play and games
Abstract
AI
AI
The paper explores the significance of play and games within Jewish society, especially during Roman Palestine, emphasizing their cultural importance and sociological implications. It addresses various scholarly perspectives on the role of play, noting that despite its universal presence, rabbinic literature often viewed such pastimes as distractions from religious study. The text provides a comparative analysis with Graeco-Roman leisure activities, highlighting the limited discussion of play in Jewish texts compared to the abundance found in Roman writings.
FAQs
AI
What cultural roles do games and play serve in Jewish society?
The study reveals that games in Jewish society function as microcosms of social systems, reflecting relationships within cultural contexts. Furthermore, participation in play is integral in establishing social ties and identity across various age groups and communities.
How do rabbinic views on games differ from those of Graeco-Roman sources?
Rabbinic literature reflects a limited and often cautious approach to games, prioritizing Torah study over leisure. In contrast, Graeco-Roman sources enthusiastically discuss various games, including gambling, highlighting a stark divergence in cultural perspectives on play.
What are the methodological challenges in studying ancient Jewish games?
The analysis of rabbinic literature presents difficulties in determining the exact dates and origins of game references, complicating contextual understanding. Additionally, archaeological identification of play objects often leads to ambiguity regarding their use as toys versus functional items.
When did scholarly interest in Jewish games and play begin to develop?
Early studies on Jewish games emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mostly within broader examinations of daily life. Subsequent research highlighted significant methodological advancements and a move towards focused investigations of individual games.
How did political messages influence children's games in Jewish society?
The paper notes that children's play can be sensitive to external political influences, shaping their themes and interactions. This connection informs broader understandings of how societal events manifest in leisure activities and cultural expression.
References (75)
- Avedon, E. M./Sutton-Smith, B. (1971). The Study of Games. New York and London: John Wiley & Sons.
- Balsdon, J. P. V. D (1969). Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome. London, Sydney, and Toronto: The Bodley Head.
- Bamberger, M. L. (1917). 'Spielverbote in talmudischer und nachtalmudischer Zeit' . Jeschurun 4: 516-521.
- Bar-Ilan, M. (1994). 'Children's Games in Antiquity' [Hebr.]. Proceedings of the Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies (Division B), 1: 23-30.
- Baxter, J. E. (2005). The Archaeology of Childhood: Children, Gender, and Material Culture. Walnut Creek: Altmira Press.
- Bazak, Y. (1960). 'Dice Games in Jewish and in Local Law' [Hebr.]. Hapraklit 16: 47-60.
- --(1961). 'Dice Games as a Problem of Mental Health in Halakhah' [Hebr.]. Sinai 48: 111-122.
- Becker, I. (1846). Iulii Pollucis Onomasticon. Berlin: F. Nicolai.
- Becq de Fouquieres, L. (1869). Les Jeux des Anciens: leurs descriptions, leur origine, leurs rapports avec la religion, l'histoire, les arts et les moeurs. Paris: C. Reinwald.
- Bell, R. C. (1979). Board-Games from Many Civilizations. New York: Dover Publications.
- --(2007). 'Notes on Pavement Games of Greece and Rome' , in Ancient Board Games in Perspective, ed. I. L. Finkel. London: British Museum Press, 98-99.
- Caillois, R. (1962). Man, Play and Games. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Chanan, G./Francis, G. (1984). Toys and Games of Children of the World. Barcelona and Paris: Unesco.
- Crabtree, R. D. (1982). 'Leisure in Ancient Israel (before 70 a. d.)'. PhD. Thesis, Texas A&M University.
- Dawson, L. (1994). The Complete Hoyle's Games, revised and updated by L. H. Dawson. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth.
- Ellis, M. J. (1973). Why People Play. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Falkener, E. (1892). Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them. London: Long- mans, Green and Co.
- Finkel, I. L. (ed.) (2007). Ancient Board Games in Perspective. London: British Museum Press.
- Fitta, M (1998). Spiele und Spielzeug der Antike. Stuttgart: Theiss.
- Gardiner, E. N. (1930). Athletics of the Ancient World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Grossman, H. (1994). 'War as Child's Play: Patriotic Games in the British Mandate and Israel'. Israel Studies 9: 1-30.
- Habas, L. (2002). 'Games in the Ancient World', in Play: A View from Psychoanalysis and from another Place, ed. E. Perroni. Tel-Aviv: Yediot Ahronot, 23-48.
- Herzog, M. (2002). Fussball als Kulturphaenomomen: Kunst-Kult-Kommerz. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.
- Hu ¨bner, U. (1992). Spiele und Spielzug im antiken Pala ¨stina. Go ¨ttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
- --(2000). 'Les Jeux d'Enfants et les Jouets dans la Palestine Antique'. Revue Biblique 107: 163-174.
- Huizinga, J. (1955). Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element of Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Krauss, S. (1912). Talmudische Archa ¨ologie, vol. 3. Leipzig: Fock.
- Ku ¨hn, C. G. (ed.) (1821). Galenus, Claudius: De parvae pilae exercitio. Claudii Galeni opera Omnia, vol. 5: Medicorum graecorum opera quae exstant. Leipzig: Knobloch.
- Landman, L. (1966-1967; 1967-1968). 'Jewish Attitudes Toward Gambling'. Jewish Quarterly Review 57: 298-319 and 58: 34-62.
- Laser, S. (1987). Sport und Spiel. Go ¨ttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
- Lillehammer, G. (1989). 'A Child is Born: The Child's World in an Archaeological Perspective'. Norwegian Archaeological Review 22: 89-105.
- Lo ¨w, L. (1875). Die Lebensalter in der Ju ¨dischen Literatur. Szegedin: S. Burger.
- Marquardt, J./Mommsen, T. (1882). Handbuch der Ro ¨mischen Alterthu ¨mer, vol. 7.2: Das Privatleben der Ro ¨mer. Leipzig: S. Hirzel.
- Mendner, S. (1956). Das Ballspiel im Leben der Vo ¨lker. Mu ¨nster: Aschendorff.
- Murray, H. J. R. (1952). A History of Board Games Other than Chess. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Opie, I./Opie, P. (1969). Children's Games in Street and Playground. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Orme, N. (2002). Medieval Children. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
- Purcell, N. (1995). 'Literate Games: Roman Urban Society and the Game of Alea'. Past and Present 147: 3-37.
- --(2007). 'Inscribed Imperial Roman Gaming-Boards' , in Ancient Board Games in Perspective, ed. I. L. Finkel. London: British Museum Press, 90-97.
- Rawson, B. (2003). Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Richter, W. (1891). Jeux des Grecs et des Romains. Paris: Le Promeneur.
- Rieche, A. (2007). 'Board Games and their Symbols from Roman Times to early Chris- tianity', in Ancient Board Games in Perspective, ed. I. L. Finkel. London: British Museum Press, 87-89.
- Rifkind, I. (1926). 'The Reproach of Gaming' [Hebr.] HaDoar 5: 101-102.
- --(1934). 'On the History of Gaming in Israel' [Hebr.]. Horev 1: 82-91.
- --(1935). 'The Games of Dicers' [Hebr.]. Horev 2: 60-66.
- --(1946). The Fight Against Gambling Among Jews: A Study of Five Centuries of Jewish Poetry and Cultural History [Yiddish]. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.
- Robinson, R. S. (1981). Sources for the History of Greek Athletics. Chicago: Ares.
- Schmidt, R. (1977). Die Darstellung von Kinderspielzeug und Kinderspiel in der griechischen Kunst. Vienna: Selbstverlag des O ¨sterreichischen Museums fu ¨r Volkskunde.
- Schwartz, J. (1993). 'A Child's Wagon' [Hebr.]. Tarbiz 63: 375-392.
- --(1994). 'Ball-Playing in Ancient Jewish Society'. Proceedings of the Eleventh World Congress of Jewish Studies (Divison B), 1: 17-24.
- --(1995a). 'Ishmael at Play: On Exegesis and Jewish Society'. Hebrew Union College Annual 66: 203-221.
- --(1995b). 'Ball Play in Jewish Society in the Second Temple and Mishnah Periods' [Hebr.]. Zion 60: 247-276.
- --(1997a). 'Pigeon Flyers in Ancient Jewish Society'. Journal of Jewish Studies 48: 105-119.
- --(1997b). 'Ball Playing in Ancient Jewish Society: The Hellenistic, Roman and Byzan- tine Periods'. Ludica, annali di storia e civilta del gioco 3: 139-61.
- --(1997c). 'On the Prohibition against Eating Nuts on the Eve of Rosh ha-Shanah' [Hebr]. Talilei Orot 7: 112-115.
- --(1998a). 'Gambling in Ancient Jewish Society', in Jews in the Graeco-Roman World, ed. M. Goodman. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 145-165.
- --(1998b). 'Aspects of Leisure-Time Activities in Roman Period Palestine' , in The Talmud Yerushalmi in Graeco-Roman Culture, vol. 1, ed. P. Scha ¨fer. Tu ¨bingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 313-325.
- --(1998c). 'A Child's Cart' . Ludica, annali di storia e civilta del gioco 4: 7-19.
- --(2000). 'Dogs and Cats in Jewish Society in the Second Temple, Mishnah and Talmud Periods'. Proceedings of the Twelfth World Jewish Congress, Division B, History of the Jewish People, 25*-34*.
- --(2001). 'Cats in Ancient Jewish Society'. Journal of Jewish Studies 52: 211-234.
- --(2003). 'The Relationship Between Jews and Non-Jews in the Mishnah and Talmud Period in Light of Their Attitudes to Play and Leisure Time Activities' [Hebr.], in Jews and Gentiles in the Holy Land in the Days of the Second Temple, the Mishnah and the Talmud: A Collection of Articles, ed. A. Oppenheimer et al. Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 132-141.
- --(2004a). 'Dogs in Jewish Society in the Second Temple Period and in the Time of the Mishnah and Talmud'. Journal of Jewish Studies 55: 246-277.
- --(2004b). 'Jew and Non-Jew in the Roman Period in Light of Their Play, Games, and Leisure-Time Activities,' in God's Word for Our World, Theological and Cultural Studies in Honor of Simon John De Vries, ed. J. Harold Ellens et al. London and New York: Clark International and Continuum, 128-140.
- --(2006). 'The Material Realities of Jewish Life in the Land of Israel, c. 235-638', in: The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, ed. S. T. Katz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 431-456.
- Schwartzman, H. B. (1976). 'The Anthropological Study of Children's Play'. Annual Review of Anthropology 5: 289-328.
- Simri, U. (1969). 'The Religious and Magical Function of Ball Games in Various Cultures', in Proceedings of the First International Seminar on the History of Physical Education and Sport, ed. U. Simri. Netanya: Wingate Institute, 2-17.
- Sorek, Y. (1976). Physical Culture in the Land of Israel in the Mishnah and Talmud Period [Hebr.]. Netanya: Wingate Institute.
- Toner, J. P. (1995). Leisure and Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Va ¨terlein, J. (1976). Roma Ludens: Kinder und Erwachsene beim Spiel im antiken Rom. Amsterdam: Gruner.
- Wahrhaftig, S. (1972). 'Hozeh, Lotteries and Gambling According to the Halakhah' [Hebr.]. Sinai 71: 229-240.
- Wentworth Thompson, D. (1933). 'Games and Playthings' . Greece and Rome 2: 71-79.
- White, G. (1971). Antique Toys and Their Background. New York: Arco.
- Wileman, J. (2005). Hide and Seek: The Archaeology of Childhood. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus.
- Wilkie, L. (2000). 'Not Merely Child's Play: Creating a Historical Archaeology of Children and Childhood', in Children and Material Culture, ed. Joanna Sofaer Derevenski. London and New York: Routledge, 100-113.
- Ziegler, D. (2004). 'Spiele und Spielzug in der Antike' , at http://www.klassischearchaeologie. phil.uni-erlangen.de/realia/spiele/spiele.html