA, 2000) paranoid personality disorder while accounting for measurement error and the continuous and categorical nature of the construct. General population data from the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (Singleton et al., 2001) was obtained from the Data Archives, University of Essex, England. Information from individuals with responses in the paranoid personality disorder section (n = 8393) of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II; First et al., 1997) screening questionnaire was analysed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item response theory (IRT), latent class analysis (LCA) and latent class factor analysis (LCFA) mixture m...

The publication reveals modern approaches to innovation management in the management of educational organizations, presents the content of the training of expert trainers according to the author's program "Managerial Competence of Managers in Forming the Psychological Readiness of Personnel for innovation activity" (Chudakova V.), as the basis for developing competence of individual competitiveness. The system of special psychological training is based on the experience of implementing the "Psychological and Organizational Technology for Forming the Readiness of the Personnel of Educational Organizations for Innovation Activities". It consists of two interrelated and complementary parts: "1. Model of expertise and correction of the organizational and innovative environment of educational organizations (external conditions)". Which includes two components: "1.1. Model of expertise the Organizational and Innovative Environment of Educational Organizations" and "1.2. Correctional model for creating a favorable organizational and innovative environment for educational organizations". "2. Model of expertise and correction of the psychological readiness of the personnel of educational organizations for innovative activity (internal conditions)". Which also includes two components: "2.1. Model of expertise of the internal psychological readiness of the personnel of educational organizations for innovative activities"; "2.2. Correctional multi-level model of reflective-innovative training, coaching". Diagnostic and corrective integrative tools are presented, as well as the results of mathematical and statistical analysis.

Research has found that perfectionism is associated with intense rumination about making mistakes, constant self-doubt, harsh self-criticism, as well as unreasonably high expectations , and these tend to significantly increase over time if treatment is not forthcoming . A promising factor that could help to mitigate these negative symptoms is mindset, which is generally defined as an individual's beliefs about the malleability of certain traits they hold, such as intelligence, personality, anxiety, or emotion. Chan (2012) theorizes that perfectionists who adopt a growth mindset, or believe that their traits can change, might be less threatened by inconsistencies between their expectations and performance and are better able to handle and learn from failure. This research study had 239 participants complete scales of perfectionism, psychological distress symptoms, mindset, and social media use to assess the direct and indirect effects of social media use and mindset as potential mediators of the relationship between perfectionism and psychological distress. Results show that an individual's specific mindset about anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between perfectionism and psychological distress. The current research may offer preliminary evidence as to the factors influencing maladaptive vs. more adaptive forms of perfectionism. To my supervisor, Dr. William Whelton, thank you for facilitating my success through your outstanding guidance. To Dr. Don Sharpe, thank you for the continual consultations and feedback required for the statistic analyzes. I also wish to thank the University of Alberta and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, as they enabled the completion of this project.

Maternal antenatal depression strongly influences child mental health but with considerable inter-individual variation that is, in part, linked to genotype. The challenge is to effectively capture the genotypic influence. We outline a novel approach to describe genomic susceptibility to maternal antenatal depression focusing on child emotional/behavioral difficulties. Two cohorts provided measures of maternal depression, child genetic variation, and child mental health symptoms. We constructed a conventional polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (PRSADHD) that significantly moderated the association between maternal antenatal depression and internalizing problems at 60 months (p = 2.94 × 10−4, R2 = .18). We then constructed an interaction PRS (xPRS) based on a subset of those single nucleotide polymorphisms from the PRSADHD that most accounted for the moderation of the association between maternal antenatal depression and child outcome. The i...

The school is a complex organization and its environment made up of a heterogeneous population. Different groups in the population have conflicting needs seeking for attention. If not well managed and resolved, properties, lives and academic hours of unimaginable magnitude may be lost. The Headteacher is the primary conflict manager. His/her knowledge on the strategies for management of conflicts is a necessity for a conducive work environment towards the effective attainment of educational objectives at the primary level of education. This paper x-rays the current state of conflict management, the consequent effects and proffers strategies for effective resolution of conflicts by Headteachers at the primary school for attainment of educational goals.

Recent proposals for revisions to the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria have argued that the current symptom constellation under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 is unwieldy and includes many symptoms that overlap with other disorders. The newly proposed criteria for the ICD-11 include only 6 symptoms. However, restricting the symptoms to those included in the ICD-11 has implications for PTSD diagnosis prevalence estimates, and it remains unclear whether these 6 symptoms are most strongly associated with a diagnosis of PTSD. Network analytic methods, which assume that psychiatric disorders are networks of interrelated symptoms, provide information regarding which symptoms are most central to a network. We estimated network models of PTSD in a national sample of veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. In the full sample, the most central symptoms were persistent ...

A sample of 450 adult clinical subjects reporting sexual abuse histories were
studied regarding their repression of sexual abuse incidents. A total of 267 subjects (59.3%) identified some period in their lives, before age 18, when they had no memory of their abuse. Variables most predictive of abuse-related amnesia were greater current psychological symptoms, molestation at an early age, extended abuse, and variables reflecting especially violent abuse (e.g., victimization by multiple perpetrators, having been physically injured as a result of the abuse, victim fears of death if she or he disclosed the abuse to others). In contrast, abuse characteristics more likely to produce psychological conflict (e.g., enjoyment of the abuse, acceptance of bribes, feelings of guilt or shame) were riot associaled with abuse-related amnesia. The results of [his study are interpreted as supporting Freud’s initial “seduction hypothesis, ’’ as well as more recent theories of post-traumatic dissociation.

The purpose of this study was to explore the professional and personal reintegration experiences of Filipino mathematics teachers upon returning to their home country after completing the J-1 Teacher Exchange Program in the United States. The research aimed to explore the challenges faced, adaptation strategies employed, and the broader implications of international teaching experiences on re-entry. Through in-depth interviews with former J-1 teachers, the study uncovered themes related to reverse culture shock, shifts in professional identity, career advancement and professional development, professional and interpersonal relationships, professional and cultural re-entry challenges, and the reintegration process and the policies adoption. Findings reveal that while participants gained valuable skills and global perspectives during their time abroad, many encountered difficulties in re-establishing their professional roles and navigating cultural readjustment. Nonetheless, their resilience, reflective practices, and commitment to educational excellence enabled them to adapt and continue making meaningful contributions in their local contexts. The study offers insights for policymakers, educational institutions, and returning educators in developing more supportive re-entry pathways and maximizing the benefits of global teaching experiences.

The construct of tobacco dependence is important from both scientific and public health perspectives, but it is poorly understood. The current research integrates person-centered analyses (e.g., latent profile analysis) and variable-centered analyses (e.g., exploratory factor analysis) to understand better the latent structure of dependence and to guide distillation of the phenotype. Using data from four samples of smokers (including treatment and non-treatment samples), latent profiles were derived using the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) subscale scores. Across all four samples, results revealed a unique latent profile that had relative elevations on four dependence motive subscales (Automaticity, Craving, Loss of Control, and Tolerance). Variablecentered analyses supported the uniqueness of these four subscales both as measures of a common factor distinct from that underlying the other nine subscales, and as the strongest predictors of relapse, withdrawal and other dependence criteria. Conversely, the remaining nine motives carried little unique predictive validity regarding dependence. Applications of a factor mixture model further support the presence of a unique class of smokers in relation to a common factor underlying the four subscales. The results illustrate how person-centered analyses may be useful as a supplement to variable-centered analyses for uncovering variables that are necessary and/or sufficient predictors of disorder criteria, as they may uncover small segments of a population in which the variables are uniquely distributed. The results also suggest that severe dependence is associated with a pattern of smoking that is heavy, pervasive, automatic and relatively unresponsive to instrumental contingencies.

In Study 1, virtuoso (n = 13; passed more than 10 suggestions on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A [HGSHS:A] and Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C), high hypnotizable (n = 14; passed more than 8 suggestions on the HGSHS:A), and medium hypnotizable (n = 17; passed 4-8 suggestions on the HGSHS:A) Ss were administered a hypnotic dream suggestion followed by a "dream hidden observer" suggestion (i.e., access hidden part; have new thoughts and images pertinent to dream). The majority of Ss reported dreams (81.8%) and hidden observers (80%), with hidden reports being characterized by more personal content, less primary processes, and poorer recall than dream reports. Study 2 replicated major findings. Although hypnotized (n = 18) and low hypnotizable simulating Ss (n = 17) responded comparably on most measures, hypnotizable Ss' dreams contained more primary process than did simulating Ss, providing support for M. R. Nash's (1991) psychoanalytic model.

Objective: The evidence is mixed on whether cannabis use is associated with a particular symptomatology in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. The authors set out to investigate a) patterns of association between cannabis use and transdiagnostic symptom dimensions; b) whether the extent of use of cannabis contributes to the variation in clinical and subclinical symptom profiles. Method: The authors analysed data from 901 patients and 1235 controls recruited across six countries, as part of the European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study. Item response modelling was used to estimate two bifactor models, which included general and specific dimensions of psychotic symptoms in patients and psychotic experiences in controls. The associations between these dimensions and cannabis use was evaluated using linear mixed effects models analyses. Results: In patients, there was a linear relationship between the positive symptom d...

Growing evidence suggests that abnormalities in the synchronized oscillatory activity of neurons in schizophrenia may lead to impaired neural activation and temporal coding and thus lead to neurocognitive dysfunctions, such as deficits in facial affect recognition. To gain an insight into the neurobiological processes linked to facial affect recognition, we investigated both induced and evoked oscillatory activity by calculating the Event Related Spectral Perturbation (ERSP) and the Inter Trial Coherence (ITC) during facial affect recognition. Fearful and neutral faces as well as nonface patches were presented to 24 patients with schizophrenia and 24 matched healthy controls while EEG was recorded. The participants' task was to recognize facial expressions. Because previous findings with healthy controls showed that facial feature decoding was associated primarily with oscillatory activity in the theta band, we analyzed ERSP and ITC in this frequency band in the time interval of 140 -200 ms, which corresponds to the N170 component. Event-related theta activity and phase-locking to facial expressions, but not to nonface patches, predicted emotion recognition performance in both controls and patients. Event-related changes in theta amplitude and phase-locking were found to be significantly weaker in patients compared with healthy controls, which is in line with previous investigations showing decreased neural synchronization in the low frequency bands in patients with schizophrenia. Neural synchrony is thought to underlie distributed information processing. Our results indicate a less effective functioning in the recognition process of facial features, which may contribute to a less effective social cognition in schizophrenia.

Growing evidence suggests that abnormalities in the synchronized oscillatory activity of neurons in schizophrenia may lead to impaired neural activation and temporal coding and thus lead to neurocognitive dysfunctions, such as deficits in facial affect recognition. To gain an insight into the neurobiological processes linked to facial affect recognition, we investigated both induced and evoked oscillatory activity by calculating the Event Related Spectral Perturbation (ERSP) and the Inter Trial Coherence (ITC) during facial affect recognition. Fearful and neutral faces as well as nonface patches were presented to 24 patients with schizophrenia and 24 matched healthy controls while EEG was recorded. The participants' task was to recognize facial expressions. Because previous findings with healthy controls showed that facial feature decoding was associated primarily with oscillatory activity in the theta band, we analyzed ERSP and ITC in this frequency band in the time interval of 140 -200 ms, which corresponds to the N170 component. Event-related theta activity and phase-locking to facial expressions, but not to nonface patches, predicted emotion recognition performance in both controls and patients. Event-related changes in theta amplitude and phase-locking were found to be significantly weaker in patients compared with healthy controls, which is in line with previous investigations showing decreased neural synchronization in the low frequency bands in patients with schizophrenia. Neural synchrony is thought to underlie distributed information processing. Our results indicate a less effective functioning in the recognition process of facial features, which may contribute to a less effective social cognition in schizophrenia.

Violent behaviors among adolescents serve as a disruption to many aspects of society. If these behaviors remain uncorrected, there is increased potential for serious self-harm, harm to others, incarceration, and escalation of violence into homicide or suicide. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between youth exposure to community violence and adolescents' social information processing underlying aggressive responses, as well as the potential role of gender in moderating this relationship. A sample of 160 male and female 18-year-olds from the Midwestern United States completed an online survey, which included the Things I Have Seen and Heard (TISH) Scale to assess exposure to community violence and a measure of aggressive responding to ambiguous social situations, based on 4 vignettes devised by Crick and Dodge. The data were analyzed using moderated multiple regression analysis and correlational analysis. Results indicated that a relationship between community violence

Zeolites are inorganic materials with intrinsic microporous properties. Basically they are aluminasilicates constituted from a three dimensional network of SiO 4 and AlO 4 tetrahedra. This type of materials may have very interesting applications like adsorbents or molecular sieves. In this study, mass transfer properties of supported MFI zeolite membranes at high pressure are established using a new experimental methodology. The aim of this study was the analysis of the mass transfer of a compressed carbon dioxide through microporous zeolite membranes in order to characterize its structural parameters, identifying mass transfer mechanisms under high pressure conditions. This type of materials can be used like molecular sieves, since they present a crystalline structure with interstitial micropores of a mean pore diameter of 0.55 nm. For this purpose, we studied the mass transfer of high pressure CO 2 through microporous MFI zeolite membranes using a new experimental methodology in order to determine the permeance of carbon dioxide using an original apparatus operating in transient state. Carbon dioxide is used in experiments taking into account several applications reported in the literature coupling recovery or separation of this compound from gaseous solutions with inorganic molecular sieves. Values of flux (mol m -2 s -1 ) and permeance (mol m -2 s -1 Pa -1 ) have been obtained experimentally. This new experimental device allows estimating permeance values between 3.59 * 10 -9 and 7.51 * 10 -7 mol m -2 s -1 Pa -1 ) when the values of feed pressure are ranged between 3 and 14 MPa and the temperature varies between 25 and 100ºC. These values are coherent with the microscopic nature of pores, showing that the zeolite layer deposed on the macroporous support was synthesized without macroporous defaults. An activated diffusion through the micropores might be identified in the gas phase, but under supercritical conditions (P > P c , T > T c ) an irreversible modification of transport properties was observed. This behavior was explained by a limited mechanical resistance of the membrane at high pressure conditions. In supercritical conditions, mass transfer could be controlled by a combination of diffusion through mesoscopic and microscopic porosity.

Although there is increasing support for the hypothesis that negative cognitive styles contribute vulnerability to depression, it remains unclear how best to conceptualize the heterogeneity in cognitive vulnerability to depression. Specifically, does this heterogeneity reflect quantitative or qualitative differences among individuals? The goal of this study was to address this question by examining whether the underlying structure of cognitive vulnerability to depression is best conceptualized as dimensional or categorical. Taxometric analyses provided consistent support for the dimensional nature of negative cognitive styles. It appears, therefore, that cognitive vulnerability to depression is best conceptualized as a dimensional construct, present to a greater or lesser extent in all individuals. Despite this, the strength of the relationship between negative cognitive styles and depressive symptoms does appear to vary as a function of where along the cognitive style continuum one falls.

Depression is a debilitating mental illness with clear developmental patterns from childhood through late adolescence. Here, we present data from the Gene Environment Mood (GEM) study, which used an accelerated longitudinal cohort design with youth (N = 665) starting in 3 rd , 6 th , and 9 th grades, and a caretaker, who were recruited from the general community, and were then assessed repeatedly via semi-structured diagnostic interviews every 6-months over 3 years

One of the limitations on developing more progressive applied psychology training is the teaching received by students at undergraduate level. In this study, we focus on the provision of teaching about mental health or its equivalents (e.g. abnormal psychology and clinical psychology) on UK undergraduate psychology programmes. Most students who go on to train as clinical psychologists will have received teaching on modules like these. A survey questionnaire was sent to 109 university departments which might offer a module in mental health mental health module and 348 individuals who might be involved in such modules. The majority of programmes responding offered a mental health module, which was available each year as an optional subject. A number of findings on the content and delivery of the modules are reported and a number of recommendations are made including more involvement from practitioners and service users. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Аннотация. Выделяются три проблемы, которые, по мнению авторов, возникнут перед российской психологией в ближайшее десятилетие: принятие психологами новой картины современного общества в стадии "модерн-постмодерн" с его киборгизацией и опасностью трансгуманизма; поиск психологического противодействия терроризму путем перестройки системы ценностей с деструктивных на конструктивно ориентированные; сохранение самобытности российской психологии, отражающей многомерную ментальность ее носителей, усиление ее практической направленности и создание методологии практической психологии.

In this study, the authors examined the nature of emotion perception in schizophrenia. Two samples of people with schizophrenia, one receiving acute care for a recent exacerbation of symptoms and the other receiving extended care, were compared with a nonclinical control group on emotion perception and general perception measures. The nonclinical control group obtained the highest scores on all of the study measures, and the acutely ill group obtained the lowest scores. Furthermore, the acutely ill sample had a specific deficit in emotion perception that remained present after controlling for performance on the general perception tasks. Conversely, the deficits in emotion discrimination in the extended-care sample reflected generalized poor performance. Differences in performance on the emotion identification task between the 2 clinical groups were reduced when controlling for active symptoms. Individuals with schizophrenia are impaired in their ability to recognize the facial affect of others . This deficit may be more pronounced during acute than remitted stages of the illness , although there is some evidence for stable deficits across phases of the disorder . Finally, this impairment may reflect generalized poor performance rather than a specific deficit in emotion perception . A number of extensions can be made on previous research in this area. First, the majority of studies investigating the gen-

Fotografi sebagai medium visual bukan sahaja berperanan dalam komunikasi estetik, tetapi juga berpotensi besar dalam intervensi psikologi moden. Artikel ini membincangkan fotografi sebagai satu bentuk terapi psikologi yang berasaskan ekspresi diri, pengurusan emosi, dan pemulihan trauma. Dengan memanfaatkan proses kreatif dan visual dalam fotografi, klien dapat mengeksplorasi identiti, memproses pengalaman hidup, dan menstruktur semula naratif peribadi mereka. Kajian ini meninjau penggunaan fotografi dalam konteks terapi, mekanisme psikologinya, serta cadangan aplikasinya dalam kerangka terapi naratif, terapi seni ekspresif dan rawatan trauma.

Fifty-three women outpatients participated in short-term therapy groups for incest survivors. This treatment modality proved to be a powerful stimulus for recovery of previously repressed traumatic memories. A relationship was observed between the age of onset, duration, and degree of violence of the abuse and the extent to which memory of the abuse had been repressed. Three out of four patients were able to validate their memories by obtaining corroborating evidence from other sources. The therapeutic function of recovering and validating traumatic memories is explored. The connection between a history of childhood sexual trauma and psychological disturbance in adult life was first proposed by Freud almost a century ago . Freud soon disavowed what came to be known as his "seduction theory" because he found it impossible to believe that sexual abuse of children could be so prevalent as his theory would imply . More recently, however, a large body of evidence has been developed indicating that sexual abuse of children is indeed much more common than previously had been supposed. Large-scale surveys conducted with nonclinical populations yield estimates that for girls, the risk of a sexual assault prior to adolescence is approximately 1 in 4 (Kinsey, Pomeroy, , and for boys, approximately 1 in 10 ( . Because the great majority of these assaults are undetected at the time of occurrence, no long-term prospective study of their sequelae has ever been conducted. However, the preponderance of evidence from retrospective studies indicates that many child victims do experience persistent problems in Requests for reprints should be sent to Judith

Fifty-three women outpatients participated in short-term therapy groups for incest survivors. This treatment modality proved to be a powerful stimulus for recovery of previously repressed traumatic memories. A relationship was observed between the age of onset, duration, and degree of violence of the abuse and the extent to which memory of the abuse had been repressed. Three out of four patients were able to validate their memories by obtaining corroborating evidence from other sources. The therapeutic function of recovering and validating traumatic memories is explored. The connection between a history of childhood sexual trauma and psychological disturbance in adult life was first proposed by Freud almost a century ago . Freud soon disavowed what came to be known as his "seduction theory" because he found it impossible to believe that sexual abuse of children could be so prevalent as his theory would imply . More recently, however, a large body of evidence has been developed indicating that sexual abuse of children is indeed much more common than previously had been supposed. Large-scale surveys conducted with nonclinical populations yield estimates that for girls, the risk of a sexual assault prior to adolescence is approximately 1 in 4 (Kinsey, Pomeroy, , and for boys, approximately 1 in 10 ( . Because the great majority of these assaults are undetected at the time of occurrence, no long-term prospective study of their sequelae has ever been conducted. However, the preponderance of evidence from retrospective studies indicates that many child victims do experience persistent problems in Requests for reprints should be sent to Judith

A análise de redes é uma técnica estatística gráfica que permite a rápida visualização e interpretação de associações entre múltiplas variáveis. Ainda existem poucos estudos com conteúdo teórico sobre esse método, especialmente nas áreas de pesquisa da geriatria e gerontologia, as quais abrangem o estudo de diferentes variáveis sociais, clínicas ou de saúde física e mental. Os objetivos deste estudo foram apresentar os principais aspectos teóricos e demonstrar a aplicabilidade da análise de rede por meio de estudos que utilizaram essa técnica, oferecendo uma linguagem acessível para todos os níveis de conhecimento em estatística. Foram demonstrados as principais características dos gráficos, conceitos teóricos básicos e artigos científicos que utilizaram redes. O presente estudo metodológico pode auxiliar o leitor na compreensão desse método analítico, ainda pouco explorado no âmbito da pesquisa nacional. Nas áreas de geriatria e gerontologia há escassez de pesquisas que abordam essa temática, entretanto o avanço tecnológico, a disponibilidade de programas estatísticos com novos recursos de análise de dados e a divulgação de informações são fatores relevantes para a expansão do conhecimento e a utilização da análise de redes.

Makalah ini membahas konsep dasar gangguan psikologis (abnormalitas) dalam psikologi, termasuk kriteria penentu abnormalitas, serta berbagai pendekatan dalam memahaminya, seperti perspektif biologis, psikologis, sosial-budaya, dan biopsikososial. Gangguan psikologis dipahami sebagai pola perilaku yang menyimpang dari norma sosial dan menyebabkan penderitaan serta disfungsi dalam kehidupan individu. Analisis kasus tokoh publik seperti Demi Lovato, Carrie Fisher, dan penyanyi Kpop digunakan untuk menggambarkan penerapan teori abnormalitas dalam kehidupan nyata. Pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang abnormalitas penting untuk mengurangi stigma dan meningkatkan kesadaran akan kesehatan mental.

Sleep disturbance is common in schizophrenia, but its role in predicting functioning and psychotic symptoms has yet to be rigorously examined. The purpose of this study was to conduct a prospective, high-resolution examination of the relationship between nightly sleep and next-day functioning and psychotic symptoms in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Experience sampling methodology was integrated with actigraphy and sleep diaries across 7 days in 22 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Momentary assessments of mood, psychotic symptoms, and functioning were gathered at 5 points each day following pseudorandom schedules. Multilevel modeling was performed to evaluate the links between variables. Objective and subjective sleep disturbance predicted reduced next-day functioning, which remained significant after controlling for psychotic symptom severity. Increased sleep fragmentation and reduced subjective and objective sleep efficiency predicted greater next-day auditory...

Cross-cultural and gender differences as predictors of workaholic and perfectionist attitudes during the Covid-19 pandemic ABSTRACT. This cross-cultural study examines the phenomena of workaholism and perfectionism across European and Asian cultures during the Covid-19 pandemic. A total of 2617 recipients aged 18-70 years from Asia (China, India and Indonesia) and Europe (Bulgaria, Germany and Hungary) completed questionnaires about workaholism (DUWAS) and perfectionism (MPS). The study's goal was to reveal whether Asian and European cultures mediate differently the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on these phenomena, and change their psychological dimensions in a different way. The results were processed with SPSS-25 and analysis of the data revealed that the way in which Covid-19 affects workaholics' and perfectionists' attitudes depends on cultural and gender differences. For example, the cultural differences affect the dimensions of workaholism (workaholism excessive / workaholism compulsive) in such a way that in the Asian sample, unlike the European, there is a significant increase in the level of workaholism compulsive. Concerning perfectionism, the analysis reveals that when comparing the two samples, the representatives of Asian culture, unlike European participants, show a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the levels of the three dimensions self-oriented, other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Particularly remarkable are the differences concerning socially prescribed perfectionism in the Asian sample (d = 0.56; d = 0.55), which reflects the individual's desire to be perfect in order to meet the expectations of others.

Psikologi" berasal dari kata Yunani "logos", yang berarti "ilmu," dan "psyche", yang berarti "jiwa." Psikologi pertama kali didefinisikan sebagai ilmu tentang jiwa, tetapi para filsuf seperti Rene Descartes dan Sir Francis Galton kemudian menghubungkannya dengan refleksi dan kesadaran. Psikologi berkembang sebagai ilmu yang mempelajari perilaku manusia secara sistematis dan ilmiah sejak Wilhelm Wundt mendirikan laboratorium psikologi pertama di Leipzig pada tahun 1879. Konsep jiwa telah dibahas oleh para filsuf Yunani Kuno sepanjang sejarah. Berbeda dengan Anaximenes, Thales percaya bahwa udara adalah unsur dasar kehidupan. Gagasan bahwa sesuatu yang tak terbatas berasal dari segala sesuatu diperkenalkan oleh Anaximander. Berbeda dengan Plato, Aristoteles menganggap pengalaman empiris sebagai sumber utama pengetahuan. Sebaliknya, Socrates menciptakan cara berbicara yang memungkinkan orang untuk mengeksplorasi pengetahuan yang sudah ada dalam diri mereka sendiri. Teori-teori ini menentukan perkembangan psikologi kontemporer.