STAIR CASE: BUILDING MATERIAL AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

STRUCTURAL DESIGN, DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASES, 2018

This technical material provides recommendations in the sizing of stair element, such as the rise, tread, maximum number of steps, minimum headroom and clearance, and the height of handrail from the pitch line of the stair. It also gives illustration examples of the structural design of straight flight by transverse and longitudinal design. This technical material uses BS 5395-1-200 (stairs, ladder, and walkway) and BS 8110 as a normative reference. The technical information also provided recommended reinforcement layout for straight stairs supported longitudinally.

This topic deals with the fabrication and analysis of a stair case lift, which can be use as Material Handling System. A stair case lift is a mechanical device for lifting people and wheelchairs up and down on the stairs, who may find difficulty in doing so themselves. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is mounted to the treads of the stairs. A chair or lifting platform is attached to the rail. A person on the chair or platform is lifted as the chair or platform moves along the rail, old age and goods are to be carried across the stair case. Stair case lift is a type of lift that can be mounted on the stair case without altering civil structure. This lift runs on electric power and consists of a motor, reduction gear box, rope drive, two rails a sliding chair. In this system we use DC motor for changing the polarity of the power supply which will make the motor run in reverse direction connected with the earlier, while the later will form the entire assembly run to in downward direction, with the help of Toggle switches and push buttons. Advantages over the conventional hydraulic lift are no civil structure and alteration is required, low cost, less bulkiness, less power, less maintenance requires. Easy design, easy installations can be of industrial use too. Moreover, considering some drawbacks due to weight carrying capacity completely depend upon the capacity of motor. There is lot of scope for further modification in the project as using monorail instead of two, use of belt drive or chain drive instead of rope drive, Incorporation and automation/ timer unit which will ease the use of device. Rack and carrier arrangement for using the device for curved stair case and use of work & roller reduction gear assembly.

Stair is a space and a construction of a building that is designed to connect two or more levels vertically. As a vertical circulation system, staircases demanded a proper design for user safety. The designer often designed the stair without a concern to the architectural standards and user convenience due to space limitations. In designing the staircases, an architect should regard into numerous things, including: type, width, landing, steps (tread/rise) and handrail height. Staircase design should be guided by human dimension, therefore when moving vertically, the userfeels comfortable, safe, and energetic. Research was conducted on a 4 multi-storey commercial building and involved the visitors. The assessed factors were; first, the design of staircases compared with architectural and ergonomic standard. Second, the visitor's perceptions of safety, and comfort toward staircases design. The result indicated most of the respondents in PasarSentral Kota pleased with the staircase designed in a specificationas follows: a quarter turnstair, a semi elliptical geometric stairway, a width of150 cm, steps (tread with18 cm/rise with 13 cm), a landing of150 cm, and 80 cm height of handrail made of aluminium. However, this design is inefficient, the lower rise affected lots of steps, run, and space required. INTRODUCTION Staircases are seen as connectors between at least two different levels which has a distance from each other [1]. The staircase is a construction that is designed to connect two vertical levels [2]. The staircase becomes an important factor for connecting the first floor and the second floor or so. Sometimes we walk up or down stairs which makes us easily tired. The main cause of the problem is the shape and size. Vertical risers and horizontal treads are the main concern when designing a staircase because these parts are connected with steps over a slope [1]. A staircase serves to provide horizontal and vertical access to buildings in order to negotiate height differences with the least possible exertion of force. Building law and safety matters, user concerns and identification, function and spatial experience, clarity and traffic flow as well as aesthetic concepts are determined very early in the course of a basic brief design. In designing a stairway, the first task is to select a trial rise height and divide it into the total floor-to-floor distance [3]. This number is usually rounded up to the next whole number and then divided it into the total floor-to-floor distance to obtain the actual uniform riser height. The number of treads is based on the number of risers. Any tread depth can be selected as long as it meets the minimum code requirement [1] [2]. Stairways are one of the most dangerous parts of the building environment. In a flight of stairs, each step is a physical obstacle that can interfere with foot clearance and cause a person to lose balance and fall [4]. Therefore, in this study, the following factors were initially investigated: 1. How was the staircase designed for the commercial building, 2. How was the visitor' perception of the commercial building toward the staircases design

VLC Arquitectura Research Journal, 2024

Staircases, a part of architectural circulation and structure, can become a unique design value with the application technique that directs design and functionality. However, here, attention is drawn to the directive nature of the technique rather than its perception as a deterministic attitude in design. Bo Bardi's architectonic approach has placed her in a distinguished position among modern architects. The effect of the architect's staircase design and application technique on building tectonics is worth examining. Thus, this study aims to examine the staircases of Lina Bo Bardi, where design and technique are dissolved in integrity. Bo Bardi's staircases were examined in terms of meaning, form, function, and technique, with classification for material use. In this context, unique situations were observed in the design and technical applications of reinforced concrete, wood, and metal materials used in stairs. The fact that the place, technique, and the architect's thought guided the design turned the staircase into a symbolic value and has made the staircase the founding element of the space. This approach, which does not consider design and technique independently, creates a strong reference for today that structural elements such as stairs can be produced as symbols in space.