Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Greener Synthesis and Naomaterials
Green Nanomaterials in Therapeutic Use
Future Opportunities of Nanotherapeutic Devices
Conclusion
References

‘Green Nanomaterial’-How Green they are as Biotherapeutic Tool

Profile image of Debjani NathDebjani Nath

2014, Journal of Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery

https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-983X.1000125
visibility

…

description

11 pages

link

1 file

Abstract

The emergence of nanoparticles (NPs) has attracted tremendous interest of the scientific community for decades due to their unique properties and potential applications in diverse areas, including drug delivery and therapy. These opportunities are based on the unique properties (e.g., magnetic, optical, mechanical, and electronic) that vary continuously or abruptly with changes in the size of the materials at the nanoscale. Advances in nanotechnology have significantly impacted the field of therapeutics delivery. Although the impressive progress made in the design of disease-targeted NPs allows new treatments with improved specificity, only a few NP-based medicines have reached the market. There is a need for a new discipline-nanotoxicology-that would evaluate the health threats posed by nanoparticles, and would enable safe development of the emerging nanotechnology industry related to biotherapy. Green Nanotechnology gives the opportunity in lowering the risk of using nanomaterials, limiting the risk of producing nanomaterials, and using nanomaterials to lower the risk of producing unwanted chemical intermediates and end-products.

Related papers

Nanoparticles and toxicity in therapeutic delivery: the ongoing debate
Sharif Hossain
View PDFchevron_right
Toxicological considerations when creating nanoparticle-based drugs and drug delivery systems
SubbaRao Madhunapantula

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 2012

View PDFchevron_right
Cytotoxicity ofBiosynthesized Nanomaterials andFunctionalized Nanomaterials Usein Therapy
Ramesh Subbiah

In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies on green chemistry for nanomaterial synthesis with the objective of reducing or eliminating the use and generation of hazardous substances.1 With the development of bionanotechnology, the principles of biosynthesis and surface engineering chemistry have been applied in green synthesis and applications of nanomaterials. Biocompatible nanomaterials generated from these processes have received considerable attention for their promising applications in bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and development of biomedicines.2 These studies focus on taking advantage of the chemical, physical, and other properties of nanoparticles (NPs) so as to develop the potential of their advanced scientific and commercial applications.3 Chemical and geometric manipulation of metal NPs and graphitic nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, and graphenes is demonstrated to have a large number of biomedical applications.4 Ho...

View PDFchevron_right
Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review
Bassem Refaat

Green Processing and Synthesis, 2023

Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are a rising issue when it comes to human health. Microbial pathogens that cause harmful infections are quickly becoming resistant to the antimicrobial action of traditional antibiotics. Nanotechnology, an innovative sector being an indispensable part of healthcare and research, has in-depth and extensive applications. Nano-compounds have been promising antimicrobial agents, anti-cancerous mediators, vehicles for drug delivery, formulations for functional foods, identification of pathogens, food and drug packaging industry, and many more. However, the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has certain drawbacks such as causing toxicity and other adverse effects. For more than a decade, the use of NPs that are conjugated or green-synthesized has gained popularity due to the twofold action of metallic NPs mixed with biological sources. In contrast, NPs synthesized using plant or microbial extracts, conjugated with biologically active components, appear to be a safe alternative approach as they are environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Such environmentally safe techniques are referred to as "green nanotechnology" or "clean technology" and are feasible alternatives to chemical methods. Furthermore, NPs conjugated with natural biomolecules have improved bioavailability and have minimal side effects, as they are smaller in size and have higher permeability in addition to being reducing and stabilizing agents possessing excellent antioxidant activity. NPs serve as potential antimicrobial agents due to their affinity towards sulphur-rich amino acids, adhere to microbial cell walls by means of electrostatic attraction, and disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane along with the nucleic acid of microbes. They possess anticancer activity owing to oxidative stress, damage to cellular DNA, and lipid peroxidation. The green-synthesized NPs are thus a promising and safe alternative for healthcare therapeutic applications.

View PDFchevron_right
Nanoparticles: Privileged Scaffold for Cancer Treatment
Anshul Singh

International Journal of Advanced Research, 2016

View PDFchevron_right
The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Human Therapeutic Nanoparticle Development
Thelvia Ramos

Pharmaceutics, 2022

Nanomedicine plays an essential role in developing new therapies through novel drug delivery systems, diagnostic and imaging systems, vaccine development, antibacterial tools, and high-throughput screening. One of the most promising drug delivery systems are nanoparticles, which can be designed with various compositions, sizes, shapes, and surface modifications. These nanosystems have improved therapeutic profiles, increased bioavailability, and reduced the toxicity of the product they carry. However, the clinical translation of nanomedicines requires a thorough understanding of their properties to avoid problems with the most questioned aspect of nanosystems: safety. The particular physicochemical properties of nano-drugs lead to the need for additional safety, quality, and efficacy testing. Consequently, challenges arise during the physicochemical characterization, the production process, in vitro characterization, in vivo characterization, and the clinical stages of development o...

View PDFchevron_right
Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Utilization as Potential Vehicles for Targeted Cancer Drug Delivery
Horizon Research Publishing(HRPUB) Kevin Nelson

Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 2022

A nanoparticle (NP) is a microscopic particle with a length of two or three dimensions greater than 0.001 micrometer (1 nanometer =10 −9 metre). NPs may be classified into different classes based on their specific properties, shapes or sizes, and high surface area-to-volume ratio. Nanoparticles have a remarkable capacity as 'magic bullets' stacked with herbicides, fungicides, supplements, fertilizers or nucleic acids, specializing in expressing plant tissues to deliver their charge to the appropriate piece of the plant to perform desired outcomes. The smart design and synthesis of a library of nanomaterials, exact control over their physicochemical properties and simplicity of their surface functionalization to assemble explicitness is to be certain fundamental for the achievement of disease treatment and harmfulness in the biological systems. Green techniques for nanomaterial synthesis observe natural organic systems to nanomaterial production. Green synthesized nanomaterials are at present powerful and significant tools for protecting the drug from the dangerous surroundings in addition to overcoming the organic obstacles to access of the drug in targeted tissues and dealing with drug resistance. NPs were extensively utilized in numerous biomedical applications, site-specific drug delivery systems and cellular uptake because of their inert nature, stability, high dispersity, non-cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. Nanoparticles may be programmed for recognizing the cancerous cells and giving selective and correct drug delivery avoiding interaction with the healthy cells. However, usage of those NPs is restrained through factors like lack of stability in adversarial environment, concerns regarding bioaccumulation and toxicity, need of relatively trained employees for device assembly and operation, and problems with reproducibility and affordability.

View PDFchevron_right
Toxicology and clinical potential of nanoparticles
Lara Yildirimer

In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have increasingly found practical applications in technology, research and medicine. The small particle size coupled to their unique chemical and physical properties is thought to underlie their exploitable biomedical activities. Here, we review current toxicity studies of NPs with clinical potential. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity are discussed and the problem of extrapolating knowledge gained from cell-based studies into a human scenario is highlighted. The so-called 'proof-of-principle' approach, whereby ultra-high NP concentrations are used to ensure cytotoxicity, is evaluated on the basis of two considerations; firstly, from a scientific perspective, the concentrations used are in no way related to the actual doses required which, in many instances, discourages further vital investigations. Secondly, these inaccurate results cast doubt on the science of nanomedicine and thus, quite dangerously, encourage unnecessary alarm in the public. In this context, the discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo results are described along with the need for a unifying protocol for reliable and realistic toxicity reports.

View PDFchevron_right
Nanotoxicity; a challenge for future medicine
Burak Taştekin

TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

Background/aim: Due to nanomaterials' potential benefits for diagnosis and treatment, they are widely used in medical applications and personal care products. Interaction of nanomaterials, which are very small in size, with tissue, cell and microenvironment, can reveal harmful effects that cannot be created with chemically identical and larger counterparts in biological organisms. In this review, a challenge for future medicine, nanotoxicity of nanomaterials is discussed. Materials and methods: A detailed review of related literature was performed and evaluated as per medical applications of nanomaterials their toxicity. Results and conclusion: Most authors state "the only valid technology will be nanotechnology in the next era"; however, there is no consensus on the impact of this technology on humankind, environment and ecological balance. Studies dealing with the toxic effect of nanomaterials on human health have also varied with developing technology. Nanotoxicology studies such as in vivo-like on 3D human organs, cells, advanced genetic studies, and-omic approaches begin to replace conventional methods. Nanotoxicity and adverse effects of nanomaterials in exposed producers, industry workers, and patients make nanomaterials a double-edged sword for future medicine. In order to control and tackle related risks, regulation and legislations should be implemented, and researchers have to conduct joint multidisciplinary studies in various fields of medical sciences, nanotechnology, nanomedicine, and biomedical engineering.

View PDFchevron_right
Green Synthesized Nanomaterials: An Analysis of the Impact on Cellular Processes, Gene Regulation, and Epigenome
Horizon Research Publishing(HRPUB) Kevin Nelson

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2021

Green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained prominence in recent years as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable approach. This green nanotechnology has diverse applications, and their potential impact on cellular processes needs to be thoroughly examined via nanomaterials. One of the major challenges in this field is the alleviation of oxidative damage, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity induced by nanoparticles. Lately, research is more focused on analyzing the epigenetic effects including DNA methylation and histone modifications mediated through the alteration in microRNA expression that is influenced by nanoparticles. Due to their physical and chemical properties, these nanomaterials are extremely suitable carriers of targeted modifications in gene regulatory systems. Delivery of silencing RNAs and artificial transcription factors built on nanoparticles for modulating gene expression has been extensively reported in recent years. Studies on various cell lines have confirmed the downstream effects of these changes in gene expression, as demonstrated by the significant alteration in expression of proteins functional in a multitude of pathways, such as those associated with oxidative stress, cytoskeletal proteins, molecular chaperones, proteins involved in energy metabolic processes, and apoptosis and tumor-related proteins. This reshuffling of molecular expression has also been corroborated by investigations at genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels. This chapter highlights the detailed mechanism of modulation of gene regulation and expression, and the cytological and molecular changes caused by these bionanomaterials. The toxicological aspects and biocompatibility impacts of these nanoparticles, which are of paramount importance while considering their biomedical and environmental applications, have also been outlined.

View PDFchevron_right

References (73)

  1. McKenzie LC, Hutchison JE (2004) Green nanoscience: An integrated ap- proach to greener products, processes, and applications, Chimica Oggi, Chem- istry Today.
  2. Dahl JA, Maddux BL, Hutchison JE (2007) Toward greener nanosynthesis. Chem Rev 107: 2228-2269.
  3. Schmidt KF (2007) Green nanotechnology. Published by Woodraw Wilson In- ternational center for scholars.
  4. Hutchison JE (2008) Greener nanoscience: a proactive approach to advanc- ing applications and reducing implications of nanotechnology. ACS Nano 2: 395-402.
  5. Rugar D, Hansma P (1990) Atomic force microscopy. Phys. Today, 23-30.
  6. Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E (1983) 7×7 Reconstruction on Si(111) Resolved in Real Space Rev. Lett, 50: 120-123.
  7. Diallo M, Brinker CJ (2011) Nanotechnology for Sustainability: Environment, Water, Food, And Climate. In Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020, 1: 221-259.
  8. Roco M (2003) Broader societal issues of nanotechnology J. Nanopart. Res, 5: 181-189.
  9. Barbara K, Stanislaus SW (2013) Ten Years of Green Nanotechnology In Sus- tainable Nanotechnology and the Environment: Advances and Achievements. ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC 1124: 1-10.
  10. Anastas P, Warner J (1998) Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice; Oxford University Press: New York.
  11. Andrew M (2005) A Nanotechnology Consumer Products InVentory, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
  12. Kamat PV, Huehn R, Nicolaescu R (2002) J. Phys. Chem. B, 106: 788.
  13. Hasobe T, Imahori H, Fukuzumi S, Kamat PV (2003) J. Phys. Chem. B, 107: 12105.
  14. Venkatasubramanian R, Siivola E, Colpitts T, O'Quinn B (2001) Thin-film ther- moelectric devices with high room-temperature figures of merit. Nature 413: 597-602.
  15. Lloyd SM, Lave LB (2003) Life cycle economic and environmental implications of using nanocomposites in automobiles. Environ Sci Technol 37: 3458-3466.
  16. Hahm JI, Lieber CM (2004) Nano Lett, 4: 51.
  17. Loo C, Lowery A, Halas N, West J, Drezek R (2005) Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy. Nano Lett 5: 709-711.
  18. König K (2000) Multiphoton microscopy in life sciences. J Microsc 200: 83-104.
  19. Torchilin VP (2005) Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carri- ers. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4: 145-160.
  20. Moghimi, SM, Szebeni J (2003) Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein- binding properties. Prog. Lipid Res. 42: 463-478
  21. Kaiden T, Yuba E, Harada A, Sakanishi Y, Kono K (2011) Dual signal-respon- sive liposomes for temperature-controlled cytoplasmic delivery. Bioconjug Chem 22: 1909-1915.
  22. Nicolas J, Mura S, Brambilla D, Mackiewicz N, Couvreur P (2013) Design, func- tionalization strategies and biomedical applications of targeted biodegradable/ biocompatible polymer-based nanocarriers for drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 42: 1147-1235.
  23. Du J, Tang L, Yuan Y, Wang J (2011) Phosphoester modified poly (ethyleni- mine) as efficient and low cytotoxic genevectors. Sci China Chem, 54: 351-358
  24. Xu X, Li C, Li H, Liu R, Jiang C, et al. (2011) Polypeptide dendrimers: Self- assembly and drug delivery. Sci China Chem, 54: 326-333
  25. Xu R, Lu ZR (2011) Design, synthesis and evaluation of spermine-based ph- sensitive amphiphilic gene delivery systems: Multifunctional non-viral gene car- riers. Sci China Chem, 54: 359-368
  26. Du JZ, Du XJ, Mao CQ, Wang J (2011) Tailor-made dual pH-sensitive polymer- doxorubicin nanoparticles for efficient anticancer drug delivery. J Am Chem Soc 133: 17560-17563.
  27. Kam NW, O'Connell M, Wisdom JA, Dai H (2005) Carbon nanotubes as multi- functional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 11600-11605.
  28. Zhang Z, Yang X, Zhang Y, Zeng B, Wang S, et al. (2006) Delivery of telom- erase reverse transcriptase small interfering RNA in complex with positively charged single-walled carbon nanotubes suppresses tumor growth. Clin Can- cer Res 12: 4933-4939.
  29. Wagner V, Dullaart A, Bock AK, Zweck A (2006) The emerging nanomedicine landscape. Nat Biotechnol 24: 1211-1217.
  30. Emerich DF, Thanos CG (2007) Targeted nanoparticle-based drug delivery and diagnosis. J Drug Target 15: 163-183.
  31. Noble CO, Kirpotin DB, Hayes ME, Mamot C, Hong K, et al. (2004) Develop- ment of ligand-targeted liposomes for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Tar- gets 8: 335-353.
  32. Andrew ZW, Frank G, Zhang L, Chan JM, Radovic-Moreno A, et al. (2008) Biofunctionalized Targeted Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications Expert Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000125
  33. J Nanomedine Biotherapeutic Discov ISSN: 2155-983X JNBD an open access journal Opin Biol Ther. 8: 1063-1070.
  34. Groneberg DA, Giersig M, Welte T, Pison U (2006) Nanoparticle-based diagno- sis and therapy. Curr Drug Targets 7: 643-648.
  35. Hoet PH, Brüske-Hohlfeld I, Salata OV (2004) Nanoparticles -known and un- known health risks. J Nanobiotechnology 2: 12.
  36. Dalby MJ, Gadegaard N, Riehle MO, Wilkinson CDW, Curtis ASG (2004) Cel- lular response to low adhesion nanotopographies Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 36: 2005-2015
  37. Cousins BG, Doherty PJ, Williams RL, Fink J, Garvey MJ (2004) The effect of silica nanoparticulate coatings on cellular response. J Mater Sci Mater Med 15: 355-359.
  38. Kasemo B (2002) Biological surface science Surf. Sci, 500: 656-677
  39. Liu SQ, Xu JJ, Chen HY (2004) A reversible adsorption-desorption interface of DNA based on nano-sized zirconia and its application. Colloids Surf B Bioin- terfaces 36: 155-159.
  40. Zhu X, Chen J, Scheideler L, Altebaeumer T, Geis-Gerstorfer J, et al. (2004) Biomimetics: Advancing Nanobiomaterials and Tissue Engineering Cells Tis- sues Organs, 178: 13-22.
  41. Smith LA, Ma PX (2004) Nano-structured polymer scaffolds for tissue engineer- ing and regenerative medicine Colloids Surf, 39: 125-131.
  42. Sharma S, Johnson RW, Desai TA (2004) XPS and AFM analysis of antifoul- ing PEG interfaces for microfabricated silicon biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 20: 227-239.
  43. Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J (2005) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113: 823-839.
  44. Maynard D, Baron PA, Foley M, Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, et al. (2004) Exposure to carbon nanotube material: aerosol release during the handling of unrefined single- walled carbon nanotube material.J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 67: 87-107.
  45. Pastorin G, Wu W, Wieckowski S, Briand JP, Kostarelos K, et al. (2006) Double functionalization of carbon nanotubes for multimodal drug delivery. Chem Com- mun (Camb) : 1182-1184.
  46. Sato Y, Yokoyama A, Shibata K, Akimoto Y, Ogino S, et al. (2005) Influence of length on cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes against human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 in vitro and subcutaneous tissue of rats in vivo. Mol Biosyst 1: 176-182.
  47. Hoet PH, Nemmar A, Nemery B (2004) Health impact of nanomaterials? Nat Biotechnol 22: 19.
  48. Warheit DB, Laurence BR, Reed KL, Roach DH, Reynolds GA, et al. (2004) Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats. Toxicol Sci 77: 117-125.
  49. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Hunter RL (2004) Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instilla- tion. Toxicol Sci 77: 126-134.
  50. Cui D, Tian F, Ozkan CS, Wang M, Gao H (2005) Effect of single wall carbon nanotubes on human HEK293 cells. Toxicol Lett 155: 73-85.
  51. Monteiro-Riviere NA, Nemanich RJ, Inman AO, Wang YY, Riviere JE (2005) Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett 155: 377-384.
  52. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Hunter RL (2004) Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instilla- tion. Toxicol Sci 77: 126-134.
  53. Jia G, Wang H, Yan L, Wang X, Pei R, et al. (2005) Cytotoxicity of carbon nano- materials: single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube, and fullerene. Environ Sci Technol 39: 1378-1383.
  54. Shi Kam NW, Jessop TC, Wender PA, Dai H (2004) Nanotube molecular trans- porters: internalization of carbon nanotube-protein conjugates into Mammalian cells. J Am Chem Soc 126: 6850-6851.
  55. Shiohara A, Hoshino A, Hanaki K, Suzuki K, Yamamoto K (2004) On the cyto- toxicity caused by quantum dots. Microbiol Immunol 48: 669-675.
  56. Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, Suga M, Sasaki YF, et al. (2004) Physicochemi- cal Properties and Cellular Toxicity of Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Depend on Their Surface Modification Nano Lett., 4: 2163-2169.
  57. Michalet X, Pinaud FF, Bentolila LA, Tsay JM, Doose S, et al. (2005) Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 307: 538-544.
  58. Jia X, Li N, Chen J (2005) A subchronic toxicity study of elemental Nano-Se in Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Sci 76: 1989-2003.
  59. Muller J, Huaux F, Moreau N, Misson P, Heilier JF, et al. (2005) Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207: 221-231.
  60. Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J (2005) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113: 823-839.
  61. Donaldson K, Tran CL (2004) An introduction to the short-term toxicology of respirable industrial fibres. Mutat Res 553: 5-9.
  62. Gurr JR, Wang AS, Chen CH, Jan KY (2005) Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bron- chial epithelial cells. Toxicology 213: 66-73.
  63. Service RF (2003) American Chemical Society meeting. Nanomaterials show signs of toxicity. Science 300: 243.
  64. Churg A, Stevens B, Wright JL (1998) Sustainable Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles: Methods and Applications Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physi- ol, 274: L81-L86.
  65. Donaldson K, Beswick PH, Gilmour PS (1996) Free radical activity associated with the surface of particles: a unifying factor in determining biological activity? Toxicol Lett 88: 293-298.
  66. Goodman CM, McCusker CD, Yilmaz T, Rotello VM (2004) Toxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cationic and anionic side chains. Bioconjug Chem 15: 897-900.
  67. Rancan F, Rosan S, Boehm F, Cantrell A, Brellreich M, et al. (2002) Cytotoxic- ity and photocytotoxicity of a dendritic C(60) mono-adduct and a malonic acid C(60) tris-adduct on Jurkat cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 67: 157-162.
  68. Foley S, Crowley C, Smaihi M, Bonfils C, Erlanger BF, et al. (2002) Cellular localisation of a water-soluble fullerene derivative. Biochem Biophys Res Com- mun 294: 116-119.
  69. Yang XL, Fan CH, Zhu HS (2002) Photo-induced cytotoxicity of malonic acid [C(60)]fullerene derivatives and its mechanism. Toxicol In Vitro 16: 41-46.
  70. Fortner JD, Lyon DY, Sayes CM, Boyd AM, Falkner JC, et al. (2005) C60 in water: nanocrystal formation and microbial response. Environ Sci Technol 39: 4307-4316.
  71. Sayes CM, Fortner JD, Guo W, Lyon D, Boyd AM, et al. (2004) The Differential Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Fullerenes Nano Lett, 4: 1881-1887.
  72. Oberdorster E (2004) Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, C60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass Environ. Health Per- spect, 112: 1058-1062.
  73. Gupta AK, Gupta M (2005) Cytotoxicity suppression and cellular uptake en- hancement of surface modified magnetic nanoparticles. Biomaterials 26: 1565- 1573.

Related papers

Green Nanoparticles in Sustainable Therapeutics and Future Sustainability
Arsheen Rehman

Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences

Green nanoparticles (GNPs) are being produced from microbial and plant sources and have numerous applications in various fields. The article focuses on the NPs that provide various focal points in the many scientific and technological fields for the cutting-edge uses of nanoparticles. Due to their toxicity, cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and environmental friendliness, green NPs are extremely important. It is closely observed how important green NPs are to the development of science and technology in the context of sustainable therapeutics. The only issue with green nanoparticles is occasionally how toxic they can be. A sustainable future, which the entire world looks forward to, is directly related to green nanoparticles and their role in numerous applications.

View PDFchevron_right
GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW
Editor iajps

Shilpa Suresh*, Subhash Chandran M P, Dr. Prashob G R, Rohini L M, Sonam Sasi, Sudhi U S

The emergence of nanoparticles (NPs) has attracted tremendous interest of the scientific community for decades due to their unique properties and potential applications in diverse areas, including drug delivery and therapy. There is a need for a new discipline- nano toxicology-that would evaluate the health threats posed by nanoparticles, and would enable safe development of the emerging nanotechnology industry related to biotherapy. Green Nanotechnology gives the opportunity in lowering the risk of using nano materials, limiting the risk of producing nanomaterials, and using nano materials to lower the risk of producing unwanted chemical intermediates and end-products. Keywords: Nanoparticles, Green chemistry, Green synthesis, Chemical synthesis, Biological application.

View PDFchevron_right
Green Nanotechnology—A Road Map to Safer Nanomaterials
Renu Geetha Bai

Applications of Nanomaterials, 2018

View PDFchevron_right
Nanomaterials in medicine and pharmaceuticals: nanoscale materials developed with less toxicity and more efficacy
Shizhu Chen

European Journal of Nanomedicine, 2013

Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties, such as large surface area to mass ratio, ultra small size and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials with the same composition. These properties can be used to overcome some limitations found in traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The application of nanomaterials in medicine and pharmaceuticals is increasing rapidly and offers excellent prospects. In this review, we will provided an overview on nanomaterial developments with less toxicity and more efficacy in the fields of imaging and diagnosis, disease therapy, drug delivery and tissue engineering. In summary, although these fields are still in their infancy, the present results have clearly demonstrated enormous potential.

View PDFchevron_right
Toxicity Concerns of Therapeutic Nanomaterials
chandni sharma

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2019

In the modern era, research on the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has been growing exponentially. Due to their small size together with extraordinary physico-chemical properties, a variety of NPs i.e., metallic, carbon-based, fluorescent, and polymer-based have been exploited in different fields such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and various other therapeutic applications. Instead of multidisciplinary applications of NPs, research dealing with the toxicity concerns and influence of such materials, on the public health, plants and environment is still in its infancy. NPs can cause damage at the cellular, sub-cellular, molecular and protein levels owing to their extremely small size, large surface area to volume ratio, shape, and surface functionality. The present review is aimed to provide wide-ranging information related to NPs toxicology, the mechanisms of action, routes of their entry into the body and probable impacts on human health. Understanding of NPs entry routes into the body entails further research so as to update policymakers and regulatory bodies about the toxicity concerns associated with these nanomaterials. Proper characterization of NPs, factors affecting uptake and toxicity of NPs, as well as an understanding of processes when NPs come in contact with living beings, is critical to estimate the possible hazards.

View PDFchevron_right
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved