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Outline

Title
Abstract
Summary in English
Sunflower as a Model for Dormancy Study
Material and Methods
Plant Material
Physiological Study
Biochemical Study
Molecular Study
Design of Primers
Discussion
General Remarks and Future Developments
References

Co-tutelle doctoral thesis realized during

Profile image of Krystyna OraczKrystyna Oracz

2013

Abstract

Regulatory role of hydrogen cyanide in dormancy removal of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) embryos

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Analysis of the Results of the Reduction of Cyanide Acid Content in Hevea brasiliensis Seeds
Teguh Darsono

Journal of natural sciences and mathematics research, 2019

Rubber seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) are part of rubber plants that have not been utilized optimaly. The content contained in rubber seeds is sufficient, including fat content of 68.53 g/100 g, proteins 17.41 g/100 g, and carbohydratees 6.99 g/100 g. However, the obstacle faced is the presence of toxic compounds found in rubber seeds namely cyanide acid (HCN) which is very dangerous if it enters the body. The purpose of this study is to find out the right treatment to reduce the content of cyanide acid so that the rubber seeds can be utilized. The research method uses experimental comparative. The variation used in the reduction process is to soak the rubber seeds respectively for 12, 24, and 36 hours by replacing the immersion water once every 2 hours, then boil the rubber seeds into 2 liters of water for 2 hours by replacing the boiled water for 1 hour. The results showed that the greatest decrease in cyanide acid content occurred during soaking for 36 hours with boiling for 2 hours.

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Use of immature seed germination technique as an alternative to in vitro culture of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) embryos
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The importance of developing new techniques that would simplify the complexity and operative costs of genetic breeding plans has been widely recognized. In that sense, germination from immature seeds in sunflower is a simpler and cheaper alternative to that of in vitro embryo culture, as it is produced in non-sterile conditions. Different techniques to maximize germination percentage were tested using 15 day old seeds. The results indicate that it was important: 1) to scarify seeds and 2) to soak them in 100 ppm of gibberellic acid for 1 hour. Through the application of this technique more than 94% of the seeds germinated.

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Formation of epiphyllous buds in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): induction in vitro and cellular origin
Konstantin Skryabin

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Epiphyllous buds developed on leaves of shoots derived from in vitro cultured apices of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings. This phenomenon was shown to be cytokinin-dependent but only occurred when the cytokinin was supplied via the cultured apices producing the leaf-bearing shoots. A 1-day exposure of apices to cytokinin was sufficient for epiphyllous bud induction, although an exposure of more than 4 days yielded maximal shoot development frequencies from these buds. Preculture of complete donor seedlings on cytokinin-supplemented media and subsequent culture of excised leaves on hormone-free medium was insufficient to induce epiphyllous bud formation. Buds became macroscopically visible after 9 -11 days. At this time, epiphyllous buds consisted of a functional meristem producing true shoots which were capable of seed production. The meristems were formed by a multicellular process originating from subepidermal layers on the adaxial leaf side. The role of cytokinin and other potential factors in the induction of epiphyllous buds on sunflower leaves is discussed.

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Helia, 2010

Immature embryos from 15 sunflower genotypes (five restorers, five cytoplasmic male steriles, and five maintainers) were studied with the aim to shorten the seed to seed cycle, because seed maturation in sunflower takes 50-60% of the life cycle duration (120-150 days). This technique allows the production of fertile plants from immature embryos by reducing the breeding cycle. Ten days after pollination immature embryos were dissected from seeds grown in field plants (SGFP) and were transferred to MS medium allowing shoot and root development for 5-10 days. Young plantlets were transferred to soil, developed to maturity, and were then self pollinated and set seed. The first cycle of immature embryo-raised plants (ERP) was obtained. When these plants were at the flowering stage, 10-day-old embryos were dissected and the 2 nd cycle of ERP was obtained. The plants at the flowering stage for obtaining the 3 rd cycle are in the growth chamber at the moment. The majority of cultured embryos developed into vigorous plantlets with 3-6 leaves. Out of the 1710 immature embryos, the average response of the explants was 93.1% (1591) showing morphogenesis with a minimum of 42.5 [N Record 109/Sanay 1-2(N)] and a maximum of 100% [(PR6404 (cms), Narmo Sanay 6-1 (cms), RIM 1-5 (cms), BGC0565 (N), N Record 109/Iscra (N), RHA 04, RHA 06, RHA 10, RHA 14, RHA 15]. Seventy percent of the developed plantlets had vigorous roots. They were transplanted into containers with a 1:1:2 peat: perlite: soil mixture (v/v) at 24 ± 2°C in 16 h/8 h (light/dark) in a growth chamber. Only 67.3% of them were grown to maturity, either self-pollinated or pollinated with maintainers and set seeds. The overall result was an average of 40-50 regenerated and matured plants per 100 immature zygotic embryos.

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Seed dormancy is considered to be a serious constraint in sunflower seed production. Viable seeds sometimes do not germinate even in the presence of favorable environmental conditions. Such seeds are suspected to be dormant. The study was conducted under controlled/laboratory conditions during spring 2010 at National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad. The objective of the study was to evaluate some techniques to convert a seed from dormant to non-dormant germinable state. Dormant seeds of 21 sunflower hybrids were treated with three hot water treatments (100°/80°C) and four chemicals potassium nitrate, 0.2%, thiourea, 0.5%, ethanol, 25%, acetone, 25% for breaking seed dormancy .The untreated seed was taken as control. Soaking seeds in hot water (80°C) for 15 minutes followed by one day dry and seed treatment with acetone were found to be the most effective and successful techniques in converting the seed from dormant to nondormant state.

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Agnieszka Gniazdowska

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are emerging as important regulators of plant development (germination, flowering, senescence), acting as secondary messengers in cooperation with classical phytohormones. Apple seeds are dormant, unless they undergo a 3 month long cold stratification. Deep dormancy of isolated apple embryos can also be broken by short pre-treatment with HCN or NO with the effect associated with enhanced ethylene synthesis. Non-dormant embryos germinate well and young seedlings grown from non-dormant embryos do not exhibit any morphological anomalies, such as asymmetric growth and greening of cotyledons. One of the aims of this work was to investigate the correlation between RNS-mediated (HCN-and NO-dependent) dormancy removal and ROS (H 2 O 2 and O 2 -• ) accumulation in the embryos. The beneficial effect of NO and HCN on germination of dormant apple embryos has been associated with marked increases in H 2 O 2 and O 2 -• concentration in the embryos at early germination stages. We also analyzed growth of young seedlings developed from embryos pretreatment with HCN or NO or exposed to ethylene (ethephone) and its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). ACC and ethephone removed all morphological anomalies of the seedlings (asymmetric growth and greening of cotyledons) but the radicle growth was rather slight. We propose that accumulation of ROS provoked by HCN and NO pre-treatment is required for embryo germination ''sensu stricto'', while ethylene is required for post-germination seedling growth.

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Sorghum forage either green or dry is the main source of livestock feed in dry areas of Pakistan. However, a lethal risk of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is associated with this forage. Therefore, a study was carried out under rainfed conditions to assess HCN contents in three commonly grown sorghum cultivars viz., JS-2002, Chakwal Sorghum and Local Cultivar at three growth stages i.e. 3 rd leaf (GS1), pre-booting (GS2) and 50% heading stage (GS3) and at three post cutting intervals i.e., 06, 12 and 18 hours. The results of this study identified forage sorghum cultivar JS-2002 with lowest HCN content grown under rainfed conditions and is safer for livestock feeding at pre-booting stage. Moreover, this study has provided clear evidence that HCN contents were very high at early growth stages of crop in all the cultivars and decreased with the advancement of the growth stages. The post cutting intervals have also indicated that HCN contents decreased in all the cultivars as the post-cutting i...

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With the aim of developing an efficient plant regeneration system from cells or tissues of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), we compared several regeneration protocols using different explant types and hormonal combinations. Somatic embryogenesis could be induced on cotyledon explants, especially from the basal (proximal) portion of the cotyledons, but genotypic vairation appeared to be the most critical factor for both

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