INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY'S RESPONSE TO THE RISE OF CYBERCRIME.docx

Journal of internet technology and secured transactions, 2012

The proliferation of cybercrime necessitates all internetconnected states to be involved in cybercrime regulation, not only on a national and/or transnational level but also on a global level. Although it has been stated that the internet per se and cyberspace in general are by its very nature ungovernable, most nation-states have implemented national and in some instances transnational laws to regulate the internet and cyberspace for law enforcement and national security purposes. The effectiveness of such regulation in cross-border crime commission has brought about many unsolved problems which necessitate a debate on the way forward in addressing cybercrime regulation on a global level. As illustrated in the discussion, cyberspace may very well become ungovernable if a "super-power" nation-state or a cluster of nation-states take a unilateral decision regarding which conduct constitutes permissible online conduct and subsequently try to superimpose these laws on other nation-states. It is suggested that under the auspices of the United Nations and within an international law context the following issues should be addressed: conceptualizing the term "cybercrime" in establishing for example whether it includes a cyber-attack, determining which online conduct is permissible to ensure peace and security and initiating negotiations towards a cybercrime treaty. Addressing the latter issues will constitute a starting point in the way forward in ensuring cybercrime regulation on a global level.

Global Governance Spotlight, 2021

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, ISSN No. 0976-5697, Volume 8, No. 5, May-June 2017, 2017

Cyberspace is under perceived and real threat from various state and non-state actors. This scenario is further complicated by distinct characteristic of cyberspace, manifested in its anonymity in space and time, geographical indeterminacy and non-attribution of acts to a tangible source. The transnational dimension of cybercrime brings forth the issue of sovereignty, jurisdiction, trans-national investigation and extra territorial evidence necessitates international cooperation. This requires and international convention on cybercrime which is missing till date.

Because of the seriousness has been focused on the response of states and international organizations concluded on the international conventions and the regulations and instructions necessary to prevent them and hit them and hold those responsible accountable, the most important convention in Europe (Budapest) and the system of data protection, who issued it and the Arab convention for the protection of the data and the convention of the African to protect the data and finally the efforts of the United Nations set up the convention on the design of inclusive of all countries of the world. The research aims to answer the following questions. What is cybercrime, nature, characteristics, how to contribute to it & its type? What are the international efforts to confront cybercrime, Budapest agreement, the Arab agreement to combat information technology crime , the African agreement on cybersecurity and data protection ? What are the efforts of the United Nations to establish an international convention against cybercrime? Research method: Review the most important international conventions related to electronic crime and comparison among the basic concepts and types of electronic crime and their nature and access to concepts. This crime is still increasing and dangerous, uncontrolled, and the state alone cannot confront it because it is of a cross-border nature and difficult to document evidence. The best way to confront this crime is to conclude an international agreement under the auspices of the United Nations.

ISFH Policy Brief, 2021

In January 2022, United Nations (UN) member states will begin discussing a global treaty against cybercrime. Greater international cooperation on this topic is urgently needed, as criminal cyberattacks, for example against hospitals and power grids, risk leading to panic or even loss of life. Purely national countermeasures are not enough as perpetrators are often located abroad. A new global regulatory framework should therefore: - reaffirm proven standards, in particular those of the Council of Europe’s Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, - respond to escalation risks and protection gaps with appropriate policy instruments, and - prevent human rights violations committed under the pretext of fighting crime.

RESEARCHING SECURITY - APPROACHES, CONCEPTS AND POLICIES

In the era of post-globalization development and dissemination of information and communication technologies and the assertion of the right to freedom of information with positive implications connected with it has, however, also produced disastrous results in terms of the proliferation of new forms of digital crime and in terms of network usage for the realization of illicit purposes. Under this specific profile, therefore, it is clear the urgent need for the establishment of appropriate discipline of the phenomenon through legislation which, without affecting the rights and freedoms related to access to the internet, can prevent or suppress any activity distorted use of network and/or the sabotage of computer systems. The diffusion of technologies and tools, therefore, can identify different and contemporary forms of crime due to the fact that the world of crime immediately sensed the many possibilities offered by the network for illegal purposes, and to make use of IT tools in order to take actions against criminal. As for the European union, since the ‘90 EU institutions have begun to address the problem of cyber terrorism in key integrationist believing, rightly, that the Internet and its applications would affect more and more evidence on relations socio-economic and financial framework of the international community. The spread of cyber terrorism and the delineation of a new concept of digital war, within the EU, has led to the establishment of the famous ENFOPOL organization responsible to implement a system of control of the means of communication, drawn up at the European Council in Madrid 15 and 16 December 1995, and considered by many, rightly or wrongly, a sort of European Echelon, the global interception network created by the "007" of the USA, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In 2004, confirming the fact that the rampant spread of the attacks of so-called cyber crime has made no longer put greater cooperation between Member States in order to protect the significant interests of the States for increasing use of information technology and safe, the European Union has established the ENISA, the Centre of Excellence Strategic and Operation of the European Union in the field of computer security. With this work, the Author analyzes the European legislation for new, contemporary forms of crime and “international insecurity” related to the use of the Internet. Nell’epoca della post-globalizzazione lo sviluppo e la diffusione delle tecnologie informatiche e telematiche e l’affermazione del diritto alla libertà informatica con le implicazioni positive ad esso connesse ha, tuttavia, prodotto anche risultati nefasti sotto il profilo della proliferazione di nuove forme di criminalità digitale e sotto il profilo dell’utilizzo della rete anche per la realizzazione di illecite finalità. Sotto tale specifico profilo, dunque, appare evidente l’urgente necessità di predisporre un’adeguata disciplina del fenomeno attraverso una legislazione che, senza incidere sui diritti e le libertà collegate all’accesso ad internet, possa prevenire o reprimere ogni attività di utilizzo distorto della rete e/o il sabotaggio dei sistemi informatici. La diffusione delle tecnologie e degli strumenti informatici, dunque, consente di individuare differenti e contemporary forms of crime in ragione del fatto che il mondo della criminalità ha intuito immediatamente le ampie possibilità offerte dalla rete per fini illeciti e per avvalersi degli strumenti informatici allo scopo di compiere azioni penalmente rilevanti. Per quanto riguarda l’Unione europea, fin dagli anni ‘90 le Istituzioni comunitarie hanno cominciato ad affrontare il problema del cyber terrorismo in chiave integrazionista ritenendo, a giusto titolo, che la rete internet e le sue applicazioni avrebbero inciso con sempre maggior evidenza sulle relazioni socio-economiche e finanziarie nell’ambito della Comunità internazionale. La diffusione del cyber terrorismo e il delineamento di un nuovo concetto di guerra digitale, in ambito UE, ha condotto alla istituzione di ENFOPOL la famosa organizzazione preposta ad attuare un sistema di controllo dei mezzi di comunicazione, elaborata in occasione del Consiglio europeo di Madrid del 15 e 16 dicembre 1995 e da molti ritenuta, a torto o a ragione, una sorta di Echelon europeo, la rete di intercettazione globale creata dagli “007” di USA, Gran Bretagna, Canada, Australia e Nuova Zelanda. Nel 2004, a conferma del fatto che la dilagante diffusione degli attacchi di cosiddetta cyber criminalità ha reso non più rinviabile una maggior cooperazione fra gli Stati membri ai fini della tutela dei rilevanti interessi degli Stati per un utilizzo sempre più diffuso e sicuro delle tecnologie informatiche, l’Unione europea ha istituito la ENISA, il Centro di Eccellenza Strategico ed Operativo dell’Unione europea nell’ambito della sicurezza informatica.

2010

Given the serious nature of computer crime, and its global nature and implications, it is clear that there is a crucial need for a common understanding of such criminal activity internationally in order to deal with it effectively. Research into the extent to which legislation, international initiatives, and policy and procedures to combat and investigate computer crime are consistent globally is therefore of enormous importance. The challenge is to study, analyse, and compare the policies and practices of combating computer crime under different jurisdictions in order to identify the extent to which they are consistent with each other and with international guidelines; and the extent of their successes and limitations. The purpose ultimately is to identify areas where improvements are needed and what those improvements should be. This thesis examines approaches used for combating computer crime, including money laundering, in Australia, the UAE, the UK and the USA, four countries which represent a spectrum of economic development and culture. It does so in the context of the guidelines of international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE) and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). In the case of the UAE, we examine also the cultural influences which differentiate it from the other three countries and which has necessarily been a factor in shaping its approaches for countering money laundering in particular. The thesis concludes that because of the transnational nature of computer crime there is a need internationally for further harmonisation of approaches for combating computer crime. The specific contributions of the thesis are as follows:  Developing a new unified comprehensive taxonomy of computer crime based upon the dual characteristics of the role of the computer and the contextual nature of the crime  Revealing differences in computer crime legislation in Australia, the UAE, the UK and the USA, and how they correspond to the CoE Convention on iv Cybercrime and identifying a new framework to develop harmonised computer crime or cybercrime legislation globally  Identifying some important issues that continue to create problems for law enforcement agencies such as insufficient resources, coping internationally with computer crime legislation that differs between countries, having comprehensive documented procedures and guidelines for combating computer crime, and reporting and recording of computer crime offences as distinct from other forms of crime  Completing the most comprehensive study currently available regarding the extent of money laundered in four such developed or fast developing countries  Identifying that the UK and the USA are the most advanced with regard to antimoney laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) systems among the four countries based on compliance with the FATF recommendations. In addition, the thesis has identified that local factors have affected how the UAE has implemented its financial and AML/CFT systems and reveals that such local and cultural factors should be taken into account when implementing or evaluating any country's AML/CFT system. v Dedication This thesis is dedicated to HH Lt. General Sheikh Saif bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior who has inspired, encouraged and supported the UAE students, including myself, to complete our studies overseas.

2020

The 21 century has been characterized by massive technological innovations that have shaped the way people interact. The social, political, and economic dimensions of human life are facilitated by a digital age that has encompassed the whole world. Universally, there has been a rapid rise in the use of computers and electronic gadgets. These developments have led to significant growth in criminality, especially in cyberspace. Cybercrimes have grown progressively with perpetrators developing newer and sophisticated techniques every day. Despite the measures taken by the international community to combat the vice and mitigate its effects, cybercrimes have continued to rise alarmingly across the world. According to Cyber Security Breaches Survey of 2018, 40% of businesses worldwide have been a victim of cybercrime. The research projects that up to six trillion dollars per year could be lost in the hands of cybercriminals. This study examines the various forms of cybercrimes worldwide a...

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET, 2020

In today's world, (www) or the World Wide Web, the Internet is used by almost everyone around the world for getting small information to large money transactions. The internet was invented to benefit the world but it can now being misused. This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic review of Cyber Crime and it's consequence worldwide. This paper reviews that can be incorporated in the system according to specific needs.

International Journal of Computer, 2024

The emergence of novel technologies and their increasing usage has significantly changed how things are done in modern society. While this is beneficial, it has also facilitated the global commission of modern crimes, such as cybercrimes, through electronic means. This new wave of criminal activity poses severe threats to the global community and has undermined the sovereignty of nations. At present, it is imperative for the global economy to acknowledge the impact of Cybercrime. It is evident that Cybercrime has increased security risks for critical infrastructures, resulting in massive privacy invasions and attacks on businesses and state security. As technology evolves and the world becomes more interconnected, preventing cybercrimes is becoming increasingly challenging. To address these challenges, there is a need for a well-coordinated and collective effort from governments worldwide. In line with this, the Cameroonian government has taken significant steps through the 2010 law on Cybersecurity and Cyber criminality (hereafter referred to as Cyber Law) to promote cooperation with other nations in combating the spread of Cybercrime in Cameroon. However, despite these efforts, the widespread nature of these offences continues to hinder government initiatives. This paper is aimed at assessing the efficiency of the measures taken by the Cameroonian Government to enhance international cooperation in combating cybercrime.