NON- PROTOTYPICAL REDUPLICATION

Reduplication is a widely known and copiously described phenomenon in many Southeast Asian languages. In the literature concerning this complex subject, there is often a lack of consistent terminology or descriptive methodology making comparative analysis difficult. This paper explores one aspect of reduplication in Kơho. It focuses on a set of binomials variously termed ‘expressives’ or ‘adverbials’. These forms resemble the English binomials: willy-nilly (which has a rhyming scheme) and zig-zag (which undergoes ablaut). Some forms have lexical and semantic content in both the base and the reduplicant, while others exhibit forms—especially in the reduplicant—that are simply euphonic. This paper presents a Kơho corpus of reduplicated forms, describes the phonological changes, and posits a potential methodological framework for analyzing semantic and lexical output of the reduplication.

Ohio State University Working Papers …, 1986

Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2007

Expressive Morphology in the Languages of South Asia, 2020

Hitherto ignored area in Morphology is Expressives in South Asian languages because of their complexities and not being able to fit in the traditional pattern of grammar This paper exposes how semantically complex are expressives in the languages of South Asia.

2000

According to the Lexicalist Hypothesis, morphological structure is built inthe lexicon by processes distinct from those that build syntactic structure.The structure of morphologically complex words is erased upon insertioninto a syntactic phrase-marker and hence, is invisible to sentence-level opera-tions and descriptions (Chomsky 1981, DiScullo and Williams 1987, Kipar-sky 1982, Mohanan 1981). Hand in hand with this morphosyntactic hy-pothesis are the following morphosemantic and morphophonological claims.First, some structure-meaning correspondences are created in the lexicon andhence are idiosyncratic, as in (1a, b), while others are created in the syntaxand hence are transparently compositional, as in (1c).(1) a. /kaet/ = CATb. /trans+mit+ion/ = PART OF A CARc. a cat sleeps = SLEEP(CAT)Second, some phonological rules apply in the lexicon, and hence can haveidiosyncratic properties (e.g., English trisyllabic laxing: (2a) vs (2b)), whileothers apply postsyntactically (or everywher...

Journal of Universal Language

This paper examines how three languages (i.e., Chichewa, Sesotho, Agta) comply with three cross-linguistic tendencies in reduplication (i.e., Shape Invariance, Unmarkedness, and Identity discussed by Kager (1999)) from the perspective of Typology. Considering that Chichewa is characterized as total (i.e., stem) reduplication, Sesotho as bisyllabic reduplication, and Agta as closed-syllable reduplication, this paper is to shows that there is a conflict among these three universal tendencies in reduplication. For example, Unmarkedness, conspiring a reduplicant to a bisyllabic reduplicative template (Kager 1999), cannot account for the occurrence of stem reduplication. In the same sense, Identity supports the occurrence of stem reduplication. A closed-syllable reduplicative template in Agta violates the Unmarkedness and Identity tendencies. Given these observations, in this paper a language-specific tendency preference mechanism with respect to Shape Invariance, Unmarkedness, and Identity is proposed to account for the occurrence of these three * I would like to thank to Laura Downing who mailed me several of her papers and helped in the further development of this paper. I developed important ideas on reduplication through those papers (Downing 1997, 1999a, 1999b). All the errors are the author's responsibility.

Humanities and social sciences, 2013

The concept of reduplication has attracted interest from many linguists in recent years. This is because reduplication is an important phenomenon in languages. Although some linguists have tried to look at reduplication in Sesotho, its role and function in this language has been neglected. This paper looks at the usage of reduplication and its role in the enrichment of Sesotho. The paper reveals that Sesotho makes use of partial and complete reduplication with various functions such as: showing plurality, emphasis, diminutives, echoic expressions, completeness, originality, intensity, frequency, among others. Another interesting fact in this paper is that Sesotho, like English (Ghomeshi et al., 2004, p. 308) has contrastive reduplication where some speakers use it to contrast one concept from others. In addition, the paper reveals that reduplication in Sesotho can be categorized into prototypical meaning, literal meaning, intensifi ed meaning and value-added meaning. According to Ekanjume (2008, p. 136), reduplication is often described phonologically in one of two diff erent ways: either (1) as reduplicated segments

The complex semantic structure of expressives, as well as the wide conceptual and sensational space that they occupy, make them complex categories that have been ignored both by Western and Asian linguists because they are aprototypical grammatical features and not fitting the writing of traditional grammars. This is because of our obsession with restricting to the prototypical categorization lists approach of Aristotelian categories. We must admit that categories may encode one or more schematic meanings across different conceptual-semantic domains (Kuteva 2009, 2010). Categories can be structurally definable as well as semantically complex, and can occupy the major grammatical structure of a language without being a typical noun, adverb, adjective or verb. Unfortunately, these are considered perfunctorily in any grammar if we are lucky enough to find their mention. More often than not, expressives are unsung heroes of any grammar of South Asian languages. The form-meaning pairing that I review here presents a challenge exactly because of its complex semantics. I draw examples from the languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Austroasiatic family including the Munda group, the Davidian language family and especially from the languages of the Himalayan region, namely, Tai-Kadai, and Tibeto-Burman. The term "expressives" as used in this paper is inclusive of ideophones, onomatopoeics, mimics, imitatives and sound symbolic forms. 1 Although many writers today use, the term expressive, there has been something of a naming frenzy in the past. In earlier works, especially on African and South Asian languages, expressives have also been given labels such as 'interjections,' 'descriptive adverbs,' 'picture words,' 'adverbials,' 'intensives,' 'emphatics' and 'impressifs'. Again, different scholars give different definitions of expressives. According to Childs (1989: 1), the term 'expressives' seems to have been first coined by Durand (1961) in his analysis of Vietnamese. The term was later adopted and defined by Gerald Diffloth (1972, 1976) and Murray B. Emeneau (1978). The term 'ideophone' is widely used, however, for the African phenomenon, as in Doke (1935) for Bantu. He seems to have first suggested the term, he defined or at least described an ideophone as a vivid representation of an idea of sound, a word, often onomatopoeic, which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to

Punjabi, a largely South Asian spoken language, is very rich in reduplication but less researched language in the linguistic circle of Pakistan. It ranges from total/full reduplication to different types of partial reduplication such as alternation of vowel based morpheme, alternation of consonant based morpheme, and rhyme with diminutive suffix and/or echoic expressions. The study discusses five major points: 1) Reduplication with reference to its classifications and semantics. 2) Reduplication of nonsense/empty words in contrast to Keane’s (2005). 3) Variation in the position of reduplicants 4) Challenges Abbi’s (1985) claim that pre/postpositions of any language may not be reduplicated 5) Gives an example, contra Abbi (1985), in which the meaning of reduplicated and non-reduplicated forms overlap each other. The study displays that partial reduplication is responsible for forming new compound words and performs a variety of different semantic functions.

Liberal Journal of Language & Literature Review, 2025

This study examines the morphological characteristics of the Shina language, which is spoken in several northern regions of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Shina is an Indo-Aryan language utilized in various regions of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan; nevertheless, it remains unrecorded and lacks recognition as an official or regional language by authorities. Reduplication in the Shina language, analyzed via the lens of morphological doubling theory, has been used to investigate the roles of Total reduplication, Partial or Echo Reduplication, and Non-Sensical Reduplication in Shina. The researcher purposefully collected data through random observation of vernacular speakers of the Shina language, noting examples such as /bal-bel/ for 'altogether' (Total Reduplication) and /Musha-Chey/ for 'husband-wife' (Partial Reduplication). The results indicated that Shina is still spoken in certain regions of Pakistan, which is characterized by a significant presence of reduplications in the daily discourse of the local speech communities.