Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusions
References
All Topics
Anthropology
Archaeology

Daggers and axes of the Copper Age Eastern Carpathian Basin

Profile image of Tibor-Tamás DarócziTibor-Tamás Daróczi

2019, Arheovest VII1. In honorem Sabin Adrian Luca. Interdisciplinaritate în arheologie. Timişoara, 23 noiembrie 2019

Abstract

The Copper Age of the Eastern Carpathian Basin shows a strong social cohesion as reflected by the funerary practices and graves inventories. Studies focusing on social stratification, on ranking of individuals at site level, have been quite conclusive, though an over-regional study analysing distinctive funerary goods and sets could prompt new results. Daggers and axes, both of the flat and Jászladány-type, are interpreted as markers of focal points of power. Associations with other funerary finds allow for the recognition of a fine-detailed and structured world-view of agents of social memory and serve the needs of the living for the purpose of negotiating individual identities and those of their close social group. Moreover, to a certain extent inter-group relations of these groups might be argued for and to some extent placed into a hierarchy. The study will show, how contact between areas and groups of the Eastern Carpathian Basin existed, common ideas prevailed and a set of standardised views in terms of society and afterlife were nurtured through social memory in order to negotiate legitimacy and identity. Lastly, the changing and altering of these social relations and structures looms at the dusk of the fourth millennium BCE, which are further underscored by some of the funerary discoveries of the later part of the Copper Age of the region.

Related papers

Traces of Social Inequality during the Late Neolithic in the Eastern Carpathian Basin
Zsuzsanna Siklósi
View PDFchevron_right
Funerary metal bracelets from the Copper Age Eastern Carpathian Basin
Tibor-Tamás Daróczi

Sabin Adrian Luca, Emil-Constantin Ursu, Raluca-Maria Teodorescu and Anamaria Tudorie eds., The Neolithic and the Aeneolithic in Central Europe. The history and perspective of the idea of the Danube Civilisation. Sign and Symbol. Volume and colour, 2021

Funerary metal bracelets from the Copper Age Eastern Carpathian Basin represent a special category of finds, which usually are brushed off as yet another type of jewellery and considered in bulk with others. The aim of the present paper is to survey existing finds and interpret their contexts both spatially and quantitatively, to evaluate their possible roles as social markers of prominence and agency in negotiating status. It is further attempted to refine generalising views on bracelet-use in the age discussed and attribute more importance to the contextual wearing and display of these items. Lastly, the paper will show age and gender differentiated employment in funerary milieu of these goods, in order to negotiated identity of the living and display status of the dead, as well.

View PDFchevron_right
Social differentiation reflected by the Corded Ware culture burial rite in the Carpathian foothill and upland region
Paweł Jarosz

The longhouses of Bandkeramik. Do we know all about them? ________________________ 95 The TRB culture settlement in the middle Tążyna Valley: a case study __________________ 105 Die neolithische Besiedlungsgeschichte im Raum Flintbek und die Bedeutung der Wagenspuren vor dem Hintergrund neuer Datierungen ___________________________ 121 Investigations in 2012 of the southern part of the Funnel Beaker culture temenos at Słonowice near the Małoszówka river. Fourth report ______________________________ 139 Settlement of the Globular Amphora Culture at Site 6 in Lekarzewice near Osłonki in Kuyavia (Poland) _____________________________________________________________ 163 The lost settlements -one from the visible problems in the research on the Final Neolithic in southern Poland ______________________________________________________________ 173 Stable settlements of the Trzciniec Cultural Circle in the Polish uplands and lowlands ____ 185 Pueblo culture settlement structure in the central Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D. ___________________________________________________ 193 Man and mountains. Settlement and economy of Neolithic communities in the Eastern part of the Polish Carpathians ____________________________________________________ 225 Settlement and economy of the TRB in Lesser Poland: transformation or continuity? _____ 245 Open-Range Cattle Grazing and the Spread of Farming In Neolithic Central Europe _____ 261 The flint raw materials economy in Lesser Poland during the Eneolithic Period: the Lublin-Volhynian culture and the Funnel Beaker culture __________________________ 275 The importance of leguminous plants in the diet of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age inhabitants of Little Poland ______________________________________________________ 295 Mechanics of the semi-nomadic economy __________________________________________ 303 On the Holocene vegetation history of Brandenburg and Berlin _______________________ 311

View PDFchevron_right
Continuity and change in burial customs – examples from the carpathian basin.
Clemens Lichter

L. Nikolova (ed.), Early Symbolic Systems for Communication in Southeast Europe. BAR International Series 1139 (2003) 135–152.

View PDFchevron_right
Single Burials and Small Grave Groups in the Carpathian Basin in the 5th Century (MA thesis in English)
Kiss Alpár
View PDFchevron_right
LATE BRONZE AGE MORTUARY PRACTICES AND SOCIETY IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN -Proceedings of the International conference in Zagreb
Jovan Koledin
View PDFchevron_right
Can we talk about the Copper Age in Lesser Poland? Contribution to the discussion
Stanisław Wilk

The aim of this article is to define the character of the relations between Lesser Poland and the world of Copper Age civilization in the Carpathian Basin in the second half of the 5th and the first half of the 4th millennium BC. Based on the analysis of the two largest investigated necropolises of the younger Danubian cultures in Lesser Poland (Kraków-Wyciąże 5 and Książnice 2), it is possible to show the characteristics of the new social order, inspired by southern cultural patterns. The most important of these are: the concentration of graves in separate cemeteries, the differentiation of burials with regard to sex, the stratification of graves with regard to the richness of their inventories, the occurrence of indicators of the richest male burials (a copper dagger, axe, and a chisel), the allocation of a separate area for elite burials and one for egalitarian burials. The above-mentioned characteristics prove that there was a strong influence of the Transcarpathian patterns of social and religious behaviour on the societies living in south-eastern Poland.

View PDFchevron_right
Laabs 2023, Wealth Consumption, Sociopolitical Organization, and Change: A Perspective from Burial Analysis on the Middle Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin
Julian Laabs

Open Archaeology, 2023

Tracing the patterns of wealth consumption within and between burial communities can reveal different aspects of the sociopolitical and economic abilities of and relations between individuals, groups, and whole communities. For a cross-cultural comparison, burial communities of the cultural groups of the Hungarian Middle Bronze Age Vatya and Füzesabony pottery styles in the Carpathian Basin were chosen. Special emphasis is put on the development of the wealth consumption during the late phase of the Middle Bronze Age. It could be shown that Vatya and Füzesabony communities exhibit very similar patterns of wealth consumption and seemingly sociopolitical organization. In the cemetery of Dunaújváros-Dunadűlő, a dynamic competition and cooperation between different social segments can be witnessed, representing an arena in which signaling the individual's and groups' ability to participate in sociopolitical organization of the burial community took place. The wealth consumption over the whole considered geographical space, and beyond, changes during the late Middle Bronze Age. It can be assumed that during the times of change, cultural convergence increases, as changes in burial rites and wealth consumption suggest. This development is possible because Vatya and Füzesabony shared a very similar sociopolitical organization as well as the perception of wealth and how it should be consumed.

View PDFchevron_right
Death and Memory. A study of the funerary landscapes of the Eastern Carpathian Basin from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age
Tibor-Tamás Daróczi

2015

VORWORT DER HERAUSGEBER Die Reihe "Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie" soll einem in der jüngeren Vergangenheit entstandenen Bedürfnis Rechnung tragen, nämlich Examensarbeiten und andere Forschungsleistungen vornehmlich jüngerer Wissenschaftler in die Öffentlichkeit zu tragen. Die etablierten Reihen und Zeitschriften des Faches reichen längst nicht mehr aus, die vorhandenen Manuskripte aufzunehmen. Die Universitäten sind deshalb aufgerufen, Abhilfe zu schaffen. Einige von ihnen haben mit den ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Mitteln unter zumeist tatkräftigem Handanlegen der Autoren die vorliegende Reihe begründet. Thematisch soll darin die ganze Breite des Faches vom Paläolithikum bis zur Archäologie der Neuzeit ihren Platz finden. Ursprünglich hatten sich fünf Universitätsinstitute in Deutschland zur Herausgabe der Reihe zusammengefunden, der Kreis ist inzwischen größer geworden. Er lädt alle interessierten Professoren und Dozenten ein, als Mitherausgeber tätig zu werden und Arbeiten aus ihrem Bereich der Reihe zukommen zu lassen. Für die einzelnen Bände zeichnen jeweils die Autoren und Institute ihrer Herkunft, die im Titel deutlich gekennzeichnet sind, verantwortlich. Sie erstellen Satz, Umbruch und einen Ausdruck. Bei gleicher Anordnung des Umschlages haben die verschiedenen beteiligten Universitäten jeweils eine spezifische Farbe. Finanzierung und Druck erfolgen entweder durch sie selbst oder durch den Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, der in jedem Fall den Vertrieb der Bände sichert. Herausgeber sind derzeit: Kurt Alt (Mainz) François Bertemes (Halle) Nikolaus Boroffka (Berlin) Peter Breunig (Frankfurt am Main)

View PDFchevron_right
The Earliest Copper Shaft-Hole Axes in the Carpathian Basin: Interaction, Chronology and Transformations of Meaning
Vajk Szeverényi

2013

The aim of the article is to investigate interregional interaction and its impact on the communities of the Carpathian Basin in Late Copper Age and Early Bronze Age through the review of the appearance and role of the earliest copper shaft-hole axes (so-called Bányabükk/Baniabic/Vâlcele type). While earlier research often placed these to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (mid-third millennium BC), it is now much more probable that they date from the fourth millennium BC. The origin of the form and the technology lies in the Northern Caucasus, from where it spread throughout Eastern Europe. This form and technology seem to have formed the basis of the later development of early copper and bronze shaft-hole axes in the third and second millennia BC in the Carpathian Basin. It is suggested that during the adoption of the new form its symbolic meanings and the attached social values and practices changed considerably.

View PDFchevron_right

References (111)

  1. Csányi et alii, 2008, p. tab. VI, fig. 8.
  2. Vulpe, 1975, p. 46-47.
  3. Patay, 1984, p. 32.
  4. Patay, 1984, p. 29; Vulpe, 1975, p. 58-59.
  5. Dagger (1927);
  6. Fig. 3; L: 18.3 cm; W: 3 cm; Mat: Cu Description: The copper blade was found in grave no. 28. The skeleton was oriented east-west and contracted on its right side. Graves goods comprise of flint blade and two ceramic vessels. The copper dagger was found under the left elbow of the indi- vidual, in front of the chest. Illustration source: after Hillebrand, 1929, pl. 4/5. Bibliography: Hillebrand, 1928, p. 44-46, figs. 4, 6; 1929, p. 25, pl. 4.
  7. Magyardombegyháza-Jakabffy István birtoka, Békés megye, HU Archeco-zone: E2; Dating: MCA I-II a. Dagger (1927);
  8. Fig. 3; L: 18.4 cm; W: 3.3 cm; Th: 0.17-0.38 cm; Mat: Cu Description: During clay mining the grave in question was destroyed, only the lower legs of the individual were left undisturbed. From the adjoining heaps of the grave fill the copper dagger, a flint blade and fragments from six ceramic vessel were re- trieved. Illustration source: after Banner, 1928b, p. fig. 1/5. Bibliography: Banner, 1928a, p; 1928b, p. esp. 302, fig. 1/5.
  9. Maroslele-Szent István út 76 szám-Takács Telek, Csongrád megye, HU Archeco-zone: E2; Dating: MCA I-II a. Dagger (1939);
  10. Fig. 3; L: 13 cm; Th: 1.5 cm; Mat: Cu Description: Locals brought the copper blade in the museum and most likely it was discovered in a destroyed grave of the burial ground. Illustration source: after Patay, 1961, pl. 23/8. Bibliography: Patay, 1961, p. 56, pl. 23/8.
  11. Polgár-Basatanya, Hajdú-Bihar megye, HU Archeco-zone: E1; Dating: MCA I-II
  12. Dagger (1950-1954);
  13. Fig. 3; L: 7.5 cm; W: 2 cm; Mat: Cu Description: The copper blade was found in grave no. 44. The skeleton was oriented east-west and contracted on its right side, and it belonged to a 35 years old man. Graves goods comprise of flint blade, an obsidian core, a flint arrow-head, a flint flake and two ceramic vessels. The copper dagger has a decayed tip and was placed on the chest, resting on and parallel with the spine. The dagger was hammered flat. Illustration source: after Bognár-Kutzián, 1963, pl. 44/2. Bibliography: Bognár-Kutzián, 1963, p. 99-100, fig. 45, pl. 44/2.
  14. Fig. 3; L: 15 cm; W: 4.4 cm; Th: 0.15 cm; Mat: Cu Description: The copper blade was found in grave no. 105. The skeleton was oriented west-east and contracted on its right side, and it belonged to a 35 years old man. Graves goods comprise of a copper pin, two flint blades, an obsidian and a flint core, a whetstone, two wild boar tusks, sheep bones and four ceramic vessels. The copper dagger was placed on the chest, behind and parallel to the left humerus. Illustration source: after Bognár-Kutzián, 1963, pl. 95/2. Bibliography: Bognár-Kutzián, 1963, p. 179-181, fig. 99, pl. 95.
  15. Sárrétudvari-Őrhalom, megy. Hajdú-Bihar, HU Archeco-zone: F2; Dating: LCA II g. Flat axe (1949);
  16. Fig. 4; L: 11.3 cm; W: 3.7 cm; Th: 0.9 cm; Wt: 145 g; Mat: Cu Description: The copper flat axe was discovered in grave no. 5. The bones of the skel- eton were decayed. Graves goods comprise of a flint blade, an obsidian arrow-head, three flint flakes and two ceramic vessels. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 2/30. Bibliography: Patay, 1969b, p. 18, fig. 3, pl. 1/6; 1984, p. 26, no. 30, pl. 2/30. h. Flat axe (1949);
  17. Fig. 4; L: 8.5 cm; W: 2.7 cm; Th: 0.8 cm; Wt: 65 g; Mat: Cu Description: The copper flat axe was in grave no. 13 The bones of the skeleton were decayed. Graves goods comprise of a flint blade and two ceramic vessels. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 4/61. Bibliography: Patay, 1969b, p. 22, fig. 8, pl. 2/11; 1984, p. 28, no. 61, pl. 4/61. i. Flat axe (1949);
  18. Fig. 4; L: 11.7 cm; W: 4.1 cm; Th: 1.1 cm; Wt: 215 g; Mat: Cu Description: The copper flat axe was discovered in grave no. 21. The skeleton was oriented east-west and contracted on its right side. Graves goods comprise of a flint blade, an obsidian arrow-head and three ceramic vessels. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 4/57. Bibliography: Patay, 1969b, p. 24, fig. 15, pl. 4/7; 1984, p. 27-28, no. 57, pl. 4/57.
  19. Fig. 4; L: 7.8 cm; W: 2.4 cm; Th: 0.8 cm; Wt: 65 g; Mat: Cu Description: The copper blade was found in grave no. 45, which was destroyed dur- ing the excavation and the grave inventory was retrieved from the locals. Graves goods comprise of flint blade, a copper dagger [237m] (Fig. 3), a whetstone and three ce- ramic vessels. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 4/62. Bibliography: Patay, 1969b, p. 35, pl. 7/8; 1984, p. 28, no. 62, pl. 4/62.
  20. Hajdúszoboszló I-Vasútállomás, Hajdú-Bihar megye, HU Archeco-zone: E1; Dating: MCA I a. Flat axe (1928);
  21. Fig. 4; L: 5.7 cm; W: 3.1 cm; Th: 0.9 cm; Wt: 59 g; Mat: Cu Description: The copper flat axe was discovered in grave no. 1. The skeleton was con- tracted on its right side. Graves goods comprise of a stone mace-head, two flint blades flint blade, two obsidian arrow-heads, a whetstone, a boar tusk, several sheep ribs and four ceramic vessels. The axe was in the left hand. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 5/77. Bibliography: Patay, 1984, p. 31, no. 77, pl. 5/77; Zoltai, 1929, p. 47, fig. 16/3.
  22. Hódmezővásárhely-Nagyfai Tiszakanyar, Csongrád megye, HU Archeco-zone: E2; Dating: MCA I-II
  23. Battle axe (1900);
  24. Fig. 6; L: 7.4 cm; Wt: 105 g; Mat: Cu Description: The fragmentary battle-axe is from a destroyed grave. Other grave in- ventories comprise of a fragmentary flint blade and at least a ceramic vessel. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 25/291. Bibliography: Patay, 1984, p. 64, no. 291, pl. 25/291; Szeremlei, 1900, p. 208, fig. 16.
  25. Hódmezővásárhely-Szakálhát-Bakaytanya, Csongrád megye, HU Archeco-zone: E2; Dating: MCA I-II
  26. Fig. 4; L: 13.2 cm; W: 4.8 cm; Th: 0.8 cm; Wt: 176 g; Mat: Cu Description: The flat axe was found in grave no. 2. The skeleton of a child was east- west oriented and right contracted. Graves goods comprise of a flint blade and three ceramic vessels. The flat axe was found next to the right hand. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 3/42. Bibliography: Banner, Bálint, 1935, p. 86, fig. 5/7; Patay, 1984, p. 26, no. 42, pl. 3/42.
  27. Magyarhomorog-Kónyadomb, Hajdú-Bihar megye, HU Archeco-zone: F2; Dating: MCA I-II
  28. Axe-adze (1964);
  29. Fig. 5; L: 17.4 cm; Wt: 381 g; Mat: Cu Description: The shaft-hole axe-adze was found in grave no. 46. The skeleton was east-west oriented and right contracted. Graves goods comprise of two flint blades, two flint arrow-heads, a copper awl, a copper pin, sheep bones and five ceramic ves- sels. The axe-adze has two circular smiths marks placed on either side of the shaft- hole and was placed just above the skull. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 43/438. Bibliography: Patay, 1976, p. 192-193, fig, 27, pl. 16/18; 1984, p. 80, no. 438, pl. 43/438.
  30. Fig. 4; L: 10.5 cm; W: 5.1 cm; Th: 0.7 cm; Wt: 97 g; Mat: Cu Description: The flat axe was found in grave no. 26. The skeleton was east-west oriented and right contracted. Graves goods comprise of a flint blade, sheep and pig bones, and two ceramic vessels. The flat axe was behind and parallel to the spine. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 2/27. Bibliography: Patay, 1976, p. 183-184, fig. 14, pl. 14/6; 1984, p. 26, no. 27, pl. 2/27.
  31. Magyarhomorog-Mogyoróstanya, megye, HU Archeco-zone: F2; Dating: MCA I a. Axe-adze (1959);
  32. Fig. 5; L: 13.7 cm; Wt: 685 g; Mat: Cu Description: A fragmentary axe-adze was discovered in grave no.1 along a flint blade, a polished stone, shaft-hole axe of Konyár-type and a ceramic vessel. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 47/482. Bibliography: Patay, 1961, p. 54-55; 1984, p. 84, no. 482, pl. 47/482.
  33. Mezősas-Vajdalapos, megy. Hajdú-Bihar, HU Archeco-zone: F2; Dating: MCA I-II a. Axe-hammer (1913);
  34. Fig. 5; L: 12.7 cm; Wt: ; Mat: Cu Description: The chance find of a copper axe-hammer is most likely from a grave. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 24/276. Bibliography: Patay, 1943, p. 135-136, pl. 50/8; 1984, p. 61, no. 276, pl. 24/276. b. Flat axe (1913);
  35. Fig. 4; L: 14.1 cm; W: 4.3 cm; Th: 1 cm; Mat: Cu Description: The context of a curved, copper flat-axe is most likely a funerary one. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 2/36. Bibliography: Patay, 1943, p. 135-136, pl. 50/7; 1984, p. 26, no. 36, p. 2/36.
  36. Polgár-Bacsókert, Hajdú-Bihar megye, HU Archeco-zone: E1; Dating: MCA I-II
  37. Fig. 4; L: 11.9 cm; W: 3.9 cm; Th: 1.2 cm; Wt: 173 g; Mat: Cu Description: A copper flat axe was discovered in grave no. 2. The skeleton was south- east-northwest oriented and contracted on its right side. Grave goods comprise of a flint blade and several ceramic vessels. The axe was placed at the right ankle. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 2/28. Bibliography: Patay, 1959, p. 142, pl. 1/28; 1984, p. 26, no. 28, pl. 2/18.
  38. Sâniob, jud. Bihor, RO Archeco-zone: F2; Dating: MCA a. Axe adze (1901);
  39. Fig. 5; L: 23 cm; Wt: 845 g; Mat: Cu Description: The axe-adze is a chance find, but most likely is a funerary find. It has two circular smith marks one on either side of the shaft-hole. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 55/591; Vulpe, 1975, pl. 13/99. Bibliography: Hampel, 1902, p. 85; Patay, 1984, p. 101, no. 591, pl. 55/591; Roska, 1942b, p. 52, no. 165; Vulpe, 1975, p. 38, no. 99, pl. 13/99.
  40. Sárrétudvari-Őrhalom, Hajdú-Bihar megye, HU Archeco-zone: F2; Dating: LCA II a. Battle axe (1987);
  41. Fig. 6; L: 15.45 cm; W: 2.8 cm; Th: 2,94 cm; Wt: 308.43 g; Mat: Cu Description: The copper battle axe was found in grave no. 7 of the burial mound. The skeleton was incomplete, oriented northeast-southwest and possibly lying on its back. It belonged to a 40-59 years old man. The fragment of a skull from a 5-7 years old child (grave no. 7a) was found next to him. Graves goods comprise of a copper dagger [582b] (Fig. 3), two lock-rinds made from silver and electron, a lump of ochre and a jug. The battle axe was placed in front on the skull, below the dagger. Illustration source: after Dani, 2011, p. fig. 19/6. Bibliography: Dani, 2011, p. 30, fig. 19; M. Nepper, Sz. Máthé, 1993, p. 138.
  42. Şiria, jud. Arad, RO Archeco-zone: E2; Dating: MCA I-II
  43. Battle axe (1899);
  44. Fig. 6; L: 18.8 cm; Wt: 315 g; Mat: Cu Description: The chance find of a copper battle-axe is most likely the inventory of a grave, especially since it was discovered along a Konyár-type, polished stone axe. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 55/586; Vulpe, 1975, pl. 10/76. Bibliography: Hampel, 1899, p. 428; Patay, 1984, p. 101, no. 586, pl. 55/586; Roska, 1942a, p. 305, no. 76; Vulpe, 1975, p. 32, no. 76, pl. 10/76.
  45. Szabolcs-Fecskepart, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg megye, HU Archeco-zone: E1; Dating: MCA I-II
  46. Axe-adze (1924);
  47. Fig. 5; L: 18.2 cm; Wt: 795 g; Mat: Cu Description: The copper axe-adze with two circular smith marks on either side of the shaft hole is a chance find, probably from a grave, and used as an axe-hammer. Illustration source: after Patay, 1984, pl. 45/454. Bibliography: Patay, 1950, p. 113, XXXII/1; 1984, p. 82, no. 454, pl. 45/454.
  48. Rákóczifalva -Bagi-föld, megy. Jász-Kun-Szolnok, HU Archeco-zone: F2; Dating: MCA I a. Battle axe (2005-2007);
  49. Fig. 6; L: 16. 3 cm; W: 3.3 cm; Mat: Cu Description: The copper battle-axe was found in grave no. 201. The skeleton be- longed to a man. Graves goods comprise of two flint blades, three flint(?) arrow- heads, a lump of ochre, bones from two animals and six ceramic vessels. Illustration source: after et alii, 2008, p. fig. 5/1. Bibliography: Csányi et alii, 2008, p. 29, tab. IV, fig. 5/1.
  50. Axe-adze (2005-2007);
  51. Fig. 5; L: 20.3 cm; W: 6 cm; Mat: Cu Description: The axe-adze was discovered in the so-called symbolic grave no. 218, as no skeleton was documented. Grave goods comprise of a copper awl, a flint blade, flint(?) arrow-head, eight pieces of chipped stones, animal bones and ceramic vessels. Illustration source: after Csányi et alii, 2008, p. fig. 5/2. Bibliography: Csányi et alii, 2008, p. 21, 25, 29, tab. V, figs. 5/2. BIBLIOGRAPHY
  52. Banner, 1928a János BANNER, Funde aus den Kupferzeitalter in Magyar-Dombegy- háza, In: Dolgozatok a Magyar Királyi Ferencz József-Tudományegye- tem Archeologiai Intézetéből, 4, 1928, p. 304.
  53. Banner, 1928b János BANNER, Rézkori leletek Magyar-Dombegyházán, In: Dolgoza- tok a Magyar Királyi Ferencz József-Tudományegyetem Archeologiai Intézetéből, 4, 1928, p. 301-304.
  54. Banner, Bálint, 1935 János BANNER, Alajos BÁLINT, A szakálháti őskori telep, In: Dolgo- zatok a Magyar Királyi Ferencz József-Tudományegyetem Archeologiai Intézetéből, 11, 1935, p. 76-88.
  55. Bognár- Kutzián, 1963
  56. Ida BOGNÁR-KUTZIÁN, The Copper Age cemetery of Tiszapolgár- Basatanya, Archaeologia Hungarica, Seria nova, 42, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1963, 596 pg. Csányi et alii, 2008 Marietta CSÁNYI, Pál RACZKY, Judit TÁRNOKI, Előzetes jelentés a rézkori bodrogkeresztúri kultúra Rákóczifalvi-Bagi-földön feltárt teme- tőjéről, In: Tisicum. A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évköny- ve, 18, 2008, p. 13-34.
  57. Dani, 2011
  58. János DANI, Research of Pit-Grave culture kurgans in Hungary in the last three decades, In: Ákos PETŐ, Attila BARCZI (eds), Kurgan studies: an environmental and archaeological multiproxy study of buri- al mounds in the Eurasian steppe zone, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2238, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2011, 350 pg., ISBN 978 1 4073 0802 9; p. 25-69.
  59. Daróczi, 2015
  60. Tibor-Tamás DARÓCZI, Death and memory. A study of the funerary landscapes of the Eastern Carpathian Basin from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, 273, Rudolf Habelt, Bonn, 2015, 354 pg., ISBN 978-3-7749-3787-1.
  61. Gedl, 1980
  62. Marek GEDL, Die Dolche und Stabdolche in Polen, Prähistorische Bronzefunde, VI/4, Beck, München, 1980, 77 pg., ISBN 978-3-406- 07242-0.
  63. Gindele et alii, 2004 Robert GINDELE, Liviu MARTA, Ciprian ASTALOŞ, Zoltán KÁDAS, Urziceni, com. Urziceni, jud. Satu Mare. Punct: Vamă, In: Mircea Victor ANGELESCU, Irina OBERLÄNDER-TÂRNOVEANU, Florela VASI- LESCU (eds), Carmen BEM, Paula JERCAN, Irina NICOLAE (red.)
  64. Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România. Campania 2003, [pre- zentată la] A XXXVIII-a Sesiune Naţională de Rapoarte Arheologice, Cluj-Napoca, 26-29 mai 2004, Ministerul Cul-turii şi Cultelor, Comisia Națională de Arheologie, Direcția Monumente Istorice şi Muzee, Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca, ciMeC -Institutul de Memorie Culturală, 2004, 524 pg., ISBN 973-7930-06-1; p. 356-358.
  65. Hampel, 1899
  66. József HAMPEL, A N. Múzeum régiségtárának gyarapodása, In: Archae- ologiai Értesítő, 19, 1899, p. 428-430.
  67. Hampel, 1902
  68. József HAMPEL, A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeumi Régiségtár gyarapodása, In: Archaeologiai Értesítő, 22, 1902, p. 85-87.
  69. Hillebrand, 1928 Jenő HILLEBRAND, Újabb ásatásaim a pusztaistvánházai rézkori teme- tőben, In: Archaeologiai Értesítő, 42, 1928, p. 43-47.
  70. Hillebrand, 1929 Jenő HILLEBRAND, A pusztaistvánházi korarézkori temető, Archaeo- logia Hungarica, 4, Budapest, 1929, 52 pg.
  71. Kacsó, 1969
  72. Carol KACSÓ, Morminte din perioada de tranziţie spre epoca bronzului de la Ciumeşti, In: Studii şi Comunicări Satu Mare, I, 1969, p. 49-56.
  73. M. Nepper, Sz. Máthé, 1993
  74. Ibolya M. NEPPER, Márta SZ. MÁTHÉ, A Hajdú-Bihar megyei múze- umok régészeti tevékenysége 1986-1991 (Leletkataszter), In: A Debre- ceni Déri Múzeum Évkönyve, 69, 1993, p. 109-140.
  75. Maran, 2008
  76. Joseph MARAN, Zur Zeitstellung und Deutung der Kupferäxte vom Typ Eschollbrücken, In: Frank FALKENSTEIN, Sabine SCHADELINDIG, Andrea ZEEB-LANZ, Kumpf, Kalotte, Pfeilschaftglätter. Gedenkschrift für Annemarie Häusser und Helmut Spatz, Internationale Archäologie, Studia Honoria, 27, Marie Leidort, Rahden/Westf., 2008, 332 pg., ISBN 978-3-89646-427-9; p. 173-187.
  77. Mayer, 1977
  78. Eugen Friedrich MAYER, Die Äxte und Beile in Österreich, Prähisto- rische Bronzefunde, IX/9, Beck, München, 1977, 295 pg., ISBN 978- 3-406-00770-5.
  79. Milojčić, 1953 Vladimir MILOJČIĆ, Ein Goldfund der Kupferzeit aus Ungarn, In: Ger- mania, 31, 1953, p. 7-11.
  80. Nandris, 1975
  81. John NANDRIS, A Re-consideration of the south-east European sources of archaeological obsidian, In: Bulletin London University Institute of Archaeology, 12, 1975, p. 71-94.
  82. Novák, 2011
  83. Petr NOVÁK, Die Dolche in Tschechien, Prähistorische Bronzefunde, VI/13, Steiner, Stuttgart, 2011, 162 pg., ISBN 978-3-515-10121-9.
  84. Patay, 1943
  85. Pál PATAY, Rézkori lelet Mezősasról. În: Dolgozatok a Magyar Királyi Horthy Miklós Tudományegyetem Régiségtudományi Intézetéből, 19, 1943, p. 135-145.
  86. Patay, 1950
  87. Pál PATAY, A bodrogkeresztúri kultúra emlékei a szabolcsmegyei Jósa András Múzeumban, In: Archaeologiai Értesítő, 77, 1950, p. 110-116.
  88. Patay, 1959
  89. Pál PATAY, Kupferzeitliches Gräberfeld in Polgár am Bacsókert ge- nannten Hügel, In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hunga- ricae, 9, 1959, p. 141-154.
  90. Patay, 1961
  91. Pál PATAY, A bodrogkereszturi kultúra temtői, Régészeti Füzetek, II- 10, Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Történeti Múzeum, Budapest, 1961, 104 pg. Patay, 1969a
  92. Pál PATAY, Das Kupferzeitliche Gräberfeld von Fényeslitke, In: A Nyír- egyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve, 11, 1969, p. 58-62.
  93. Patay, 1969
  94. Pál PATAY, A fényeslitkei rézkori temető, In: A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve, 11, 1969, p. 15-57.
  95. Patay, 1976
  96. Pál PATAY, A magyarhomorogi rézkori temető, In: A Debreceni Déri Múzeum Évkönyve, 56, 1976, p. 173-254.
  97. Patay, 1984
  98. Pál PATAY, Kupferzeitliche Meißel, Beile und Äxte in Ungarn, Prähis- torische Bronzefunde, IX/15, Beck, München, 1984, 120 pg., ISBN 97 8-3-406-09069-1.
  99. Roska, 1942a
  100. Márton ROSKA, Erdély régészeti repertóriuma, I. Őskor, Thesaurus Antiquitatum Transsilvanicarum -Praehistorica, I, Minerva Irodalmi és Nyomdai Műintézet R.-T., Cluj-Napoca, 1942, 368 pg.
  101. Roska, 1942b
  102. Márton ROSKA, A rézcsákányok, In: Közlemények az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum, Érem-és Régiségtárából, II.1, 1942b, p. 15-77.
  103. Seidl, 1846
  104. Johann Gabriel SEIDL, Chronik der archäologischen Funde in der österreichischen Monarchie I, 1840-1845, Ant. Strauß, Wien, 1846, 40 pg. Sőregi, 1933
  105. János SŐREGI, A biharmegyei konyári korarézkori temető, In: Jelentés Debrecen Szabad Királyi Város Déri-Múzeumának 1932. Évi Működés- éről és Állapotáról, 28, 1933, p. 73-118.
  106. Szeremlei, 1900 Sándor SZEREMLEI, Hód-Mező-Vásárhely története, I, Hódmezővásár- hely, 1900, 490 pg.
  107. Vulpe, 1975
  108. Alexandru VULPE, Die Äxte und Beile in Rumänien, II, Prähistori- sche Bronzefunde, IX/5, Beck, München, 1975, 98 pg., ISBN 978-3-4 06-00765-1.
  109. Williams, Nandris, 1977
  110. Olwen WILLIAMS, John NANDRIS, The Hungarian and Slovak sources of archaeological obsidian: an interim report on further fieldwork, with a note on Tektites, In: Journal of Archaeological Science, 4, 1977, p. 207- 219. Zoltai, 1929
  111. Lajos ZOLTAI, Hajdúszoboszlón: rézkori temető és telep, In: Jelentés Debrecen Szabad Királyi Város Déri-Múzeumának 1928. Évi Működés- éről és Állapotáról, 23, 1929, p. 44-50, 54-55.

Related papers

A. Rustoiu/I. V. Ferencz, Craftsmanship and Identity. Tools and Utensils in La Tène Graves from the Eastern Carpathian Basin. Mousaios 23, 2020, 221-234.
Iosif Vasile Ferencz, Aurel Rustoiu

This article aims to discuss the ways in which the funerary inventories of the 4 th-3 rd centuries BC from the eastern Carpathian Basin, which include tools and utensils used by craftsmen, illustrate their professional identity. In rural societies of the 4 th-3 rd centuries BC from the Carpathian Basin, the social competition can be observed within the funerary domain by analysing the internal organization of the cemeteries in groups of graves. These groups more likely reflect the social organization of local communities in families or clans. The funerary inventories sometimes include panoplies of weapons and other times only sets of female jewellery and costume accessories indicating a specific social and gender identity. In this context, one question concerns the role of tools and utensils used in craftsmanship which were included in funerary inventories. From the archaeological perspective, the social and professional identity of the craftsmen from the eastern Carpathian Basin can be sometimes observed in the funerary inventories during the 4 th-3 rd centuries BC. When the social role of the craftsmen was perceived as important by the community, the descendants aimed to express that in a public manner, by placing tools specific to the respective craft in their grave. In other situations, the craftsmen's identity was ritually expressed through the votive offering of assemblages containing objects specific to their activity. Lastly, the presence of some traces of manufacturing activities in certain contexts can be related to the practising of magical rituals.

View PDFchevron_right
COMPLEX ANALYSES OF THE LATE COPPER AGE BURIALS IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN
Bondár Mária

Hungarian Archaeology 2018 Autumn, 2018

In the framework of our four year research we will examine the burials of the so-called Baden Culture that inhabited the major part of the Carpathian Basin from 3600/3000 BC until 2800 BC. Heterogenous burial practices are characteristic to the Baden Culture; one can find burial grounds with several hundred graves, minor graveyards with 10-30 graves as well as lonely burials. Burials reminiscent of mass graves and the interment of animals are also common. Both cremation and skeletal burial rites are present and symbolic graves contaning no human remains also occur. During the centuries of the Baden Culture major changes occurred in the life of societies who had no literary records of their own; many innovations were made that had lasting effects on the history of humanity. These novities spread fast and wide and further deepened economic and social disparities within communities that were reflected in burials. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BURIAL GROUNDS The archaeology of burial grounds, studies on funerary rites, i.e. the "archaeology of death", has received particularly great attention in international research, reflected by the immense number of studies that alone would fill a smaller library. Although first applied in the research of ancient high civilisations, the chronological and spatial boundaries of this field of research have been greatly expanded to include also prehistoric periods for which written sources are entirely lacking. 1 The interpretation of cemeteries as "ritual spaces" only gained ground in Hungarian research during the past few years. The funerary symbols and cultural codes used by prehistoric communities were a perfectly intelligible set of symbols that encoded customs and social relations transmitted from one generation to the next. However, the identification and interpretation of these codes is no simple task after several millennia have passed. One of the difficulties encountered when attempting to decode these symbols is that various liminal rites were performed from the onset of death to the funeral and the community's final farewell to the deceased. 2 Inquiries into these all but forgotten practices have been largely neglected by scholarship, which has begun to show an interest in these issues only more recently. While cemeteries are certainly not the direct continuation of one-time life, they are ritual, mystical spaces that have preserved various imprints of former beliefs, ceremonies and rites. Traditional archaeological assessments focus on the grave goods, their position in the grave and their analogies. The goal of complex cemetery analyses is to identify the elements of mortuary traditions preserved and passed on in mortuary rites alongside possible changes in these practices, as well as to identify the archaeological imprints of how a community related to its dead, and to draw meaningful conclusions 1

View PDFchevron_right
New Research on the “Kings of Metal”: Systems of Social Distinction in the Copper Age of Southeastern Europe
Florian Klimscha

Journal of Archaeological Research, 2019

This paper discusses the degree of social complexity in southeastern Europe in the fifth millennium BC and presents previously unreported evidence from the tell societies of the Lower Danube. Based on the analysis of stone, flint, and copper axes of various types from Pietrele in southern Romania, I argue that social distinction, as deduced from the Varna cemetery, also can be identified in contemporary neighboring regions with poorer burial rituals. In these societies, some members distinguished themselves by their access and accumulation of prestigious items, with a special emphasis on axes, adzes, and shaft-hole axes. This socioeconomic constellation was ideal for the adoption of metallurgy, which was considerably developed for the production of prestigious axe heads. These, in turn, stimulated innovation in other crafts and materials. Distribution patterns, source-critical consideration, and new excavation results indicate that the social order visible in the cemetery of Varna was not limited to the western Black Sea coast but was shared by neighboring communities, where the social reality was masked in seemingly egalitarian funeral rites. Through this discussion, I also bring in recent evidence for early metallurgy in southwestern Asia.

View PDFchevron_right
2013_Raczky, P.: Remains of a special personality from the Copper Age of the Eastern Carpathian Basin
Pál Raczky

E. Starnini (ed.): Unconformist Archaeology. Papers in honour of Paolo Biagi. BAR IS 2528, Oxford, 65-75., 2013

During 2009 large-scale preventive excavations took place on the outskirts of Pusztataskony on the left bank of the Tisza River. An isolated inhumation burial found in a 164-165cm deep, bee-hive shaped, round pit is perhaps the most peculiar among the archaeological phenomena recovered at the site. On the grounds of the archaeological arguments it may be said that a 'deviant burial' was recovered at Pusztataskony. Objects placed in the grave represent a sphere of life that was different from everyday life and embodied high levels of symbolism. In addition to Bodrogkeresztúr style vessels, this female burial also contained a rich inventory of wild animals commonly occurring in the surroundings of the grave. People who performed this funeral may have created the special social-sacral status, the external connections of the woman, through these animals. In other words, the persona of the deceased was constructed at a special location within a special context of material signatures that makes her different from any other person buried in coeval Copper Age cemeteries in the Upper Tisza region. In light of these observations it would be appropriate to call the woman recovered from the Pusztataskony burial a Bodrogkeresztúr social-sacral specialist.

View PDFchevron_right
Berecki, S. (ed.), Iron Age Rites and Rituals in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 7–9 October 2011, BMM, V, Tg. Mureș, Mega, 2012.
Sándor Berecki

2012

View PDFchevron_right

Related topics

  • Funerary Archaeology
  • Social Archaeology
  • Prehistoric weapons
  • Spatial archaeology
  • Copper age
  • Copper Age in the Carpathian Basin
  • Archaeology of Power
  • Ancient Warriors
    • 580 California St., Suite 400
    San Francisco, CA, 94104
    © 2025 Academia. All rights reserved