Physics Ncert Chapter

1984

List of plates Preface Editorial note Abbreviated references Introduction Synopsis of the Lectiones opticae and Optica and their major differences Concordance of article numbers Lectiones opitcae: Optica: Part I. The Refractions of Light Rays: 1. The refrangibility of rays differs 2. The measure of refractions 3. The refractions of planes 4. The refractions of curved surfaces Part II. The Origin of Colors: 5. The doctrine of colors is set forth and proved by prismatic experiments 6. Various phenomena of colors Bibliography Index.

Physics in Perspective, 2020

This paper explores the mechanical models elaborated by projectile theorists throughout the eighteenth century to explain the reflection of light. Influenced by Isaac Newton's Opticks, these projectile theorists proposed that repulsion was the cause of reflection. My purpose is to show that their models were not unified and lacked a deeper understanding of the origin of repulsive powers. This analysis illustrates how a simple optical phenomenon was not easy for eighteenth-century theorists to explain, even when the projectile theory of light was prominent among natural philosophers.

Despite the difficulty of precisely describing the nature of science, there is a widespread agreement concerning the necessity of incorporating into curricula some notions about how the scientific activity operates. Studying the history of conceptual development and the process of acceptance of scientific ideas by the scientific community may help teachers to incorporate valuable concepts on the nature of science in science teaching. Shortly afterwards the publication of the book Opticks, by Isaac Newton, in 1704, there appears a number of popular lectures and published works presenting the content of this book, attempting to make it suitable for the general public. These published works and popular lectures, however, did not discuss some conceptual problems in Newton's book.

Reflection and Refraction, 2006

The Physics Teacher, 2008

Reflection of light from a plane mirror in uniform rectilinear motion is a century-old problem, intimately related to the foundations of special relativity.1–4 The problem was first investigated by Einstein in his famous 1905 paper by using the Lorentz transformations to switch from the mirror's rest frame to the frame where the mirror moves at a constant velocity.5 Einstein showed an intriguing fact that the usual law of reflection would not hold in the case of a uniformly moving mirror, that is, the angles of incidence and reflection of the light would not equal each other. Later on, it has been shown that the law of reflection at a moving mirror can be obtained in various alternative ways,6–10 but none of them seems suitable for bringing this interesting subject into the high school classroom.

Resonance, 2006

His main areas of interest are theoretical physics and physics education. He has been involved in the science olympiad programme in India from its inception in 1998.

2015

Despite the difficulty of precisely describing the nature of science, there is a widespread agreement concerning the necessity of incorporating into curricula some notions about how the scientific activity operates. Studying the history of conceptual development and the process of acceptance of scientific ideas by the scientific community may help teachers to incorporate valuable concepts on the nature of science in science teaching. Shortly afterwards the publication of the book Opticks, by Isaac Newton, in 1704, there appears a number of popular lectures and published works presenting the content of this book, attempting to make it suitable for the general public. These published works and popular lectures, however, did not discuss some conceptual problems in Newton’s book. The present paper analyses the development and acceptance process of Newtonian optics during the eighteenth century in Europe, and emphasizes some aspects of nature of science that can be learnt by the study of...

2018

Early modern experimental philosophers often appear to commit to, and utilise, corpuscular and mechanical hypotheses. This is somewhat mysterious: such hypotheses frequently appear to be simply assumed, odd for a research program which emphasises the careful experimental accumulation of facts. Isaac Newton was one such experimental philosopher, and his optical work is considered a clear example of the experimental method. Focusing on his optical investigations, I identify three roles for hypotheses. Firstly, Newton introduces a hypothesis to explicate his abstract theory. The purpose here is primarily to improve understanding or uptake of the theory. Secondly, he uses a hypothesis as a platform from which to generate some crucial experiments to decide between competing accounts. The purpose here is to suggest experiments in order to bring a dispute to empirical resolution. Thirdly, he uses a hypothesis to suggest an underlying physical cause, which he then operationalises and repres...

Astronomy Quarterly

In computer graphics, it is often an advantage to calculate refractions directly, especially when the application is time-critical or when line graphics have to be displayed. We specify efficient formulas and parametric equations for the refraction on straight lines and planes. Furthermore, we develop a general theory of refractions, with reflections as a special case. In the plane case, all refracted rays are normal to a characteristic conic section. We investigate the relation of this conic section and the diacaustic curve. Using this, we can deduce properties of reciprocal refraction and a virtual object transformation that makes it possible to produce 2D-refraction images with additional depth information. In the three-dimensional case, we investigate the counter image of a straight line. It is a very special ruled surface of order four. This yields results on the order of the refrax of algebraic curves and on the shading of refracted polygons. Finally, we provide a formula for the diacaustic of a circle.