PROXÉMIE/Proxemics
2018, Living Together - Roland Barthes, the Individual and the Community
https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839444313-027Abstract
Is it possible to speak with distance about proximity? Is it possible at all to be beyond proximity? Language, at least, is always already so near that it is impossible to speak without it. In the 1960s, what Roland Barthes called écriture, writing, was exactly the affirmation and exploration of this proximity: "dans l'écrire moyen de la modernité, le sujet se constitue comme immédiatement contemporain de l'écriture, s'effectuant et s'affectant par elle" (Barthes 1984: 29). There is a space and a time of writing, a chronotopology of writing, that cannot be thought otherwise than as a quality of proximity. The subject is not identical with language, but it is not without language either; both are coemergent. Barthes doesn't think this is a combination of passive and active but sees it as a special mode, as l'écrire moyen and voix moyenne (ibid: 29), as the middle voice. As the editors of this volume note in their introduction, Comment vivre ensemble, the title of the first lecture series Barthes gave at the Collège de France, doesn't end with a question mark. This too can be seen as clue that Barthes's theme is neither a search for moral values or principles nor the analysis of living together as a clear-cut object of research. The one who says comment vivre ensemble is always already living together and saying these words as part of it: these words are an utterance made in the middle voice, an utterance that isn't made by a subject who by adding a question mark would actively place an object in front of him-or herself. The concept of proxemics is a neologism coined by the American sociologist Edward T. Hall. Barthes says that he will use it in his own way, but he refers to Hall's book The Hidden Dimension. For Hall proxemics is a systematic description of the social space. Hall differentiates between four spaces that are determined by the distance between a person and other persons: intimate distance, private distance, social distance, and public distance. He sees this classification as a transcultural phenomenon, but there would be clear cultural differences between the definition of these distances. Ignoring these differences may lead to severe misunderstandings in intercultural communication (Hall
Key takeaways
AI
AI
- Proxemics, as defined by Edward T. Hall, classifies social spaces into four distinct categories.
- Barthes emphasizes the intertwined relationship between language, fantasy, and the subject's lived experience.
- Idiorrhythmy describes individuals' varying rhythms in relation to others, impacting social interactions.
- Barthes critiques traditional proxemics, focusing on subjective experiences rather than objective classifications.
- Cultural differences in proxemic understanding can lead to miscommunication in intercultural contexts.
References (14)
- memory of the middle voice, for example when it is used in the sense of casting; in theater or film a role wird besetzt. If one emphasizes this way of understanding Barthes's text, the whole movement of his discourse appears as a search for forms of living together in which the contradiction between envelope and object is suspended, in which, so to say, a living in the middle voice becomes possible. references
- Barthes, Roland (1979): "Lecture in Inauguration of the Chair of Literary Semiology, Collège de France, January 7, 1977," trans. Richard Howard. In: October 8, pp. 3-16. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/778222?seq=1#page_ scan_tab_contents).
- Barthes, Roland (1980): Leçon/Lektion, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
- Barthes, Roland (1984): Essais critique, vol. 4: Le bruissement de la langue, Paris: Seuil.
- Barthes, Roland (2002): Comment vivre ensemble: Simulations romanesques de quelques espaces quotidiens, Paris: Seuil.
- Barthes, Roland (2013): How to Live Together: Novelistic Simulations of Some Everyday Spaces, New York: Columbia University Press.
- Crary, Jonathan (2013): 24/7: Late Capitalism and the Ends of Sleep, London: Verso.
- Gide, André (1997): Schwurgericht: Drei Bücher zum Verbrechen, Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn.
- Hall, Edward T. (1990) (1966): The Hidden Dimension, New York: Anchor.
- Hall, Edward T. (1989) (1976): Beyond Culture, New York: Anchor.
- Irigaray, Luce (1977): "The Envelope: A Reading of Spinoza, Ethics, 'Of God.'" In: Warren Montag/Ted Stolze (eds.), The New Spinoza, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 37-45.
- Spinoza, Baruch (2002): Complete Works, Indianapolis: Hackett.
- Stern, Daniel (1998 [1985]): The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology, London: Karnac.
- Winnicott, D. W. (2009): Playing and Reality, London: Routledge.