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Abstract
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Engineering
Textile Engineering

Nanotechnology in Textile Finishing: Recent Developments

Profile image of GOPALAKRISHNAN DURAISAMYGOPALAKRISHNAN DURAISAMY

2021, Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications,Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11155-7_55-1
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Abstract

Nanotechnology is one of the prominent areas for research studies in developing super functional materials like fabrics with self-cleaning, UV-protection, antimicrobial, antistatic, soil and stain repellent, water repellent, and fire retardant. The chapter commences with a preface to the classification of nanofinishing on textiles, and then on to the different techniques for application, including the nanoparticles and nanolayers. Later it explains the production of various nanofinishing, namely Lotus effect/self-cleaning textile materials, nano photocatalysts, water repellent/ waterproof fabrics, that are designed to reduce the surface energy through nanostructures and nano surface. The UV-protective textiles by application of TiO2 and ZnO as nanoparticles, durable antimicrobial derivatives from nanosilver, and fire retardant from various nanostructured chemicals are addressed in this chapter. It is irony that nanofinishing in textiles has made a big revolution in the world market for technical textiles, for its potentiality in creating high performance and specialty clothing. The current and future innovations are focused on sustainability and highperformance materials for which nanotechnology is the solution.

Key takeaways
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  1. Nanotechnology revolutionizes textile finishing, enabling multifunctional properties like self-cleaning and UV protection.
  2. Various techniques such as sol-gel and electroless plating enhance textile durability and functionality.
  3. Nanoparticles like TiO2 and ZnO offer antimicrobial, UV-blocking, and self-cleaning capabilities in textiles.
  4. Sustainability is central to innovations in textile nanofinishing, reducing environmental impact and resource use.
  5. The text discusses advancements in nanotechnology that improve fabric properties for technical applications.
Figures (22)
Nanostructures In the past decade, numerous research have been conducted to create the nanostruc- ture on of textiles using nanoparticles. In general, nanoscale-sized nanoparticles are utilized for this purpose. Compared to the conventional method of finishing, the significance of using a nanoparticle to play the same role is to functional, long-lasting, and superior quality fabric. Moreover, the bring in multi- nanostructures also comprise of the following: nano-rods, nano-needles, nano-wires, nano-bars, nano-plates, nano-cubes, nano-spheres, nano-pyramids, and many ot her shapes. The ability to design the shape, based on the required functionality, is a huge credit to develop functional textiles. Nanofinishing embedded textiles are eco-friendly in utilizing less energy with durability and also it ensures with a sma fundamental property of substrates implements a larger benefit [3]. 1 change in the
Nanostructures In the past decade, numerous research have been conducted to create the nanostruc- ture on of textiles using nanoparticles. In general, nanoscale-sized nanoparticles are utilized for this purpose. Compared to the conventional method of finishing, the significance of using a nanoparticle to play the same role is to functional, long-lasting, and superior quality fabric. Moreover, the bring in multi- nanostructures also comprise of the following: nano-rods, nano-needles, nano-wires, nano-bars, nano-plates, nano-cubes, nano-spheres, nano-pyramids, and many ot her shapes. The ability to design the shape, based on the required functionality, is a huge credit to develop functional textiles. Nanofinishing embedded textiles are eco-friendly in utilizing less energy with durability and also it ensures with a sma fundamental property of substrates implements a larger benefit [3]. 1 change in the
Fig.6 Schematic illustration of the preparation of S-CNFs and superhydrophobic nature on various fabrics (Reprinted from [15], with kind permission of Elsevier publications)
Fig.6 Schematic illustration of the preparation of S-CNFs and superhydrophobic nature on various fabrics (Reprinted from [15], with kind permission of Elsevier publications)
Fig. 8 Photocatalytic stain removal on (a) cotton fabrics (Reprinted from [20], with permission from Elsevier), (b) wool fabrics (Reprinted from [26], with permission from Elsevier)
Fig. 8 Photocatalytic stain removal on (a) cotton fabrics (Reprinted from [20], with permission from Elsevier), (b) wool fabrics (Reprinted from [26], with permission from Elsevier)
Fig. 10 SEM images of (a) cotton, (b) wool, (c) viscose, (d) PET fibers coated with silicone nanofibers; coated PET fibers (e) after abrasion test, (f) after washing test at 30 °C (Reprinted with permission from ref. [34], Wiley Publications)
Fig. 10 SEM images of (a) cotton, (b) wool, (c) viscose, (d) PET fibers coated with silicone nanofibers; coated PET fibers (e) after abrasion test, (f) after washing test at 30 °C (Reprinted with permission from ref. [34], Wiley Publications)
using the “water-removing” that hydrophilic and oleophobic materials permit water 0 pierce over the surface yet preventing oil phase passing completely (Fig. 11). Shang et al. [36] developed the superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cotton fabric using sono-chemical irradiation as well as silanes containing silica nano- particles. The finished cotton fabric showed a CA of 159 + 1.2°. The oil separation efficiency from the water was reported to reach as maximum as 98.2%, and it was reduced to 94% after 30 separation cycles. The schematic representation of super- hydrophobic and superoleophilic fabric is shown in Fig. 12. A branched silica
using the “water-removing” that hydrophilic and oleophobic materials permit water 0 pierce over the surface yet preventing oil phase passing completely (Fig. 11). Shang et al. [36] developed the superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cotton fabric using sono-chemical irradiation as well as silanes containing silica nano- particles. The finished cotton fabric showed a CA of 159 + 1.2°. The oil separation efficiency from the water was reported to reach as maximum as 98.2%, and it was reduced to 94% after 30 separation cycles. The schematic representation of super- hydrophobic and superoleophilic fabric is shown in Fig. 12. A branched silica
Table 1 Grading numbers for the Hydrocarbon Resistance Test for oil repellency Table 2 Various nanometal oxides and metals for textile finishing
Table 1 Grading numbers for the Hydrocarbon Resistance Test for oil repellency Table 2 Various nanometal oxides and metals for textile finishing
Fig. 15 Microscopical images of PET fabric coated with ZnO rods: a x 5000, b x 20,000, and c x 80,000 magnifications (Reprinted from [60], with kind permission of Springer publications)
Fig. 15 Microscopical images of PET fabric coated with ZnO rods: a x 5000, b x 20,000, and c x 80,000 magnifications (Reprinted from [60], with kind permission of Springer publications)
Photochromism is one of the blooming fields in photochemistry, photochromism in both organic and inorganic materials [64]. Photochromism is known as the phenom- enon of change in color on exposure to light was proposed by Hirschberg in 1950. This word is derived from two Greek words, ®wC (phos) meaning light and ypopa (chroma) meaning color, with the suffix (—ism) meaning phenomenon [65-67]. IUPAC defined “Light-induced reversible change of color” as photochromism; the change of color is reversible when exposed to electromagnetic radiation (mainly on exposure UV irradiation) [68]. Photochromic compounds are one of the categories of chromic material whereas it has various types in which the photochromic and
Photochromism is one of the blooming fields in photochemistry, photochromism in both organic and inorganic materials [64]. Photochromism is known as the phenom- enon of change in color on exposure to light was proposed by Hirschberg in 1950. This word is derived from two Greek words, ®wC (phos) meaning light and ypopa (chroma) meaning color, with the suffix (—ism) meaning phenomenon [65-67]. IUPAC defined “Light-induced reversible change of color” as photochromism; the change of color is reversible when exposed to electromagnetic radiation (mainly on exposure UV irradiation) [68]. Photochromic compounds are one of the categories of chromic material whereas it has various types in which the photochromic and
the process of electrospinning [75]. The conversion of spiro to merocyanine was indicated by the results of hyperac- tivity of radiation with 356 nm wavelength of the SP form of SP-PVDF-co-HFP ensuring a decline in the secretion of wavelengths at 468 and 482 nm and rising its intensity in the 640 nm region. PVA, photochromic dyes, and ethanol contained solution electrospinning at 12 kV voltage un-interrupted rotating onto a metallic drum at room temperature in preparing UV-responsive photochromic nanofibers by Zeeshan Khatri et al. [76]. The fiber diameters ranged from 307 to 349 nm. The PVA photochromic dyes and ethanol at a voltage of 12 kV contained solution are electrospinned to manufacture the UV-responsive photochromic nanofibers by Zeeshan Khatri et al. [76] is made uninterruptedly to rotate the metallic drum at room temperature. The diameters of fiber are recorded to range from 307 to 349 nm.
the process of electrospinning [75]. The conversion of spiro to merocyanine was indicated by the results of hyperac- tivity of radiation with 356 nm wavelength of the SP form of SP-PVDF-co-HFP ensuring a decline in the secretion of wavelengths at 468 and 482 nm and rising its intensity in the 640 nm region. PVA, photochromic dyes, and ethanol contained solution electrospinning at 12 kV voltage un-interrupted rotating onto a metallic drum at room temperature in preparing UV-responsive photochromic nanofibers by Zeeshan Khatri et al. [76]. The fiber diameters ranged from 307 to 349 nm. The PVA photochromic dyes and ethanol at a voltage of 12 kV contained solution are electrospinned to manufacture the UV-responsive photochromic nanofibers by Zeeshan Khatri et al. [76] is made uninterruptedly to rotate the metallic drum at room temperature. The diameters of fiber are recorded to range from 307 to 349 nm.

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