Developing Third Mission Activities in Albanian Universities

Two field experiments were conducted at the Research and Experimental Center of Moshtohor Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig Univ., Banha Branch, during 2002/03 -2003 seasons. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of rates and sources of nitrogen fertilizers on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), yield and its components of some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Three wheat varieties (Gemmeiza 5, 7 and 9) were evaluated at four nitrogen rates (25 , 50 , 75 and 100 kg N/fed) and two nitrogen sources (Ammonium nitrate and Urea). A split split plot in a randomized complete block design was used. The results indicated significant differences among wheat varieties in all studied traits, except spike length ,number of spikelets/spike and grain N content in both seasons also No. of tillers and spike/m 2 in the 2 nd season only. Gemmeiza 9 surpassed the other two varieties in grain yield. Increasing N fertilizer rates significantly increased all studied traits in both seasons. Grain yield/fed was increased by 38.6, 50.9 and 58.7 % due to increasing the rates of N from 50, 75 and 100 kg N/fed. in the 1 st season, respectively and by 40.1, 56.6 and 64.9 % in the 2 nd season compared with 25 kg N/fed. While, NUE decreased with increasing N rates. Nitrogen addition as ammonium nitrate showed a favorable significant effect in improving most studied traits. Significant interaction between varieties and N rates was detected for number of grains/spike and grain yield/fed in both season and significant interaction between N rates and N sources was detected for grain yield and NUE in the 2 nd season only. The maximum net return was achieved by 100 kg N/fed as ammonium nitrate with Gemmieza 9.

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental

The management of nitrogen by the assessment of agronomic and environmental indicators ensures satisfactory productivity with higher environmental quality. The objective of this study was to propose more sustainable management of nitrogen use in wheat, considering the supply of full and fractioned doses with an estimate of technical, economic efficiency, and expected productivity. Two experiments were conducted, one to quantify biomass productivity and the other to evaluate grain yield. The experimental design consisted of a randomized block with four repetitions in a 5 × 3 factorial, for N-fertilizer doses (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha-1) and nutrient supply form [full condition (100%) in the phenological stage V3 (the third leaf expanded); fractionated (70/30%) in the phenological stage V3/V6 (third and sixth leaf expanded) and; fractionated (70/30%) in the phenological stage V3/R1 (beginning of anthesis)], respectively. The most sustainable management of nitrogen in wheat was obt...

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2010

The yields of winter wheat, winter barley, and potatoes in a long-term field experiment on one of the international IOSDV network sites, were evaluated. The experiment was set up in 1983 in Lukavec, Czech Republic, within a potato growing region on a sandy-loam soil. The experiment includes three systems of organic fertilization: Without manure; manure added for the potatoes; and cereal straw ploughed-down, in combination with increasing nitrogen (N) rates from 0-160 kg N ha 71 or 0-200 kg N ha 71 , for cereals and potatoes, respectively. The results of two rotations, during the years 2002-2007, were analyzed. Nitrogen rates had a strong effect on the yields of all crops (p 5 0.001). The highest average yields of the cereals 7.2-7.4 t ha 71 (wheat), and 5.2-5.5 t ha 71 (barley) were attained with nitrogen rates of 120 or 160 kg ha 71. With potatoes the highest yields of 46-54 t ha 71 were observed with 150 or 200 kg N ha 71. The yield differences between the two highest N levels were small and not significant. Organic fertilizers had a positive impact on the yields of all crops (p 5 0.001), with increasing N rates the effect diminished. Manure and straw yield effects for the most part can be attributed to the nitrogen in the manure and the extra N added for better decomposition of the straw. The strong effects of the year conditions upon the yields of all crops (p 5 0.001) were moderated by the N level. The coefficient of variability decreased with increasing N levels from 37-22% (wheat), from 33-16% (barley), and from 32-20% (potatoes).

High wheat yields require good N fertilization management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different N applications at sowing using Entec (N source with nitrification inhibitor) and urea (traditional N source) at covering, on four wheat cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme, with four replications, at the Experimental Station of the Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira-UNESP, on a dystrophic, epi-eutrophic alic Red Latosol with loamy texture, formerly under savannah vegetation. Four N rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1) were tested, applied at sowing in the case of Entec and top-dressed 40 days after plant emergence in the case of urea, and the four wheat cultivars E 21, E 22, E 42, and IAC 370. The yield of the wheat cultivars E 21 and E 42 was highest. Plant height and lodging index of cultivar E 22 were greatest, with consequently lowest grain yield. There was no significant difference between Entec (applied at sowing) and urea (top-dressed) in terms of grain yield and yield components. Nevertheless, urea resulted in a higher N leaf content, and Entec in a larger number of undeveloped spikelets. High nitrogen rates influenced the hectoliter mass negatively, affecting wheat grain quality. Grain yield increased under N rates of up to 82 kg ha-1 N, through Entec applied at sowing or top-dressed urea.

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 2019

Abstract—In 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, a field experiment was conducted in two locations: Osiny and Wielichowo (Poland). The two-factor experiment was based on the method of randomized subblocks, in three replications. The first factor (A) was dose of nitrogen fertilization (two levels). The second factor (B) was nine winter wheat cultivars. It was found that winter wheat cultivars exhibited different reactions to higher nitrogen fertilization depending on the years and localities. Only KWS Dacanto cultivar under all growing conditions showed a significant increase in grain yield after the application of a higher level of nitrogen fertilization. The increase in nitrogen fertilization influenced the increase in gluten proteins content in wheat grain, but these changes were statistically significant only in the first year of the study. The quality of gluten does not depend on nitrogen fertilization. The quality of wheat grain depends on cultivars.

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 2021

Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient for plant nutrition, however, its fertilization management is still very complex. To evaluate wheat N utilization efficiency (NUtE) and yield in response to N fertilization management considering the influence of environmental conditions, an experiment was carried out in three field conditions in Southern Brazil: Londrina in rainfed and irrigation conditions, and Ponta Grossa in rainfed. A complete (2 × 2 × 2) + 1 factorial arrangement evaluated two N rates (40 and 80 kg ha-1), two N sources (ammonium nitrate and urea), two N timings of fertilization (at sowing or at the beginning of plant tillering), and additional treatment without N fertilization. Agronomic characteristics related to wheat productivity and N plant nutrition were evaluated. Irrigation increased the density of fertile spikes and the N accumulated in the shoot dry matter at anthesis, which partially explained the better grain yield in the irrigated condition. The higher N accumulation in the shoot dry matter was essential for grain yield increase in the environments with lower water deficit, based on their higher NUtE for grain yield. Nitrogen fertilization reduced NUtE for grain yield in Londrina (in rainfed and irrigation conditions), and increased NUtE for shoot dry matter production in all environments. In a colder condition (i.e. Ponta Grossa), the use of a higher N rate at sowing provided greater grain yield, thousand-grain weight, and density of fertile spikes. Nitrogen rate can be reduced in warmer and wetter environmental conditions that favor the mineralization of soil organic matter and the decomposition of soybean straw. The choice for urea or ammonium nitrate can be based on economic criteria in environments with low water deficit and low potential for NH3 volatilization. Nitrogen fertilization carried out exclusively at wheat sowing may be suitable to supply spring wheat N requirements.

Chilean journal of agricultural research, 2015

Managing N inputs in wheat production systems is an important issue in order to achieve maximum profitable production, and minimum negative environmental impact. The aim of this investigation carried out in dry land farming in the Vojvodina province (Serbia) was to estimate the effects of different N fertilization levels (0, 75, and 150 kg N ha -1 ) on some quantitative traits, rain-use efficiency (RUE), N agronomic efficiency (NAE), and N use efficiency (NUE) in two Serbian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars 'Pobeda' and 'Renesansa'. 'Pobeda' had higher grain yield (4437 kg ha -1 ) and RUE (8.32 kg ha -1 mm -1 ) than 'Renesansa' (4265 kg ha -1 and 8 kg ha -1 mm -1 , respectively). Grain yield (4652 kg ha -1 ) and NUE (31.46 kg kg -1 N) were higher in the 2010-2011 season (favorable weather conditions) than in the 2011-2012 (4050 kg ha -1 and 27.59 kg kg -1 N, respectively). The highly significant effect on grain yield (4396 and 4494 kg ha -1 ), RUE (8.24 and 8.45 kg ha -1 mm -1 ), NAE (3.11 and 2.21 kg kg -1 N) and NUE (58.62 and 29.96 kg kg -1 N) had levels of 75 and 150 kg N ha -1 . NAE and NUE declined at high N rates. Based on the results of this study, farmers should be advised that the use of large amounts of N increases production costs and reduce the economic benefits. The increase in wheat production is possible by selecting adapted genotypes with improved NUE.

Agronomy, 2021

Late-season N application through foliar spraying is recognized as an efficient agronomic practice for improving grain quality in common wheat, although the major part of N is still supplied by soil fertilization. This study assessed the impact of various N doses entirely applied by repeated foliar sprayings on wheat growth, yield and quality, in comparison with conventional soil fertilization management with a recommended dose of 160 kg N ha􀀀1 as ammonium nitrate (C-M). Doses of 96, 104 and 120 kg N ha􀀀1 as both UAN (urea-ammonium-nitrate) and urea applied by foliar spraying were evaluated in a 2-year field trial in Northern Italy in a silty loam soil with 1.7% organic matter. Here, it was demonstrated that the canopy greenness was similar in all treatments, with slight grain yield increases by the lowest foliar N dose vs. C-M. The higher N foliar doses mainly improved the grain protein content and both high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS, LMW-GS), particularly with urea. It is concluded that in our fertile soil, managing N fertilization exclusively through foliar spraying is feasible without compromising grain yield and ameliorating quality at the same time. Improved nutrient use efficiency and beneficial environmental effects are also expected by reducing the nitrogen load on the agricultural fields by 25–40%.

LIFE SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Nitrogen has its undeniable role in increasing crop productivity and quality. However, used improperly, it can cause serious environmental damage. Increasing the efficiency of the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers (NUE) is a goal of the future¸ necessary for a sustainable and competitive agriculture. The wheat crop studied is part of a long-term experiment, established in Lovrin in 1967. The experimental factors studied are: factor A - nitrogen, with the following graduations: N0, N30, N60, N90 and N120 and factor B - phosphorus, with the following graduations: P0, P40, P80, P120 and P160. From the combination of the two studied factors results 25 experimental variants, placed in the field according to the method of subdivided plots, in four repetitions. Chemical fertilizers with phosphorus - 46% superphosphate - were administered to the wheat crop in autumn and were incorporated under the basic plowing. Nitrogen fertilizers - 33.5% ammonium nitrate - were applied in fractions...

Acta Agriculturae Serbica, 2008

A 10-year study was conducted over 1995-2004 in order to study the effects of different N rates on grain yields of three winter wheat varieties having different yield and quality potentials. The study was part of a larger stationary trial carried out at the Rimski Sancevi site near Novi Sad. The experiment included four N fertilization treatments. The study years were divided into three groups depending on the yield levels they produced: 1) favorable, or high-yielding years (average yields of over 6 tha), intermediate ones (5-6 tha on average), and unfavorable or low-yielding ones (yields of less than 5 tha). The study determined the effect of three study factors (year, N fertilizer, and cultivar) and their interactions on yield levels in wheat. In each N treatment individually as well as on average, the highest grain yield was produced by the variety Pobeda and the lowest by the variety Sremica. The highest average grain yield was achieved with the highest N rate (180 kgha), but th...