Nanoscience and nanotechnology – driving research and applications

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development|, 2019

This paper provides an overview of advancements in the emerging field of nanotechnology in segments like conventional materials, electronics, medicine, energy conservation, and transportation. Also, discussion on how this technology provides mobility, intelligence, and nano-structures in the devices that are carrying out needs of typical individuals, where those people are not in the position to do these kinds of stuff over the past decades. Nano-manufacturing in the medical field, providing nanoscale devices to save lives and helps explore human anatomy in deep. Nano-manufacturing gives a deep insight into the emerging techniques in building futuristic products, which are science fiction for our existing generation.

IEEE Circuits & Devices, 2004

S ince 1959, when Richard Feynman first imagined the construction of things from atom assembly , nanotechnology research has been active [2]- with the hope of creating natural or artificial entities measuring less than 100 nm, which lie at the crossroads of electronics, biology, chemistry, physics, molecular manufacturing, materials engineering, biology and bioengineering ( ). Considerable efforts and money [5], are being directed towards the development of enabling technologies, such as the integration of down-and bottomup design and manufacturing technologies are used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication, miniaturization by scaling of devices and lines in hard lithography, while bottom-up assembly technologies aim to create new materials through innovative atom and molecule assembly through molecular manufacturing techniques . This bottom-up, self-assembly aproach has two current interpretations: the self-assembly by self-replication akin to DNA-guided multiplication of cells in biological systems and the chemical self-assembly of molecules in an aqueous solution. Chemical selfassembly produces small molecules by arrangement of atoms through (random) bumping of molecules in the solution. This method produces small bio-polymers and crystals but does not scale up well to form larger molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, antigens and antibodies. This approach is based on the use and mechanization [58] of soft-lithography-or creation through biotechnology of new materials, miniaturization of instrumentation, better information technology, computer modeling and other enabling technologies. Ideally, these new materials and technologies should be used to improve the human condition in a variety of applications, such as better energy delivery methods, sustainable energy systems, eco-efficient materials [51] and specific drug design and delivery methods. For example, the low efficiency of solar cells is being studied at the molecular level to try to understand the mechanisms of quantum solar energy at work in solar cells that cause efficiency degradation over time to compensate for it . Biotechnology applications, such as medical implants of organic materials, cancer treatment by direct targeting of medicine (see ) that can navigate and detect the bad cells to destroy them, genetic therapies stemming from a better understanding of the human genome, and new organically synthesized bone materials are other promising areas of research and applications for nanotechnology. Other technologies include intelligent textiles, transgenically grown food free from disease, and other information technology, telecom, and transportation applications[7], as well as bio-sensors designed for defense purposes [50]. In a cross-disciplinary research effort, such as nanotechnology is useful to communicate the information and research efforts to form a conceptual mental map of the state-of-the-art R&D in nanotechnology today , .

2012

The emerging fields of nanoscience and nanoengineering are leading to unprecedented understanding and control over the fundamental building blocks of all physical matter. This is likely to change the way almost everythingfrom vaccines to computers to automobile tires to objects not yet imagined-is designed and made. Use it as a prefix for any unit like a second or a meter and it means a billionth of that unit. A nanosecond is one billionth of a second. And a nanometer is one billionth of a meter-about the length of a few atoms lined up shoulder to shoulder. A world of things is built up from the tiny scale of nanometers. The thousands of cellular proteins and enzymes that constitute eg., The human bodies are a few nanometers thick. Enzymes typically are constructions of thousands of atoms in precise molecular structures that span some tens of nanometers. That kind of natural nanotechnology is about ten times smaller than some of the smallest synthetic nanotechnology that has been prepared until now. The individual components of an Intel Pentium III microprocessor span about 200 nanometers. This is the reason that computing is so powerful and easy these days. Nanotechnology makes microelectronics to be mere hints of what will come from engineering that begins on the even smaller scales of nanostructures. Nanostructure science and technology is a broad and interdisciplinary area of research and development activity that has been growing explosively worldwide in the past few years. It has the potential for revolutionizing the ways in which materials and products are created and the range and nature of functionalities that can be accessed. It is already having a significant commercial impact, which will assuredly increase in the future. In this paper, we have reviewed briefly some nano materials related works already published or available in the internet with organized manner.

International Journal Of Scientific Advances, 2021

Nanotechnology is the science that studies the use of matter on a nanometric scale. It is the promising means of manipulating individual atom and molecule of an object at the nanoscale. It is an emerging science which is expected to have strong future developments. Although it is hard to predict what will happen to nanotechnology in the next 100 years, we know that nanotechnology will be a powerful tool of science and technology in the future. This paper introduces recent trends in nanotechnology and its future scope. It also addresses known barriers to future progress in nanotechnology and its applications.