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Materialities
Review of the Literature
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Digital Humanities

Niels Ole Finnemann E-text (First Draft)

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2018, Oxford Research Encyclopedia Literature

https://doi.org/10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190201098.001.0001/ACREFORE-9780190201098-E-272
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Abstract

Electronic text can be defined on two different, though interconnected levels. On the one hand Electronic text can be defined by taking the notion of 'text' or 'printed text' as the point of departure. On the other hand, Electronic text can be defined by taking the point of departure in the digital format in which everything is represented in the binary alphabet. While the notion of text in most cases lend itself to be independent of medium and embodiment, it is also often tacitly assumed that it is fact modeled around the print medium, rather than for instance handwritten text or speech. In late 20th century the notion of text was subject to increasing criticism as in the question raised within literary text theory whether there is a text in this class? At the same time the notion was expanded by including extra linguistic sign modalities (images, videos). Thus, a basic question is whether electronic text should be included in the expanded notion of text as a new digital sign modality added to the repertoire of modalities or whether it should be included as a sign modality which is both an independent modality and a container in which other modalities may be contained. In the first case the notion of electronic text would be paradigmatically formed around the ebook conceived as a digital copy a printed book, but now as a deliberately closed work. Even closed works in digital form will need some sort of interface and hypertextual navigation which together constitute a particular kind of paratext necessary for accessing any sort of digital material. In the second case the electronic text is defined by the representation of content and (some parts of the) processing rules as binary sequences manifested in the binary alphabet. This wider notion would include for instance all sorts of scanning results whether of outer cosmos or the inner of our bodies and of digital traces of other processes in between these (machine readings included). Since others alphabets, like the genetic alphabet and all sorts of images may also be represented in the binary alphabet such materials will also belong to the textual universe within this definition. A more intriguing implication is that digital born materials may also include scripts and interactive features as intrinsic part of the text. The two notions define the text on different levels centered on the Latin and binary alphabet respectively and both definitions will include hypertext, interactivity and multimodality as constituent parameters. In the first case hypertext is included as a navigational, paratextual device, while in the second case hypertext is also incorporated in the narrative within an otherwise closed work or as a constituent element on the textual universe of the web where it serves an ever-ongoing production of (possibly scripted)

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  227. McGann 2001:12 the book contains a number of McGanns articles from early to late 1990's.
  228. McGann 1995, reprint 2001: 56-57.
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  234. Among the exceptions are the basic principle of Random Access, LISP programming based on simple sequencing of instructions, Ted Nelsons idea of hypertext, & Douglas Engelbart's idea of augmentation of human intelligence.
  235. Jay Bolter 1991, Bolter 2001. 49 Bolter 1991: 195. 50 Bolter 1991:198. 51 Bolter 1991:198. 52 Bolter 1991: 25.
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  246. Kirschenbaum 2008:43.
  247. Marie. L. Ryan 2000, Marie L. Ryan 1999, Astrid Ensslin 2007:66.
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  255. McGann (1995). 77 Bolter 1991.
  256. A recent VR example is Scott Rettberg (et al.) Hearts and Minds: The Interrogations Project. Developed at the Electronic Visualization Lab. Chicago 2014. First presented in Proceedings of the IEEE VIS 2014 Arts Program, VISAP'14.
  257. The www protocols include a protocol for hypertext transmission (HTTP) a Markup Language (HTML) and a global address system (URL) build on the top of the TCP/IP protocols. They were published by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. The hypertext based WWW was not the sole possible architecture. Many types of electronic networks were developed in 1970' and 1980's. Some of them were proprietary networks delivering services to people on a market basis or as a public service. Thus they would limit the reach of hypertext relations.
  258. Finnemann 2016 p. 6. Immersive space and immersive textuality is discussed in more specific forms in Murray 1997 and Neil Fraistat and Steven E. Jones "Immersive textuality: The Editing of Virtual Spaces". Text vol. 15(2003), pp. 69-82.
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  271. Hayles, Writing Machines 2002: 32-33. Johanna Drucker. The Visible Word: Experimental Typographi and Modern Art 1909-1923. Chicago Press. P.43. DIssertation 114 Kirschenbaum 2008: 9.
  272. See for instance John Durham Peters, Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1999. Lundby, Knut (Ed.). Mediatization of Communication. Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter, 2014. (Handbooks of Communication Science; No. 1, Vol. 21).
  273. Hayles, N. Katherine and Jessica Pressmann. Comparative Textual Media. 2013.
  274. Steffen et al, 2015, Paul Crutzen et al 2000, Timothy Clark 2015. For a discussion of 'nature' as including culture see also Hans Fink. Three Sorts of Naturalism. European Journal of Philosophy 14:2 ISSN 0966-8373 pp. 202-221 2006
  275. 118 Peter L. Shillingsburg From Gutenberg to Google. 2006: 3, 40ff, 80.
  276. Price, Kenneth & Siemens, Ray (eds.) 2013ff Literary Studies in a Digital Age. An evolving Anthology. MLA. DOI: 10.1632/lsda.2013.0 (Running edition). Alan Liu, 'From Reading to Social Computing' (2013 entry)
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