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Outline

Title
Abstract
Figures
Limitations of the Research
Crime and Justice-Related Data
Health-Related Data
Conflict-Related Trauma
Background
Pacific Firearm Laws: An Overview
Conclusion: Disarmament, Pacific Style
Introduction
Conclusion
References
All Topics
Sociology
Criminology

Small Arms in the Pacific

Profile image of Philip AlpersPhilip Alpers

2003

Abstract

This study examines a wide range of small arms-related issues in 20 nations of the southern Pacific. It investigates the status of existing firearm legislation, the extent of legal stockpiles and illicit trade, and the socio-economic impacts of armed conflict on Pacific communities. Case histories examine more closely the disarmament process in Bougainville and the Solomon Islands, along with the widespread disruption wrought with small arms in Fiji and Papua New Guinea. Current initiatives to combat small arms trafficking in the region are also examined.

Figures (34)
Surrendered weapons are collected to be thrown overboard off Honiara, the Solomon Islands, J une 2002.
Surrendered weapons are collected to be thrown overboard off Honiara, the Solomon Islands, J une 2002.
Over 2,000 weapons are thrown into the sea off Honiara, the capital of the Solomon Islands, J une 2002.
Over 2,000 weapons are thrown into the sea off Honiara, the capital of the Solomon Islands, J une 2002.
Surrendered weapons being burned in the Solomon Islands, J une 2002.
Surrendered weapons being burned in the Solomon Islands, J une 2002.
*Members of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Nations surveyed
*Members of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Nations surveyed
Source: Federation of American Scientists (2002) Table 2.1. US small arms and ammunition export licence approvals, Pacific, 1998-2000
Source: Federation of American Scientists (2002) Table 2.1. US small arms and ammunition export licence approvals, Pacific, 1998-2000
Source: Marsh (2003)
Source: Marsh (2003)
Civilian ownership in the French territories is difficult to verify. In 2002, a newspaper in Noumea reported that over 19,000 firearms had been sold by New Caledonia’s licensed dealers since 1968, suggesting an ownership ratio as high as one gun for every 12 citizens (Tiphagne, 2002). In French Polynesia, US export licence statistics reviewed earlier suggest a minimum of 610 civilian firearms exist; however, since ammunition worth USD 711,000 was approved for import in 2000, it is apparent that many more guns are in circulation.
Civilian ownership in the French territories is difficult to verify. In 2002, a newspaper in Noumea reported that over 19,000 firearms had been sold by New Caledonia’s licensed dealers since 1968, suggesting an ownership ratio as high as one gun for every 12 citizens (Tiphagne, 2002). In French Polynesia, US export licence statistics reviewed earlier suggest a minimum of 610 civilian firearms exist; however, since ammunition worth USD 711,000 was approved for import in 2000, it is apparent that many more guns are in circulation.
Table 3.1. Homicide, robbery, and assault in Pacific states, 1997-2001*
Table 3.1. Homicide, robbery, and assault in Pacific states, 1997-2001*
A year after the coup, the Fijian tourism industry appeared to be recovering, and the Fiji government was confidently forecasting that visitor arrivals in 2003 would surpass the record of 410,000 set in 1999 (Fiji Bureau of Statistics, 2001b). Yet almost two years later, employment figures for the tourism accommodation industry were still 5.2 per cent lower than they had been just prior to the outbreak of the conflict (Fiji Bureau of Statistics, cited in the Fiji Times, 2002, p. 35).
A year after the coup, the Fijian tourism industry appeared to be recovering, and the Fiji government was confidently forecasting that visitor arrivals in 2003 would surpass the record of 410,000 set in 1999 (Fiji Bureau of Statistics, 2001b). Yet almost two years later, employment figures for the tourism accommodation industry were still 5.2 per cent lower than they had been just prior to the outbreak of the conflict (Fiji Bureau of Statistics, cited in the Fiji Times, 2002, p. 35).
Deficiencies in statistics aside, the incidence of crime in Port Moresby is still considerably higher than anywhere else in the country. Port Moresby records more than 50 per cent of all serious crimes and 46 per cent of all urban street crimes reported in Papua New Guinea (Sikani, 2000, p. 40). Robberies and attacks in Port Moresby have hit unprecedented levels in recent years (UN, 2001). Shoot-outs between criminal gangs and police are regularly reported. Authorities have certainly noted an increase in crimes committed with the use of firearms in recent years (UNDP and Government of PNG, 1999, p. 136). However, in the absence of hard data, the only reasonable certainty at this stage is that the firearm offences tend to track the overall crime rate (see Figure 3.2).
Deficiencies in statistics aside, the incidence of crime in Port Moresby is still considerably higher than anywhere else in the country. Port Moresby records more than 50 per cent of all serious crimes and 46 per cent of all urban street crimes reported in Papua New Guinea (Sikani, 2000, p. 40). Robberies and attacks in Port Moresby have hit unprecedented levels in recent years (UN, 2001). Shoot-outs between criminal gangs and police are regularly reported. Authorities have certainly noted an increase in crimes committed with the use of firearms in recent years (UNDP and Government of PNG, 1999, p. 136). However, in the absence of hard data, the only reasonable certainty at this stage is that the firearm offences tend to track the overall crime rate (see Figure 3.2).
Table 4.1. Civilian firearm ownership and prohibitions in the Pacific
Table 4.1. Civilian firearm ownership and prohibitions in the Pacific
ible 4,2. ‘Genuine reason’: A snapshot of Pacific definitions
ible 4,2. ‘Genuine reason’: A snapshot of Pacific definitions
Table 4.3. Firearm marking requirements in Pacific states
Table 4.3. Firearm marking requirements in Pacific states
In contrast, most other Pacific states currently have only very rudimentary import and export controls, and many do not stipulate any controls at all (see Table 4.4, below). Several have some restrictions on imports, but none on exports. Penalties for illegal importation, if they exist at all, vary enormously (see Table 4.5, below). This is one of the key areas where harmonization seems essential if a uniform regional deterrent to trafficking is to be established.
In contrast, most other Pacific states currently have only very rudimentary import and export controls, and many do not stipulate any controls at all (see Table 4.4, below). Several have some restrictions on imports, but none on exports. Penalties for illegal importation, if they exist at all, vary enormously (see Table 4.5, below). This is one of the key areas where harmonization seems essential if a uniform regional deterrent to trafficking is to be established.
Table 4.5. Selected penalties for firearm offences in the Pacific
Table 4.5. Selected penalties for firearm offences in the Pacific
able 4.5. Selected penalties for firearm offences in the Pacific (continued) *Dates in brackets indicate age of most recent legislation, revision, or regulation. Otherwise, penalties are as of 2002. The value of a penalty unit in the Australian Capital Territory, for example, is: Individual— AUD 100, corporation—AUD 500. Currencies are local.
able 4.5. Selected penalties for firearm offences in the Pacific (continued) *Dates in brackets indicate age of most recent legislation, revision, or regulation. Otherwise, penalties are as of 2002. The value of a penalty unit in the Australian Capital Territory, for example, is: Individual— AUD 100, corporation—AUD 500. Currencies are local.
>ource: BPMG (2002c) ‘Total registered as contained - does not reflect weapons removed from containment + Status at 24/10/2002 - reflects weapons removed from containment Table 5.2. Weapon containment progress by district at 24 October 2002
>ource: BPMG (2002c) ‘Total registered as contained - does not reflect weapons removed from containment + Status at 24/10/2002 - reflects weapons removed from containment Table 5.2. Weapon containment progress by district at 24 October 2002
Source: Solomon Islands IPMT, J uly 2001
Source: Solomon Islands IPMT, J uly 2001
Figure 5.1. Solomon Islands weapon surrenders by month, November 2000-J uly 2001 As might be expected, given that the MEF had sourced most of its arms from the police armoury, most military firearm surrenders occurred in Malaita, while most of the home-made firearms surrendered during this period came from Gualese ex-combatants.
Figure 5.1. Solomon Islands weapon surrenders by month, November 2000-J uly 2001 As might be expected, given that the MEF had sourced most of its arms from the police armoury, most military firearm surrenders occurred in Malaita, while most of the home-made firearms surrendered during this period came from Gualese ex-combatants.
Source: Solomon Islands IPMT, J uly 2001 Table 5.4. Weapons surrenders by area, November 2000-J uly 2001
Source: Solomon Islands IPMT, J uly 2001 Table 5.4. Weapons surrenders by area, November 2000-J uly 2001
Source: Solomon Islands IPMT, J uly 2001 Table 5.5. Estimation of missing high-powered police firearms at 22 J une 2001
Source: Solomon Islands IPMT, J uly 2001 Table 5.5. Estimation of missing high-powered police firearms at 22 J une 2001
Source: Solomon Islands IPMT, J uly 2002
Source: Solomon Islands IPMT, J uly 2002
Table 6.1. The draft Nadi Framework: A comparison of selected penalties Source: Nadi Framework, second draft; various Pacific laws as given in Section IV, Appendix 1
Table 6.1. The draft Nadi Framework: A comparison of selected penalties Source: Nadi Framework, second draft; various Pacific laws as given in Section IV, Appendix 1

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References (462)

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  129. Niue (1966, sec. 70 (1)).
  130. Palau (n.d.a, superceded by n.d.b, sec. 3306 (a) & (b)).
  131. Palau (n.d.a, superceded by n.d.b, sec. 3306 (a) & (b)).
  132. Palau (n.d.a, superceded by n.d.b, sec. 3306 (a)).
  133. Papua New Guinea (1978, sec. 39 (a)).
  134. Papua New Guinea (1996, sec. 7A). Republic of Marshall Islands (1983). Republic of Marshall Islands (1983). Republic of Marshall Islands (1983). Republic of Marshall Islands (1983).
  135. Samoa (1960, sec. 7 (1)).
  136. Samoa (1960, sec. 3 (1)).
  137. Samoa (1960, sec. 6 (1)).
  138. Solomon Islands (1968, sec. 5 (1)).
  139. Solomon Islands (1968, sec. 11 (1)).
  140. Solomon Islands (1968, sec. 11 (1)).
  141. Solomon Islands (1968, sec. 15 (1)).
  142. Solomon Islands (1968, sec. 17 (1)).
  143. Tonga (1968, sec. 4 (1)).
  144. Tonga (1968, sec. 10).
  145. Tonga (1968, sec. 10 (a)).
  146. Tonga (1968, sec. 15 (1)).
  147. Tonga (1968, sec. 17 (1)).
  148. Tuvalu (1964, sec. 4 (1)).
  149. Tuvalu (1964, sec. 3 (1)).
  150. Tuvalu (1964, sec. 12 (1)).
  151. Tuvalu (1964, sec. 14 (1)).
  152. Vanuatu (1987, sec. 3).
  153. Vanuatu (1987, sec. 6 (a)).
  154. Vanuatu (1987, sec. 6 (a)).
  155. Vanuatu (1987, sec. 7).
  156. Interview with Michael Sala, Deputy Police Commissioner, American Samoa Dept. of Public Safety, Pago Pago, 13 Feb. 2003. 264 The use of the term 'prohibited' in Australian legislation can be misleading. Thousands of prohibited firearms, from machine guns to semi-automatic centre-fire rifles, remain legally owned by appropriately licensed civilian collectors, pest control contractors, and the like. For pur- poses of comparison, the Australian 'prohibited' category is equivalent to the 'restricted' category in most other jurisdictions.
  157. These included a peace package proposed in 1989 by the Papua New Guinea government and the then North Solomons provincial government, talks in 1990 and 1991, a cease-fire in 1990 and 1994, a 1994 peace conference, the establishment of the Bougainville Transitional Government in April 1995, and a peace plan in early 1997; see Regan (1999).
  158. E-mail communications with Tim Marsden, PMG monitor, 18 Aug. 2002 and Flt.-Sgt. John Phillips, former RNZAF IPMT armourer, 17 Aug. 2002. No standard official defini- tion exists for 'high-powered' weapons in either the Solomon Islands or Bougainville disarmament processes. In Bougainville, peace monitors have loosely defined them as a factory manufactured military style weapon (M-16, AR-15, SLR, FAMAS, SIG, etc.) . In the Solomon Islands, the IPMT defined a military weapon as 'any high- powered centre-fire semi-automatic, automatic, bolt Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper No. 8 action, magazine fed shotgun, riot gun, or signal pistol issued to members of the Solomon Islands police'; in other words, any high-powered weapon was, by default, a military weapon. 267 Personal communication with Lt.-Col. Andrew Morris, Defence Adviser, NZ High Commission, Port Moresby, 20 May 2002.
  159. Personal communication with Lt.-Col. Andrew Morris, Defence Adviser, NZ High Commission, Port Moresby, 20 May 2002.
  160. Personal communication with Bill Pollock, PMG, Arawa, 12 June 2002.
  161. Personal communication with Chris Appleton, PMG Commander and Corinne Tompkinson, PMG Chief Negotiator, 13 June 2002.
  162. Personal communication with Br. Ken McDonald, Principal, Mabiri Marist School, Arawa, Bougainville, 12 June 2002.
  163. Personal communications with Chris Appleton, PMG Commander and Corinne Tompkinson, PMG Chief Negotiator, 13 June 2002.
  164. Personal communications with Chris Appleton, PMG Commander and Corinne Tompkinson, PMG Chief Negotiator, 13 June 2002.
  165. PGK 200,000, NZD 500,000, and PGK 132,000 were pro- vided by the Papua New Guinea, NZ, and UK govern- ments respectively (e-mail communication with Fred Terry, Project Manager, UNDP Bougainville Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, and Development Project, Arawa, 26 June 2002). 275 Personal communication with Tessa Te Mata, First Secretary, NZ Overseas Development Assistance, Papua New Guinea High Commission, Port Moresby, 20 May 2002. 276 Personal communication with Chris Appleton, PMG Commander, 13 June 2002.
  166. These included the June 1999 Honiara Peace Accord, the Marau Communiqué, signed in July 1999, the August 1999
  167. Panatina Agreement, the Buala Peace Communiqué of 5 May 2000, and the Auki Communiqué of 12 May 2000.
  168. A home-made firearm is any locally made firearm with a barrel and stock.
  169. A commercial firearm is any civilian recreational firearm not defined as being military.
  170. A military firearm is any high-powered centre-fire semi- automatic, automatic, bolt-action, magazine-fed shot- gun, riot gun, or signal pistol issued to members of the RSIP.
  171. 'Other' are non-firearm weapons such as bows and spears, etc.
  172. 'Total weapons' includes 'Other'.
  173. E-mail communication with Flt.-Sgt. John Phillips, former RNZAF IPMT armourer, June 2002. (Phillips, n.d., p. 1).
  174. Possible outstanding = High count minus (Police issue 6 Dec. 2000 + Held by IPMT + 22 June 2001 audit).
  175. This negative number may be because more firearms of that type were returned than were originally recorded as being part of the RSIP armoury. 287 Personal communication with Trisha Gray, Solomon Islands Programme Manager, AusAID, Canberra, 24 April 2002.
  176. Interview with David Hegarty, Convenor, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Programme, ANU, Canberra, 22 April 2002.
  177. Personal communication with Joy Kere, PMC monitor, Honiara, 29 May 2002.
  178. Personal communication with Trisha Gray, Solomon Islands Programme Manager, AusAID, Canberra, 24 April 2002. 292 Interview with Mary-Louise O Callaghan, Pacific cor- respondent for The Australian, Honiara, 27 May 2002. 293 Personal correspondence with Flt.-Sgt. John Phillips, former RNZAF IPMT armourer, June 2002.
  179. Interview with Trisha Gray, Solomon Islands Programme Manager, AusAID, Canberra, 24 April 2002. Occasional Paper No. 8 Small Arms Survey Bibliography Advertiser, The (Adelaide). 1999. '350 Handguns Stolen from Army Store.' 29 July.
  180. Age, The (Melbourne). 1997. 'In Rebel Hands.' 3 May.
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