Structural Systems of High-Rise Buildings

International Journal of Applied Arts Studies, 2021

Tall buildings, according to the progress of human societies are increasing dramatically in different parts of the world. The point that distinguish a high-rise building from the other ones is the prominent role of structure in the tower design. So, the structure in the design process and architectural final design not only heading its main task, means bearing and transmission forces, but also accepts other roles to cover other design criteria including aesthetics, energy and etc. The reason for combination of these roles is in a high-rise building due to the reduction of the weight of the building in order to bear lateral and gravity forces, structure must accepts multiple roles to reduce additional elements. In this paper, by studying effective measures in designing of tall buildings and identifying the characteristics of each one, suggestions are offered towards appropriate integration of these measures in order to design a high-rise building. These suggestions can help architects at the beginning of the way of designing a tower. In fact, considering these measures lead to create options that other design teams (like structural team) will not face the great problems in the rest of the way.

International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2015

While the early design of tall buildings culminated with the dominance of the International Style, today's pluralism in architectural design has produced tall buildings of many different forms, including more complex forms, such as twisted, tilted, tapered and free forms. This paper presents performance-based structural system design options for complex-shaped tall buildings. For each complex form category, tall buildings are designed with various structural systems, such as braced tube, diagrid and outrigger systems, and the structural performance of each system, in conjunction with the building forms and heights, is studied. Parametric structural models are generated to investigate the impacts of varying various important geometric configurations of complex-shaped tall buildings, such as the rate of twist, angle of tilt, angle of taper and degree of fluctuation of free form. The parametric models are exported to structural engineering software for analyses, design and comparative studies. While an emphasis is placed on the structural performance of complex-shaped tall buildings, architectural and construction issues are also discussed holistically. Index Terms-Twisted tall buildings, tilted tall buildings, tapered tall buildings, freeform tall buildings, diagrids, braced tubes, outrigger structures.

ARCHDESIGN '16 / III. International Architectural Design Conference, 2016

High-rises are becoming one of the most demanded building typology worldwide. The source of this intense interest can be listed as growing population in city centers, high land prizes and countries’ desire to show economic and technologic status. However, it is a common knowledge that the first step of constructing a high-rise is to achieve structural stability. Home Insurance Building (1885) which is accepted as the first high-rise building, has cast iron and wrought iron columns, wrought iron beams and girders, and thick masonry walls which provide lateral resistance to wind loads. In 1899, Park Row Building reached 30 stories in New York. In 1903, the first concrete high-rise, 15 story Ingalls Building was constructed. Through the 19th Century, various building materials as concrete, steel and structural capacities of these materials were developed. By the 1910’s steel work started to encase in concrete to provide fire resistance. And also concepts of prestressing, using high-tensile steel become available in 1920’s. In the first half of the 20th Century many iconic buildings constructed with steel rigid frames with wind bracings as Wool Worth Building with 57 stories (1913), Chrysler building with 77 stories (1930) and Empire State Building with 102 stories (1931). On the other hand, it is observable that the increase in the heights of the buildings carried out without any important structural development and drawn on excessive material use. In other words, these building structures was designed ignoring structural efficiency. In 1963, Kahn introduced tube systems by his DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment design with 43 stories. In 1969, he put forward a classification for concrete and steel skeletons concerning efficiency of structural systems. And, this accelerate the seeking of efficient structural systems. Tube, core outrigger and diagrid systems were started to develop accordingly. Second half of the 20th Century witnessed construction of numerous high-rises with core-outrigger systems, diagrid systems and mega frames. Today, in the 21th Century, architects and engineers are designing unique structural systems for unique buildings. Indeed, in some cases unique software programs are designing for construction of a single high-rise as 30 St Mary Axe building. Today, the highest high-rise of the world, Burj Khalifa (2010), has a height of 828 meters with 163 stories. With a retrospective view, from Home Insurance Building (1885) to Burj Khalifa (2010), this paper reviews the evolution of high-rises and gives a brief explanation about structural systems by a number of high-rise building case studies.

Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2014

Although high rise buildings were designed mainly in box forms throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, their architectural forms have undergone dramatic changes in the second half of the 20th century due to the demand for iconic buildings in growing cities. With the beginning of the 21st century, a number of unconventional, non-orthogonal forms can be seen throughout the Middle Eastern and Asian cities, which are now the leaders of high rise building construction throughout of the world. Until the 1980s, the International Style and modernist tall buildings were characterized by repetitive, prismatic and vertical combinations were predominant, as well as the flat roofs. The exterior facade was generally of a constant or a smoothly varying profile designed with rigourous disciplines. With the boredom of this monotony, these box forms were then replaced by non-orthogonal and non-conventional forms, such as cylindric, curvilinear, aero-dymanic shapes, by the advent of advanced structural systems, such as diagrids, mega frames, outrigger systems, and etc. By these advances in the form and structure of tall buildings, the non-orthogonal and iconic structures have emerged. Such changes in the architectural form and organization of high rise buildings were necessitated by the emerging architectural and structural trends in design, economic demands, and technological developments in the realms of technological innovations, such as structural analysis and digital design methods made possible by the advent of high-speed digital computers. This paper tends to draw attention to the close interaction between the architectural and structural design of high-rise buildings of non-orthogonal forms. Initially the emergence of non-orthogonal forms is defined, and the non-orthogonal forms utilized for high-rise buildings are classified. After dealing with the structural design considerations and presenting a number of structural systems widely used for non-orthogonal high-rise buildings, the significance and necessity of the integration between architectural and structural design process is presented. Finally a framework is adviced for achieving a successful integration in order to evolve an architecturally pleasing and structurally efficienct high-rise building.

IAEME PUBLICATION, 2015

This paper discuses the historical development of high rise structure and development of high rise structure in future .This paper tell about some famous high rise structure around the world and some high rise structure in Dubai and Mumbai. The present study highlights the various top rated building .This paper tell about the various aspects associated with the high rise structure, it include infrastructural, social, ecological and economical aspects and their various consequences and consideratio

Building and Environment, 2007

In the early structures at the beginning of the 20th century, structural members were assumed to carry primarily the gravity loads. Today, however, by the advances in structural design/systems and high-strength materials, building weight is reduced, and slenderness is increased, which necessitates taking into consideration mainly the lateral loads such as wind and earthquake. Understandably, especially for the tall buildings, as the slenderness, and so the flexibility increases, buildings suffer from the lateral loads resulting from wind and earthquake more and more. As a general rule, when other things being equal, the taller the building, the more necessary it is to identify the proper structural system for resisting the lateral loads. Currently, there are many structural systems that can be used for the lateral resistance of tall buildings. In this context, authors classify these systems based on the basic reaction mechanism/structural behavior for resisting the lateral loads. r

Planning and design urban area with its specialty has significant improvement role in the history of architecture. Many factors and rules are considered in this design and improvement such as environment, culture and region. Nowadays, technology and its process also have the role in architecture and urban planning. Tall buildings with this height that seen today is one of the outcomes of technology impacts. It is measured as one of the trends that drive tall buildings to develop. There is no debate that urban area having a skyscraper is not like those areas that majority of the buildings are in low rise buildings. In the research, those impacts of the tall buildings in urban areas are explained.The paperstarts with the history and background of tall buildings then showing the ration of them around the world. After that, number of aspects had shown that related tothe existing tall buildings in the urban. Those aspects are conclude in number of points such as environment, views and culture that explained by the number of figures. Finally, a conclusion summed up main points in this research.

Modern tall buildings have efficient structural systems, and utilize high-strength materials, resulting in reduced building height, and thus, become more slender and flexible with low damping. These flexible buildings are very sensitive to wind excitation and earthquake load causing discomfort to the building occupants. Therefore, in order to mitigate such an excitation and to improve the performance of tall buildings against wind loads and earthquake loads, many researches and studies have been performed. Early integration of aerodynamic shaping, wind engineering considerations, and structural system selections play a major role in the architectural design of a tall building in order to mitigate the building response to the wind excitations. A tall building, whose shape is unsuitable, often requires a great deal of steel or a special damping mechanism to reduce its dynamic displacement within the limits of the criterion level for the design wind speed. Understandably, an appropriate choice of building shape and architectural modifications are also extremely important and effective design approaches to reduce wind and earthquake induced motion by altering the flow pattern around the building, hence for this research work four different shaped buildings are generally studied namely circular, rectangular, square and triangular. To achieve these purposes, firstly, a literature survey, which includes the definition, design parameters, and lateral load considerations of tall buildings, is presented. Then the results are interpreted for different shaped buildings and of different stories thereby concluding as to which shaped high rise building is most stable for different conditions.