Elaborating a Decentralized Market Information System

2008

Abstract. Service Oriented Computing has a deep impact on how IT infrastructures are conceived both in academia (e-science) and in industry (Service Oriented Architecture and commercial Web Services). Increasingly, economic models are being considered as suitable coordination mechanism for the management of service allocations to clients. However, few complete infrastructures have demonstrated the enabling of economicbased Service Oriented Grids (SOGs).

2000

Auctions have been a popular trading paradigm for centuries but have gained new interest through world-wide trading on the Internet. Many B2C sites are embracing reverse auctions, in which a potential buyer posts her maximum bid, as an additional service to registered customers. In all these cases the efficient notification of the participants is essential. In this paper we develop the notion of a metaauction that allows a potential buyer to roam automatically across auction sites and we identify critical communication and notification requirements of the next generation of Internet-scale trading systems. To cope with the scale, distribution and availability requirements these systems must leverage intelligent information dissemination and caching techniques. In the context of a meta-auction formerly independent systems must act in the role of component information systems. One of the main challenges is to provide communication protocols that allow efficient and transparent cooperation in distributed heterogeneous environments. Today's information systems are limited in their growth and interaction potential because the typical client-server and n-tier system architectures are solely based on a request/response interaction; second, the user-initiated query metaphor from the database domain is the primary means for information acquisition; and third, many assumptions about the meaning of data and notifications provided and exchanged through the Internet are left implicit.

Efficient Resource discovery mechanism is one of the fundamental requirement for Grid computing systems, as it aids in resource management and scheduling of applications. Resource discovery activity involve searching for the appropriate resource types that match the user's application requirements. Various kinds of solutions to grid resource discovery have been suggested, including the centralised and hierarchical information server approach. However, both of these approaches have serious limitations in regards to scalability, fault-tolerance and network congestion. To overcome these limitations, indexing resource information using a decentralised (such as Peer-to-Peer (P2P)) network model has been actively proposed in the past few years.

2000

Grids aim at exploiting synergies that result from the cooperation of autonomous distributed entities. The synergies that result from Grid cooperation include the sharing, exchange, selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed resources such as computers, databases, software, and scientific instruments for solving large-scale problems in science, engineering, and commerce. For this cooperation to be sustainable, participants need to have economic incentives. Therefore, "incentive" mechanisms should be considered as one of the key design parameters for designing and developing end-to-end Grid architectures. Although several studies have investigated marketoriented management of Grids, they were limited mostly to specific aspects of the system design such as service pricing or price-aware scheduling. This chapter presents architectural models, mechanisms, algorithms, and middleware services developed by the Gridbus project for end-to-end realization of market-oriented Grid computing. Grid technologies such as Globus provide capabilities and services required for the seamless and secure execution of a job on heterogeneous resources. However, to achieve the complete vision of Grid as a utility computing environment, a number of challenges need to be addressed. They include designing Grid services capable of distributed application composition, resource brokering methodologies, policies and strategies for scheduling different Grid application models, Grid economy for data and resource management, application service specification, and accounting of Market-Oriented Grid and Utility Computing Edited by Rajkumar Buyya and Kris Bubendorfer

2004

Centralized marketplaces have a variety of shortcomings: central authorities may possess excessive power in defining and designing the rules of trade, and current developments in peer-to-peer (P2P) and other distributed architectures lacking a central point of control render centralized markets less appropriate. We argue that decentralized marketplaces, although having their own disadvantages, are more suitable to these kinds of distributed environments. The transition from centralized to decentralized marketplaces will be more likely to occur if participants find themselves economically better off in the latter. We envisage that following this transition, market makers will either disappear, or alternatively provide their specialized infrastructure services (e.g., matching between potential transaction partners or providing reputation mechanisms) as standard products in the marketplace. This paper presents work in progress, which is oriented towards verifying the above arguments with respect to Web service marketplaces -marketplaces where Web services are the subject of trade. We believe that the emergence of such marketplaces is imminent, and poses many challenges and opportunities that have not yet been addressed.

2008

Abstract Automatic coordination mechanisms for the grid are required due to the increasing complexity exhibited in large scale distributed systems. Decentralized economic models are being considered as scalable coordination mechanisms for the management of service allocations to clients. However, decentralization incorporates further dynamicity and unpredictability into the system. Introducing higher levels of adaptation and learning in the coordination protocols helps cope with complexity.

2008

Abstract Grid Computing has succeeded in establishing production Grids serving various user communities all around the world. The emerging Web technologies have already affected Grid development; the latest solutions from peer-topeer networking also need to be considered in order to successfully transform the currently separated production Grids to a World-Wide Grid solving the big problem of Grid Interoperability.

Proceedings of the Conference on Information Technology for Social Good

Recently, a new generation of P2P systems capable of addressing data integrity and authenticity has emerged for the development of new applications for a "more" decentralized Internet, i.e., Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) and Decentralized File Systems (DFS). However, these technologies still have some unanswered issues, mostly related to data lookup and discovery. In this paper, first, we propose a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) system that efficiently manages decentralized keyword-based queries executed on data stored in DFS. Through a hypercube logical layout, queries are efficiently routed among the network, where each node is responsible for a specific keywords set and the related contents. Second, we provide a framework for the governance of the above network, based on a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) implementation. We show how the use of smart contracts enables organizational decision making and rewards for nodes that have actively contributed to the DHT. Finally, we provide experimental validation of an implementation of our proposal, where the execution of the same protocol for different logical nodes of the hypercube allows us to evaluate the efficiency of communication within the network. CCS CONCEPTS • Computer systems organization → Distributed architectures; • Information systems → Distributed storage.

Multiagent and Grid Systems, 2005

Efficient discovery and resource allocation is one of the challenges of any large scale Application Layer Network (ALN) such as computational Grids, Content Distribution Networks or P2P applications. In centralized approaches, the user requests can easily matched to the most convenient resource. This approach, however, shows scalability limits. In this paper, we explore an architecture for incorporating fully decentralized economic mechanisms as an approach for resource allocation in ALNs. These mechanisms are implemented by a set of trading agents that operates on behalf of the clients and service providers, interacting over an overlay network and interfacing with the underlying platform's resources. A prototype of the proposed architecture is presented and the practical implications of its implementation in a grid scenario are discussed.