A Linguistic Study of Borrowings from English to Urdu

. This study presupposes that Urdu is subject to English hegemony perhaps more profound than ever before. This predates colonial expansion in the sub-continent; however dominance of English over Urdu in CMC flags up variation in the theme of linguistic hegemony. On an attempt to account dominance of English, the data was sampled from 200 Bachelor of Science students (who had both the Urdu and English as national languages) of five universities situated in Lahore, Pakistan. The study reveals a deeper degree of penetration, apparently more profound than the colonial onslaught, of English basic and non-basic words into the Urdu language. Moreover, the study suggests setting out language policy to safeguard the Urdu language, which seems an easy prey to its English predator.

Arabic a language of the Semitic family of languages, Persian a member of the Indo-Iranian group of languages; and Kashmiri and Urdu, members of the Indo-Aryan family of languages are the most significant contact languages in the linguistically heterogeneous setting of the Kashmiri speech community. Existing side-by-side, these languages serve different sociolinguistic purposes and are assigned different roles. The linguistic amalgamation of these languages has resulted in the development of a considerable amount of lexicon common to all of them in general, but Kashmiri and Urdu in particular. The present paper explores the range of the Kashmiri-Urdu common lexicon. It also examines the extent to which Arabic and Persian have contributed to this shared lexical treasure.Finally,an exhaustive list of Kashmiri-Urdu lexical items used in various social domains of Kashmiri speakers (religion, administration,medicine,education,language and literature, law, and every day conversation) is presented and analyzed.

The Urdu language, a product of centuries of cultural, linguistic, and social interaction in the Indo–Pak subcontinent, has been the subject of multiple and often conflicting origin theories. This study presents a critical, grassroots-focused analysis of Urdu’s emergence, examining regional contributions from Delhi, Punjab, Sindh, and the Deccan, alongside the roles of military, commercial, and Sufi networks in shaping everyday speech. Drawing on historical-comparative linguistics, primary sources such as poetry, chronicles, and colonial grammars, and evaluation of dialectal and oral traditions, the paper interrogates established hypotheses, including the Delhi, Punjab, Sindh, and Deccan theories, and engages with the literary culture perspective and sociopolitical analyses. Key debates concerning the “camp language” myth, the politics of Urdu versus Hindi, elite codification versus grassroots formation, and colonial standardization are critically examined. Findings indicate that Urdu’s evolution was polycentric, hybrid, and socially negotiated, reflecting both vernacular innovation and literary refinement. The study further explores Urdu’s modern relevance, highlighting its role in Pakistan’s national identity, Indian cultural and educational systems, and diaspora communities worldwide. By foregrounding the grassroots dynamics of language formation, this research challenges monocentric narratives, emphasizing the interplay of social, linguistic, and cultural forces. The paper concludes that understanding Urdu’s historical trajectory through a grassroots lens not only enriches the field of historical linguistics but also provides insights into the ongoing vitality and adaptive capacity of South Asia’s shared linguistic heritage. ___________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Urdu, Hindavi, Rekhta, Indo–Pak Subcontinent, grassroots language formation, historical linguistics, literary culture

Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colony in one territory by a political power from another territory (Rashid, 2014). It seems that the human race was created to face suppression at the hands of one thing or another. Whether it be our own activities or some intervention by nature itself, every generation throughout history has been keen and intent on finding ‘solutions’ to the troubles they encounter. One such instance seen throughout history is the dark and murky past of the nations who had once been colonized by another political power, an example of how humans subjugate humans. Despite the fact the colonialism leaves key ideas for socio-economic development in the colonized territory, it cannot be denied that the initial approach to try and dominate a nation is always plunder; seizing goods through trade, exploiting labors or any such related aspect. Perhaps the most influential thing that remains even after the colonizers have deserted a certain area is the use and impact of their native language. Since this research work required more of an insight of the whole matter, I preferred using the qualitative method for analyzing the resources. The issue itself is a critical one; it has not been addressed as many times as others and that is why there was a lack of definite, primary resources on which to review. The British abandoned the subcontinent back in 1947, creating two resource-rich and self-dependent nations who have since then progressed into the modern era through the use of very customs left behind by the Englishmen. Their language has been implemented on every imaginable level in the whole country. From kindergarten to Post-graduate education, English has not been left to the candidates as choice. A nation’s youth is its future; poisoning their minds by making learning English a necessity not only distracts them from seeking knowledge, but also creates space for the implantation of western concepts and culture into their minds. Hence, I derived the hypothesis that the vast use of English language has tampered the mindsets and approaches of Pakistani citizens.

International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR), 2018

A broadly used language throughout the world is probably English, which remarkably impacts its advancement. Pakistan is also not immune and here at all levels of education English is infused. One of the reasons of spread of English language is a great mixing of English words and phrases in other languages of the world. As far as Pakistan is concerned, in national language of Pakistan which is Urdu, English vocabulary is often mixed and borrowed. The phenomena of borrowing, code-switching and code-mixing cannot only be observed in spoken discourse but also obvious in written text. This paper investigates how far this pattern is shown in media and daily life conversations of Pakistani people. This paper present that that fundamental part of bilingualism and multilingualism are varieties and changes in a language. This inclination of code-mixing and code-switching has acquired a few changes in Pakistani individuals and their way of life with the fact that the culture is ordinarily conveyed by that language. This paper will show how Pakistani culture is influenced by the mixture of English and Urdu language word. It is done by qualitative method empirically. In Pakistan tendency of code-mixing have been divided into three classes which are word class, phrase class, and sentence class. The maximum integer occurred in Pakistan is a word level. The increasing interest of Pakistani community in English language has been revealed in research findings.