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Outline

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Lack of Real-Time Data Capabilities
Future Developments in Intertidal Datalogging
Case Study: Biomimetic Mussel Bed
Conclusions
References

Recent Advances in Data Logging for Intertidal Ecology

Profile image of Brian HelmuthBrian Helmuth

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

https://doi.org/10.3389/FEVO.2018.00213
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18 pages

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Abstract

Temperature is among the most ubiquitous determinants of organism growth, survival, and reproduction. Accurate recordings and predictions of how the temperatures of plants and animals vary in time and space are therefore critical to forecasting the likely impacts of global climate change. Intertidal zones have long served as a model ecosystem for examining the role of environmental stress on patterns of species distributions, and are emerging as models for understanding the ecological impacts of climate change. Intertidal environments are among the most physically demanding habitats on the planet, and excursions in body temperature of ectotherms can exceed 25 • C over the course of a few hours. It is now well-known that the body temperatures of intertidal organisms can deviate significantly from the temperature of the surrounding air and substrate due to the influence of solar radiation, and that their size, color, morphology, and material properties markedly influence their temperatures. While many intertidal organisms are slow moving or almost entirely sessile, for others, behavior can play a significant role in driving vulnerability to temperature extremes. We explore datalogging methods used in intertidal zones and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of each. We show how measurements made in situ reveal patterns of thermal stress that otherwise would be undetectable using more remotely-sensed data. Additionally, we explore the idea that the relevant "grain size" of the physical environment, and thus the spatial scale that must be measured, is a function of (1) the size of the organism relative to local refugia; (2) an organism's ability to sense and to some degree predict near-term environmental conditions; and (3) an animal's movement speed and directionality toward refugia. Similarly, relevant temporal scales depend on the size, behavior, and physiological response of the organism. While miniaturization of dataloggers has significantly improved, several significant limitations still exist, many of which relate to difficulties in recording behavioral responses to changing environmental conditions. We discuss recent innovations in monitoring and modeling intertidal temperatures, and the important role that they have played in bridging ecological and physiological studies of ongoing impacts of climate change.

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Climate change in the rocky intertidal zone: Predicting and measuring the body temperature of an intertidal keystone predator
David Wethey

Forecasting the responses of populations and ecosystems to climate change requires that we understand both the direct effects of temperature on organism physiology and the indirect effects of temperature change on interactions such as predation and competition. The sea star Pisaster ochraceus is a keystone predator in the rocky intertidal zone with a broad geographic distribution along the west coast of North America. We developed a mechanistic heat budget model that uses environmental data to predict the body temperatures of P. ochraceus. Model accuracy was verified by comparing model output temperatures, generated using measured microclimatic data as input, to the temperatures of live P. ochraceus in the field. The average absolute errors between predicted and measured body temperatures were ~1°C. To continuously monitor sea star body temperatures in the field, we developed data loggers that thermally mimic P. ochraceus. Accuracy of these biomimetic loggers was tested by comparing logger temperatures to P. ochraceus body temperatures, and they were found to mimic body temperatures within ~1°C. Loggers were deployed at different tidal heights at a site in Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada, to investigate within-site body temperature variation. We also explored the relationship between body temperature and vertical distribution of P. ochraceus. A negative correlation was found between maximum body temperatures on Day n and the number of sea stars found in the intertidal on Day n + 1. These results suggest that temperatures reached during aerial exposure at low tide, at least in part, may determine where in the intertidal zone these sea stars are located, which could affect their foraging limits.

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Climate change in the rocky intertidal zone: predicting and measuring the body temperature of a keystone predator
David Wethey

Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2009

Forecasting the responses of populations and ecosystems to climate change requires that we understand both the direct effects of temperature on organism physiology and the indirect effects of temperature change on interactions such as predation and competition. The sea star Pisaster ochraceus is a keystone predator in the rocky intertidal zone with a broad geographic distribution along the west coast of North America. We developed a mechanistic heat budget model that uses environmental data to predict the body temperatures of P. ochraceus. Model accuracy was verified by comparing model output temperatures, generated using measured microclimatic data as input, to the temperatures of live P. ochraceus in the field. The average absolute errors between predicted and measured body temperatures were ~1°C. To continuously monitor sea star body temperatures in the field, we developed data loggers that thermally mimic P. ochraceus. Accuracy of these biomimetic loggers was tested by comparing logger temperatures to P. ochraceus body temperatures, and they were found to mimic body temperatures within ~1°C. Loggers were deployed at different tidal heights at a site in Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada, to investigate within-site body temperature variation. We also explored the relationship between body temperature and vertical distribution of P. ochraceus. A negative correlation was found between maximum body temperatures on Day n and the number of sea stars found in the intertidal on Day n + 1. These results suggest that temperatures reached during aerial exposure at low tide, at least in part, may determine where in the intertidal zone these sea stars are located, which could affect their foraging limits.

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Using biomimetic loggers to measure interspecific and microhabitat variation in body temperatures of rocky intertidal invertebrates
Ross Coleman

Marine and Freshwater Research, 2015

Until recently, marine scientists have relied heavily on satellite sea surface temperatures and terrestrial weather stations as indicators of the way in which the thermal environment, and hence the body temperatures of organisms, vary over spatial and temporal scales. We designed biomimetic temperature loggers for three species of rocky intertidal invertebrates to determine whether mimic body temperatures differ from the external environment and among species and microhabitats. For all three species, microhabitat temperatures were considerably higher than the body temperatures, with differences as great as 11.18C on horizontal rocky substrata. Across microhabitats, daily maximal temperatures of the limpet Cellana tramoserica were on average 2.1 and 3.18C higher than body temperatures of the whelk Dicathais orbita and the barnacle Tesseropora rosea respectively. Among-microhabitat variation in each species' temperature was equally as variable as differences among species within microhabitats. Daily maximal body temperatures of barnacles placed on southerly facing vertical rock surfaces were on average 2.48C cooler than those on horizontal rock. Likewise, daily maximal body temperatures of whelks were on average 3.18C cooler within shallow rock pools than on horizontal rock. Our results provide new evidence that unique thermal properties and microhabitat preferences may be important determinants of species' capacity to cope with climate change.

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Cited by

Mapping microhabitat thermal patterns in artificial breakwaters: Alteration of intertidal biodiversity by higher rock temperature
Tatiana Castillo

Ecology and Evolution, 2019

Gaston, 2013). Particularly, urban infrastructure is often associated with enhanced thermal patterns, which can affect human health, and plant and animal distribution and abundance in terrestrial ecosystems (Larsen, 2015; Wilby & Perry, 2006). Thus, mapping the thermal mosaics found within urban environments such as cities and

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Spatial Variation in Thermal Stress Experienced by Barnacles on Rocky Shores: The Interplay Between Geographic Variation, Tidal Cycles and Microhabitat Temperatures
Monthon Ganmanee

Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020

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Biogeography of algae and invertebrates from wave-exposed rocky intertidal habitats along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia (Canada): Latitudinal and interannual patterns and possible underlying drivers
Julius A . Ellrich

Frontiers in Marine Science

Biogeographic studies aim to understand species distributions and are becoming increasingly relevant to establish baselines to monitor ecological change. The NW Atlantic coast hosts a cold-temperate biota, although knowledge about its biogeography is patchy. This study documents for the first time biogeographic variation at mid-to-high intertidal elevations in wave-exposed rocky intertidal habitats along the open Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia (Canada), a hydrographically distinct subregion of this cold-temperate region. For this goal, we measured the summer abundance of algae and invertebrates at the same nine locations over four consecutive years (2014 to 2017) spanning 415 km of coastline, which allowed us to examine latitudinal and interannual patterns. In addition, we looked for mensurative evidence on possible drivers underlying these patterns, focusing on sea surface temperature, daily maximum and minimum temperature (which often happen at low tides at thus differ from sea sur...

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Coastal upwelling generates cryptic temperature refugia
Brian Helmuth

Scientific Reports, 2022

Understanding the effects of climate-mediated environmental variation on the distribution of organisms is critically important in an era of global change. We used wavelet analysis to quantify the spatiotemporal (co)variation in daily water temperature for predicting the distribution of cryptic refugia across 16 intertidal sites that were characterized as 'no', 'weak' or 'strong' upwelling and spanned 2000 km of the European Atlantic Coast. Sites experiencing weak upwelling exhibited high synchrony in temperature but low levels of co-variability at monthly to weekly timescales, whereas the opposite was true for sites experiencing strong upwelling. This suggests upwelling generates temporal thermal refugia that can promote organismal performance by both supplying colder water that mitigates thermal stress during hot Summer months and ensuring high levels of finescale variation in temperature that reduce the duration of thermal extremes. Additionally, pairwise correlograms based on the Pearson-product moment correlation coefficient and wavelet coherence revealed scale dependent trends in temperature fluctuations across space, with a rapid decay in strong upwelling sites at monthly and weekly timescales. This suggests upwelling also generates spatial thermal refugia that can 'rescue' populations from unfavorable conditions at local and regional scales. Overall, this study highlights the importance of identifying cryptic spatiotemporal refugia that emerge from fine-scale environmental variation to map potential patterns of organismal performance in a rapidly changing world. Predicting species distributions and ascribing them to their underlying causes is a key component of conservation and climate adaptation strategies 1. However, identifying the mechanisms behind patterns of species abundance is particularly challenging, as natural systems are coupled in space and time via the interplay of eco-environmental feedbacks operating at multiple scales. This inherent complexity has led to fundamental debates about the scales and approaches that are most likely to yield fundamental insights about ecological systems 2-4. For instance, proponents of macroecology suggest that the idiosyncratic and system-specific results that often plague community studies conducted at small scales give way to statistically consistent patterns at larger scales 2. While macroecological studies are useful for identifying patterns that hold across large swaths of taxa and systems over large temporal and spatial scales, they are often unable to link these general relationships to their causal mechanisms. For instance, a review by McGill et al. 5 highlighted dozens of mechanisms ranging from diametrically opposed niche and neutral assembly processes that could give rise to the "hollow curve", the quasi-universal distribution of abundance whereby communities are dominated by a few abundant species and a multitude of rare ones. Hence, the search for universality can be characterized as a double-edged sword because predictability often comes at the cost of mechanistic understanding. Conversely, community ecology, which has traditionally focused on small scales, has had a successful track record of using manipulative experiments to identify the mechanistic underpinnings of many ecological patterns 3. However, 'scaling-up' these results to understand species-rich ecosystems across biogeographic scales is rarely feasible, so a majority of the work has focused on attempting to reduce the dynamics of these inherently complex systems to those of simple community modules consisting of a few key species (e.g., keystone species 6 , or foundational species 7) and interactions (e.g., trophic cascades 8). Unfortunately, the diversity of species and interactions that characterize natural systems makes it hard to 'scale-up' from simple communities to whole

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